| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | {e,o} {i,u} → a ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | {i,u} → ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | ∅ → ə / C_CV(ː,V)CC
|
| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | ∅ → ə / CCV(ː,V)C_C
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | {a,i} → ə / short only; the change of short a blocked for some speakers before ħ ʕ
|
| u → ə / short only, except near “a labial or velar consonant”
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — i iː u uː → eə iːə oə uːə / _R
|
| — a → ə / _R if ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — a → ə / R_ if ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — i → ə / _R if a frontal allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — i → ə / R_ if a frontal allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — u → ə / _R if a backed allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — u → ə / R_ if a backed allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | we → wə → oː / ! adjacent to {p,m,k}
|
| a[+weak] ə[+weak] → ə ∅ / a_Z[+voiced]
|
| V[+high] → ə / _j
|
| V[+high] → ə / _w (sporadic)
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | wa ja → uə̯ iə̯ / C_
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | a → ə / _Ce
|
| {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
|
| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | a ɔ → ɨə uə
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | ə(ː) ɛ → ɨ ɛə / _K
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | HəS → (h)ə(N)S / #_
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | a → ə
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | a →ə / _# (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| 10.2.3.1 Proto-Malayic to (Standard) Malay | V → ə / _(C…)UU#
|
| 10.2.4 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayo-Javanic | — aw aj → əw əj / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | HəS → (h)əNS
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | HəS → (h)əNS / #_
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | ∅ → ə / C_C “(for certain consonant combinations, which the paper doesn’t specify)”
|
| V → ə / unstressed
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | a → ə / _UU(U…)#
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _#
|
| u → əw / _V “(also cases of (C)u → w /__V)”
|
| i → əj / _V “(also cases of (C)i → j /__V)”
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _(ʔ)#
|
| {i,ɛ} {u,ɔ} → iə̯ uə̯ / _{k,ŋ}# “(and also sporadically before final *t and *n and some other consonants)
|
| ə → {ə,a} / _C# “(free variants)”
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | i → iə / _ŋ#
|
| i u → əj əw / _V(C)#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — u i → uə iə / _{k,ŋ,h,l,r}#
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | ”V → ə / _CV
|
| a(C)V[+ high] a(C)V[+ mid] aCa → ɔ(C) a(C) {ɔ,a}(C)ə
|
| e(C){V[- low]} e(C)a → e(C) e(C)ə
|
| i(C)V[+ high] i(C)V[+ mid] i(C)a → i(C) i(C)ə {e,i}(C)ə
|
| o(C)V[+ high] o(C)V[+ mid] o(C)a → ɵ(C) o(C) ɔ(C)ə
|
| u(C)V[+ high] u(C)e u(C)o u(C)a → {u,i}(C) u(C)ə e(C)ə {u,ɵ}(C)ə
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | a → ə / _Ca
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | o e → {u,ə} i
|
| a → ə / _Ca
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | e → ə / _N when unstressed ! Ḱ_ (?; included here based on a comment earlier in the paper, but not listed on the correspondence list)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | e → ə / _N, when unstressed (?)
|
| e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | e → ə / _N, when unstressed (?)
|
| e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | e → ə / unstressed (possibly only in disyllables?)
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | {l̩,r̩} → ər(ə(r))
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | V → ə / _(C)#, also in proclitics
|
| ɔ → ə / #_sC
|
| ɣ → ə / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | æː ɑː ɔː → æə~eə ɑ ɔ
|
| æ → ɛə / _{n,m} “and others depending on dialect”
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| oʊ iː → ɔʊ ɪə / _ɫ
|
| oʊ iː → əʊ ɪi / else
|
| uː → ʊə → uː / _ɫ ! in Queensland and New South Wales
|
| ɫ → əɫ / ! if one of the above vowel changes after the formation of /ɫ/ apply
|
| ɪ → ə / unstressed
|
| ʊə → ʉːwə / “almost always otherwise, but see [above vowel changes after /ɫ/ is formed]”
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| oʊ → əʊ
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#, when unstressed (it appears this sound may also have gone to /ɪ/)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ∅ → ə̆ / _{n,r}
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | {e,ɑ,o} → ə / _#
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | {ie,ia,io} uo → iə uə
|
| V → ə / if short and unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | y(ː) yə ø(ː) øy → i(ː) iə e(ː) ei (intermittent)
|
| ∅ → ə / M_r% (I don’t know what Mr. Ciupak means by 〈M〉)
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | y → ə / _r(ː)
|
| eː → {ɒ,ə} / w_
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | H → ə / “syllabic”
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | uʐ aʐ iʐ → uː əː iː
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | a → ə / intertonic
|
| e → ə / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+open]
|
| a → ə / #{tʃ,dʒ}_(%…)” in U[+open]
|
| a → ə
|
| V → ə / _{CC,tʃ,dʒ} ! _{nt,nɡ,mp,rt,rd}
|
| V[-high] → ə → ∅ / _V “(except that a is kept before o)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — V → “indistinct e” (probably /ə/) if dropping it would create ugly consonant clusters:
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | a V → e (= /ə/?) ∅ / in final syllables (though Friulian preserves the ending -is)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | a o → ə u / ”U…_#
|
| e → ə / ”U…P_(C…)V# ! V = i
|
| e → ə / ou_#
|
| a o → ə u / #(C…)V…_…”U
|
| e → ə / #(C…)V…{t,d,n}_…”U
|
| e → ə / P”_(C…)B
|
| e → ə / #{r,P}_…”U
|
| a → ə #C(C…)_…”U
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | n̩ → ə → ∅ / C_#
|
| h2e → ə / _#
|
