| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | a(ː) → e(ː) / _{ʕ,q}$
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| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | aː → a
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| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | aː → a / ! _#
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| aːʔ → e / E(C)(C)_#
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| aː → a / {Cˤ,w}_#
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| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | a(ː) → ɑ(ː) / near emphatics
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| a(ː) → ɑ(ː) / if ɑ(ː) is elsewhere in the word
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| a(ː) → æ(ː) / else (sometimes it seems more like ɛ(ː) to me)
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| 6.2.2.1.8 Classical Arabic to Coastal Hadhrami Arabic | aː → eː / in Form VI (tafā‘ala) verbs, though these apparently coexist with forms having the original vowel as well, with semantic distinctions
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| aː → æː / when not near emphatics
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| 6.2.2.1.9 Classical Arabic to Wādı̄ Hadhrami Arabic | aː → eː / in Form VI (tafā‘ala) verbs, though these apparently coexist with forms having the original vowel as well, with semantic distinctions
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| aː → æː / when not near emphatics
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| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | aː iː uː → ɑː eː oː / near emphatics
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| aː → æː / else
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| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — aː → oː / ! _#
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| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | aː → a / _OO
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| oː aː eː iː → o ɔ̃ a i
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| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | aː → a / _OO
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| aː → ɔ̃
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| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | a(ː) → o(ː)
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| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
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| aː → aa / W_ ! when _{C{C,ː},#}
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| aː → a / else
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| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | o(ː) waː eː iː → u o e i
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| aː → a
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| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
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| am an {aːm,aːn} → õ æ̃ ã / _#
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | aː → a
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| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | aː → ɔː
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| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | aː → oː
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| eːi {oːi,aːi} → eː oː (?)
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| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | aː → æː / ! _N or if nasalized
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
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| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | aː → oː / _{N,C[+ dental],P,h} (sporadic?)
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| aː → oː / {N,C[+ dental],P,h}_ (sporadic?)
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| aːw → au
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| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | EːBː Eːaː → joː jaː / {v,w}_
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| BːB aː{o,a,æ,e} {æ,e}ː{æ,e}ː {æ,e}ːi iːEː → oː aː eː eː iː
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| waː naː → oː noː / %u in #U
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| a(ː) ae → o(ː) ɒø / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C)u
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| {(j)u,we}ː {o,ɒ}ː aː au → yː øː æː æy
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| {a,æ,e}ːhiː → æː
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| ɒːh{u,a} aːh{u,a} → ɒː aː
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| Eː{u,o}ː Eːaː → joː jaː / {v,w}_
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| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | waː → wo
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| aː → ai / _j
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| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
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| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | a aː → ɛ øː / _r
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| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | {u,o}(ː) a aː {ɒ,œ,y} e i(ː) → {o,ɔ}(i) æ(i) {ɔ,ɒ}(i) {o,ɔ}(i) {æ,e} / _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
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| {ɒ,ey} j{u,o,a}ː yː → o ø u / Ḱ_
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| j{u,o,a}ː → ø
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| aː → wo (dialectal)
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| aː → ɔ(u) / _{l,r}
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| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
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| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {aːi,oːi} → {æː,a} (the former seems to be more common)
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| {a(ː)u,o(ː)u} e(ː)u → u ju
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| {e(ː),i(ː)} {a(ː),o(ː),u(ː)} → ẽ õ / _N$
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| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | aː ɔː ɛː → ɒ o e
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| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | aː → a
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| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | aː → a
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| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — aː → a
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| — aː → a
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| — aː → a
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| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | taːte → ”ta / _#
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| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | aː oe → a e
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| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — aː → a
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| — aː → a
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| — aː → a
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| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | {eh2,aH} aː → aː ɔ
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| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | aː eː oː → ɨ i u
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| 27.9 Proto-Mayan to Tzeltalan | aː eː oː → ɨ i u
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| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | aː → ɨ
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | a(ː)wẽ(ː) → a(ː)ma(ː)
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| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | a(ː) o(ː) õ(ː) → æ(ː) e(ː) ẽ(ː) / r_
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| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | a(ː) → æ(ː) / r_
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| a(ː) → ẽ(ː) / adjacent to a nasal vowel
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| a(ː) æ(ː) → õ(ː) ẽ(ː) / n_
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| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]H_
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| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]({ʔ,s})w_
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| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | a(ː) o(ː) → ɔ(ː) u(ː) / ! “when both short and unstressed”
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| 37.1.2.6.2 Tuscarora to Eastern Tuscarora | ə̃(ː) a(ː) o(ː) → ɨ̃(ː) ɔ(ː) u(ː) (“in all positions”)
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
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| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | aː ɔː → ɛː oː → eː ow → ej (əw)
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| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | aː → ɔa “(except NE of the Faroes → aː)” / ɔ
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| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | a aː → o a
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