| 7 Algonquian | 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
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| æ → e / in odd syllables ! _{w,j,H}
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| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
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| {a,æ,e,ø,i,y} o → i u / _Ci
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| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
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| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | e o u æ ø y → {a,e} {o,u} {a,o,u a {a,o,u} {o,u,i} / _Ca
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| a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
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| a e u æ ø y → {a,e} {e,i} {y,ø} {i,e} {i,e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ci
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| a e o i æ ø y → {a,i,e} {a,e} u {o,u} e {ø,y,o,u} {o,u} / _Co
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| a e {o,u} æ ø y → {a,o,u} {e,a} {o,u} {a,o,u} {e,i,u} {i,o,u,y,ø} / _Cu
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| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | æ → i / {s,ʃ,x}_Ca
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| {u,ø,y} æ → {o,u} ia / _Ca
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| æ ø → i {o,u} / _Ce
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| æ → i / {s,ʃ,x}_Ci
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| æ ø y → ia {o,u} i / _Ci
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| {u,æ} ø → {o,u} i / _Co
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| {u,æ,y} ø → {o,u} ia / _Cu
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| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
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| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
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| æ → a / P_Co
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| æ → ʌ / P_Cu
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| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
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| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
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| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | {e,æ}b ub → ew uw
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| æ → e
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| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | {u,ɯ}w {i,y}w aw {æ,e}w → uː yː oː øː
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| æ Vh {ʕ,h} → ɑː Vː ∅ (seems to have largely been confined to loanwords from Persian)
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | o(ː) æː → a(ː) eː
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| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | {ɛ,e}ː æː → iː aː
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| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | {ɛ,e}ː o æː → iː e aː
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| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | o(ː) eː æː → a(ː) iː aː
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| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | æː → eː
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| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — æː → eː
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| oːw æːj → ɔː ɛː / _V
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| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | æː → aː “under to [sic] the influence of neighboring consonants”, but the article doesn’t elaborate
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| æː → eː
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| æu → au (æ → a / _B in general?)
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| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | æj → aj → ej
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| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
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| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | æj → aj → ej
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| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
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| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | æ → æː (e.g., NYC) or ɑː (e.g., Boston) / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]} (“words which change vary between dialects”)
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| æː ɑː ɔː → æə~eə ɑ ɔ
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| æ → ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → ɛə / _{n,m} “and others depending on dialect”
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| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | æ → æː → ɑː / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]}
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| æ → æː / _{n,m,ɡ,ɫ% ! _n,m,ɡ,ɫ}%{j,w} or a form of a strong verb
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| æ → æː / _d (rare) ! form of a strong verb
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| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | æ → æː → ɑː / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]}
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| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | æj → aj → ej
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| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | æː → ɛː
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| æː(ɑ) eː(o) → ɛ iː
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| æ → ɑ / _{x,l}
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| æ(ɑ) → e
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| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | æj → aj → ej
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| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
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| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | {æ,e}ː(w(a)) → aː
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| {æ,e}ːuː {æ,e}ːiː → eu ai
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| o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
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| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | BːB aː{o,a,æ,e} {æ,e}ː{æ,e}ː {æ,e}ːi iːEː → oː aː eː eː iː
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| a(i) {e,w{æ,i}} {we,ei} (w)ɪ → ey ø y ʏ / w_ ! hw_
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| {a,æ,e}ːhiː → æː
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| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
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| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
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| æ → e
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| woː wøː jæː Vː → wo wøje V[- long] / _%
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| o {æ,e} → u i / ! in #U
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| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
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| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | æ → eː / _{ð,r}
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| æ → ɛː
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| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | æ → e / ! _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
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| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | æː → ɛː (includes diphthongs)
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| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | æː → ɛː
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| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | æː → ɛː
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| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | æː → a / “After palatal fricatives and affricates”
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | a(ː) æ(ː) → õ(ː) ẽ(ː) / n_
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | ɤ(ː?) ɑː æː → ɑ(ː?) oː eː / stressed
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| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | æ → e / _j, unstressed
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | æ → a / e(C…)_(C…)o
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| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | æ → ɑ / unstressed
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| æy ey → æu eu
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | æ ɪ → e i / _ŋ; some speakers (esp. in southern regions) may also have pin-pen and “a single phoneme in contrast to the nasal diphthong [ãɪ̃] of the U.S. Northeast” (though the article doesn’t specify what this is; maybe it’s just plain ã)
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| æ → {eə̯,ɪə̯} / _N
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| {æ,e} → ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → a
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| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
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| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ɑː æː ɑi æi → uɑ iæ ɑe æe
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| æy øy → æː øː
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| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | {a,æː} → ɛa / a
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| 46.18 South African Chain Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → ɛ e ɨ
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → æj(ə) ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə)
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| æ/ɑː → æɪ
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