| u → wə / #_
|
| u → {ə,u}
|
| uh1 u{h2,h3} → uː → wə wɨ
|
| i → ə / {P,K(ʷ),s}_
|
| Ci → Cʲə
|
| ih1 i{h2,h3} → jə jɨ
|
| (h1)e (h1)eː → jə jɛː / #_
|
| Ce Ceː → Cʲə Cʲɛ
|
| ow aw ew → ɛu au əw
|
| oy ay ey → ɛi ai əj
|
| ɛ → ə / _$ɨ
|
| ”ɨ ”ə ɨ[- stress] ə[- stress] → ɨ a a ə
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.2 Pre-Bakairi to Western Bakairi | ɨ → ə / P_
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | a → ə / _N#
|
| a → ə / if N in U#
|
| ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ {õ,ũ} → ə e i ɨ o
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | ia → ə (“unspecified”)
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | i → ə / oC_
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | {ue,aja} → ə
|
| 24 Macro-Pama-Nyungan | 24.1.2 Proto-Paman to AwÅtim | Vː → ə / in #U
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | u ɑ ʊ → {o,u} ə u
|
| 29.1.1.1.3 Proto-Athabaskan to Beaver | ɑ → ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | u {ɑ,ʊ} → {o,u} ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | e u a {ɑ,ʊ} → a i u ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | e a u {ə,ʊ} → a u i ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | a ɑ ə ʊ → æ a {ə,ë} o
|
| 29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | ɑ́ ə́ ʊ́ → ɑ̄ ə̄ ʊ̄
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.3.1.1.7 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Vhe | {ɛ,e} {~ɛ,ẽ} → ə ə̃
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.3.1 Proto-Yokuts to General Yokuts | iː ɨː uː → eː əː oː (this change sometimes did not occur)
|
| eː əː → e ə (as a result of ablaut)
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | {a3~ə3} → {ə3,a3}
|
| {a1~i1} → {a1,ə1}
|
| {i3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → {ə1,i1,i3}
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → {o3,ə3,a3}
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ɛ3,ə3}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | a3 u3 {a1,u1} i1 → ɛ3 a3 ə1 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ɛ3,ə3}
|
| {a1~i1} → {ə1,ɛ1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | u1 → ə1
|
| a1 → ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | i1 → {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ə3,a3}
|
| {i3~ə3} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i1~ə1} → {ə1,i1}
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | {i3~e3} → {i3.ə3}
|
| {i1~ə1} → {i2,ə1}
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | u3 u1 → o3 ə1
|
| a1 → ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə1
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| a1 → ə1
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ə3,e3}
|
| {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → {ə1,i1}
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| a1 → ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → {ə1,e1}
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| a1 → ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | i1 → ə1
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | i1 → {i1,ə1j}
|
| {a3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | u1 → {u1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {a3~ə3} → {a3,ə3}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | u3 u1 → o3 ə1
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ə3,a3}
|
| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {i3,ə3}
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | es er → or ər
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | i → əi / _#
|
| i → iə / _m
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ew e ej → ə i ei
|
| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | o → ə / _n
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | i → ə / _#
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | — a e o → ə ɪ ʊ / C_{C,i[-long]}
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | {ẽ(ː),õ(ː)} → ə̃(ː)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | ɨ̆ i̯o → u ə
|
| u̯ɨ u̯o → {ɨ,ə} u
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | i iː u → ə ei oʊ̯
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {ɨ̯u,i̯ɛ} → ɨə̯~ɨa̯ / _%
|
| ɨ̯a → ɨa̯~ɨə̯
|
| {u̯ɔ,u̯a} → ua~uə
|
| ɨ̯ɔ → ɨa~ɨə
|
| uɨ̯ ua̯ → ɨə uɔ̯ → ɨː ɔː
|
| ɛi ei → ai əi
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ɨ̆ → ə
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | ɨ → ə / _i
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | ɨ ɔ → ə o
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | V → ə / unstressed ! V = ɑ
|
| ɑ → ə / VC(C)ɑC(C)_# when unstressed
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | i → ə / unstressed
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | i → ə / unstressed
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | æ → {eə̯,ɪə̯} / _N
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| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
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| iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
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| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | iː uː → əj əw → ɑj ɑw
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| aː ɔː → ɛː oː → eː ow → ej (əw)
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| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | ∅ → ə / C[+ labiovelar]_i
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| ∅ → ə / _u
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| a → {aː,ə} “(the environments for these respective changes are somewhat unclear)”
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| a → ə → ∅ / i_u
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| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → æj(ə) ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə)
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| ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
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| uʊ oʊ → ʉʊ̈ əʊ̈ (a bit of a guesstimate based upon the prose description in the article and the mean-formant-value chart cited from Labov, Ash & Bobert (2006))
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