| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | tɹ → tʰ
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| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | bʱ {tʰ,dʱ} {t*ʰ,d*ʱ} {kʰ,ɡʱ} → pʰ t tʰ kʰ (after *kʰ *ɡʱ, only first-register tones may occur)
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| t*ʰ d ɡ → tʰ t k / _w
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| s → t(ʰ?)
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| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | z → jʰ
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| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | pː pwː tː ʈː qː kː → pʰ pwʰ cʰ tʰ h jʰ
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| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
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| Cː → Cʰ
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| t̪ t̪ʰ t tʰ → t tʰ c s
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| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | pː pwː tː t̪ː kː cː → f hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
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| Cː → Cʰ
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| t̪ t̪ʰ → t tʰ
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| ONV → SʰṼ / Pije and Fwai
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| 10.3.5.4 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Northern | Cː → Cʰ
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| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | cʰ → {ʃ,jʰ}
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| pwʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ → fw f rʰ x / in Nelemwa
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| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | pː pwː tː qː cː → pʰ pwʰ tʰ h cʰ
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| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | pː pwː tː ʈ kː cː → f hʷ tʰ lʰ h s
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| Cː → Cʰ
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| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ xʷ t̪ʰ tʰ x s
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| t̪(ʰ) t(ʰ) → cʰ tʰ
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| Cː → Cʰ
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| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | pː pwː t̪ː tː ʈː cː kː → pʰ pwʰ t̪ʰ tʰ ʈʰ jʰ h
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| Cː → Cʰ
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| t(ʰ) → k(ʰ)
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| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ → k {xʲː,kː} kʰ {ɡ,q}(?)
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_ ! #_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
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| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
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| kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
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| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
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| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
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| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | S[- voice]ː S[+ voice]ː → ʰS S[- voice]ː
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| S[- voice] → ʰS / _{l,ɬ,m,n}
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| S[- voice] → Sʰ / #v_V
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| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
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| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
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| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | t.ʂ t.ɕ → kʂ cʰː
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| cʰː → cʰ / C_
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| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | ǵʰ gʷʰ → ɡʰ xʷ
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| bʰ dʰ gʰ → pʰ tʰ dʰ → ɸ θ x
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| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
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| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
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| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ts dz → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} dz~ts
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| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
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| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
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| 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | ⁿQʰ Q͡ɢ → Qʰ Q
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| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ⁿQʰ {ǀʰ͜q,ǀʰ͜ɢ} Q͡q → ⁿQ(ʰ) ⁿǀʰ Q[+voiced]
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
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| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
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| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → p pʰ pʼ f v
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | S → Sʰ → Aʰ
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| p t d c ɟ k ɡ → ɸ ɹ {d,l} tʰ ∅ h {∅,ɡ}
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| 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
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| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
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| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
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| mp mb p b m → tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) ŋw / _{ʊ,o}V
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| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
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| nk k → kʰ h / _u
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| mp nt ɲtʃ nk mp nd ɲdʒ nɡ → pʰ tʰ tɬʰ qʰ p t tɬ k
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| p t tʃ k {dʒ,ɡ} ɲ → h r tɬʰ χ ∅ n
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| 30.1.1.3.1 Proto-Sam to Amu | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
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| 30.1.1.3.2 Proto-Sam to Bajuni | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
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| 30.1.1.3.3 Proto-Sam to Mwiini | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
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| 30.1.1.3.4 Proto-Sam to Siu-Pate | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
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| 33 Penutian | 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | tʃʰ kʰ qʰ {x,χ} → tʃ k(ʰ) {kʰ,qʰ,χ} kʰ
|
| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
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| k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(h) tʃʼ kʰ kʼ
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| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
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| k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(ʰ) tʃʼ k(ʰ) kʼ
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| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 33.3.2 Buena Vista Yokuts to Proto-Nim-Yokuts | ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
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| 33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweah | t tʰ tʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
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| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
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| tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ
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| 33.3.2.2.5 Valley Yokuts to Tachi | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ → ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ “(ʈʼ remains unchanged in careful speech)”
|
| 33.3.2.2.6 Valley Yokuts to Yawelmani | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ (except in “lexicalized diminutives”, where these go to ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / _i
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | ph th kh qh → pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
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| ts {tsh,tʃh} → tʃ tʃʰ
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| ɸ(ʼ) ɸh → p(ʼ) pʰ
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| χ → qʰ / #_
|
| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | ph → pʰ
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| kh qh → kʰ qʰ
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| ts tsh → tʃ tʃʰ
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| ɸ(ʼ) ɸh → p(ʼ) pʰ
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| χ → qʰ / #_
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| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | tʼ → tʰ / #_i
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| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | qh → kʰ / _i ! _i{ʃ,tʃ}
|
| tʼ → tʰ / #_i
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| kh → kʰ / #_{i,u}
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| ɸ → pʰ / _V
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| χ → kʰ #_
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | s-l- → {tʰ,z}-
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| 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | k(ʰ) h → ɕ͡(ʰ) ɕ / _j
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}{(N)p,(m)b} → pʰ p b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}(N)p {r,s}b {r,s}mb → pʰ p b mb / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | p b çp çb sP rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} bj → pʰ p ʝb çp sp rpʰ mpʰ mb br pʰj pj
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| t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
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| k sk kr ɡ Pɡ sɡ Nɡ (s)ɡr çK rK Kç → kʰ zɡw dr Nɡ pk sk mk (s)kr çk rɡj ɡçkr
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| çr Nç → dr mkʰj
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| NTS PTS KTS sTS çTS → {Ndz,mts} kts(ʰ) ptsʰ sts {sts,rj}
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| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | kj Nkj ʔkj ɡj sɡj → kj. nj ɡ.tsʰ kj skj.
|
| Kts → ɡ.tsʰ.
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| ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)p Nb sP çp çb pr br {p,b}j → (m)pʰ (m)p sp ʝb çp br pʰj pʰj
|
| (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
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| (P)ɡ sɡ çK Nɡ k sk rk (s)ɡj (ʔ)kj → (p)k sk çk mk kʰ zɡ Nɡ (s)kj (ʔ)kʰj
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| Nkj (s)ɡr Kç kr skr ɡr → mɡj (s)kr ɡçkr kʰr zɡr Nɡr
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| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | Np Nb Nt Nɡ Nç → sts mp mtʰ mk ntsʰdz
|
| k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
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| NTS KTS lTS → mʈʂ {kts,ʈʂʰ} bɖʐ
|
| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | k(ʰ){r,j} ɡ{r,j} → tɕ(ʰ) dʑ
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | {f,v} {m,b} → pʰ b
|
| ɣ → kʰ
|
| k → kʰ / _r
|
| xʷ Kʷ → {kʰ,x} K(ʷ)
|
| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | {ɡ,x} → kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | f → pʰ
|
| tr → tʰ(r)_
|
| ɡ x → k kʰ
|
| kl kr → {kj,tʃ} kʰj
|
| xr → kʰ{l,r}
|
| xʷ ɣʷ → kʷʰ {v,w}
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | pr → pʰ / _{ɯ,e,i}
|
| pr → pʰj
|
| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | pr → pʰ / _{ɯ,e,i}
|
| pr → pʰj
|
| tʃ tʃʰ dʒ → ʃ tsʰ {ʃ,tʃ}
|
| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | pr → tʰ
|
| {s,z} → {x,tʰ}
|
| ɣ → kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | pr → tʰ
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | pr → tʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | p → p(ʰ)
|
| tʰl tʰr → tʰ r̥
|
| x → kʰ
|
| ɡʷ → kʷʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | bl br → p pʰ
|
| ɡ{l,r} → kʰ
|
| ɡ ɣ → kʰ ɡ
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | bl br → p pʰ
|
| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | bl br → p pʰ
|
| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
|
| ɡ ɣ → k kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | b → pʰ / _{l,r}
|
| ŋ ɡ ɣ → {h,ʃ} kʰ ɡ
|
| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | bl br → p pʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | bl br → p pʰ
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → t tʰ tʼ d
|
| kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ɡʷ → k kʰ kʼ ɡ
|