| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | a(ː) → e(ː) / _{ʕ,q}$
|
| VNC → VːC[+voiced]
|
| 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic | e(ː) → i(ː) / #C[+sibilant]_{d,n,r}
|
| u → uː / #S[+voice]_P[-voice]
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | z zː → j dʒː
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | z → dʒː / Vj_
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| zː → dʒː
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| s2 → {s,tʃː} / V_
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| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | r → {r,lː} / V_
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| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | s2 s3 → tʃː tʃ / V_
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| 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | V{j,w} → Vː / C_C
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| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | V{j,w}V → aː / some sequences
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| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | {l,n}j → jː
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| nx → xː
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| uː iː → oː eː / _ʕ
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| uː iː → oː eː / ʕ_
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| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | aj aw → eː oː / in U[+closed]
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| V → Vː / C_CV in U[-stress]
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| V → Vː / _# + suffix
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| a(ː) → ɑ(ː) / near emphatics
|
| a(ː) → ɑ(ː) / if ɑ(ː) is elsewhere in the word
|
| a(ː) → æ(ː) / else (sometimes it seems more like ɛ(ː) to me)
|
| {{s,z}(ˤ),ʒ}ʃ → ʃː
|
| 6.2.2.1.8 Classical Arabic to Coastal Hadhrami Arabic | aː → eː / in Form VI (tafā‘ala) verbs, though these apparently coexist with forms having the original vowel as well, with semantic distinctions
|
| aː → æː / when not near emphatics
|
| 6.2.2.1.9 Classical Arabic to Wādı̄ Hadhrami Arabic | aː → eː / in Form VI (tafā‘ala) verbs, though these apparently coexist with forms having the original vowel as well, with semantic distinctions
|
| aː → æː / when not near emphatics
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| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | ɣː → ʁː → qː
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| aj aw → eː(ʲ) oː(ʷ) (sometimes, the article is unclear)
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| — j w → iː uː / #_CC
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| 6.2.2.1.11 Classical Arabic to Iraqi Arabic | aj aw → eː oː
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| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | aj aw → e(ː,j) o(ː,w)
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| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | aj aw → eː oː
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| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | aː iː uː → ɑː eː oː / near emphatics
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| aː → æː / else
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| 6.2.2.1.16 Classical Arabic to Sudanese Arabic | u(ː) → {ɵ,o}(ː)
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| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | aj aw → {aj,eː,iː aw,oː,uː}
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| V(ː) → Vː / in accented or stressed monosyllables
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — aː → oː / ! _#
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| — i iː u uː → eə iːə oə uːə / _R
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| — iː → eː / _#
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| — a → aː / _$
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| — i → eː oː / else
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| — aw → aːw
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| — aj → eː / _$
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| — aj → ɛː / _#
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| — {o,u}(ː) → iː / _$%oː
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| — oː → uː
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| — a i → aː eː / _%”
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| — aj aw → eː oː
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| at → aː / _# (in feminine noun endings)
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| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | hl → sː
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| nr → rː
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| {x,h}S → Sː
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| sk → kː / ! _a
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| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
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| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nθ nl → sː {sː,hl}
|
| {x,h}S → Sː
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| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
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| sk → kː / ! _a
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | o(ː) → i(ː)
|
| a(ː) → o(ː)
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| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | ({C,#}V)ʔ → ({C,#}Vː)∅ / _C
|
| i(ː) → u(ː) / o(ː)(C[-dental])(C[-dental])_
|
| o(ː) → e(ː) / Cj_ (sporadic)
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ({C,#}V[-long])ʔ → ({C,#}Vː[+falling tone])∅ / _C
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | nθ hs → sːt sː
|
| nkw → ʔː
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| ns sk → {x,s} {x,sː}
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| θp tʃp ʃp → {x,sː} ʔp sːp
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| x → sː / {i,#e,ja,ke}_
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| x → sː / e(ː)_s
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| sːː → sː
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| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| eLwi → iː
|
| i(ː)wi → iː / medially
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| iji → iː
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| tem {k,p}en → mː nː
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| ket → tː (→ sː?)
|
| ke(h) → tː ?
|
| {k(ʷ)es,keθ} → sː
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | e eː → i aː
|
| ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → seː
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → seː
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | e(ː) → i(ː)
|
| ja → aː / C_
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | we → wə → oː / ! adjacent to {p,m,k}
|
| i o → iː oː
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | V → Vː “when V is the second vowel of a word and follows a short-vowel syllable. Does not apply in glottal words”
|
| wi(ː) → o(ː) / C_w
|
| V → Vː / _CC in even syllables
|
| e(ː) i → æ(ː) e
|
| iː oː oʔ → eː uː uʔ “[blocked when iː or a C+G sequence follows anywhere in the word, but does apply if æ(ː) intervenes before any following iː or C+G]”
|
| {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | hs hʃ → sː ʃː / sporadic, usually {#,V[+front]}_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | (aw)aha → aː
|
| {awa,iwa,iwi} → uː
|
| {o,a}wi → oː
|
| ehi → eː
|
| {aja,iha,iji,ihi,ija} → iː
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | jeː → iː / C_
|
| ja → iː / C_C
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | au iu uu eu ou → ɔː juː uː joː oː
|
| ɔː → oː
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | {u,ɯ}w {i,y}w aw {æ,e}w → uː yː oː øː
|
| æ Vh {ʕ,h} → ɑː Vː ∅ (seems to have largely been confined to loanwords from Persian)
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | o oɡ ø øɡ iɡ → wo ɥø oː øː iː
|
| a{ɡ̌(ɯ),b} {o{ɡ̌,b},aɡ̌u} u{ɡ̌,b} → ɰa wo uː
|
| iɡ̌ → ɯː → iː (but original ɯː unaffected?)
|
| eɡ → {je,iː,ji}
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | a → aː / _{w,j}
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | a → aː / _C# (sometimes)
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | V → Vː / ə(C…?)_
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | rl → lː
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | C → Cː / ə_V (?)
|
| ɟ(ː) → d(ː)
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ɛː ɔː / _…#
|
| V[+stress] → Vː / _C# ! V = ə and/or C = h “(applies to diphthongal nuclei as well a[s] monophthongs)”
|
| NS[-voice] → Sː
|
| 10.3.5 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-New Caledonia | CC → Cː (fortis)
|
| 10.3.5.4 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Northern | q qː k kː s sː → k kː c cː t̪ t̪ː
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | ”V → Vː (usually)
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | ɡd ɡl → dː lː
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | dz dʒ → {tsːʼ,z} {tsːʼ,dʒ}
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| tɬː dɮ → tɬ(ː) tɬː
|
| kː ɢ → xʲ {qːʼ,ɣ}
|
| 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | {ts,st} dz → s {tsːʼ,z}
|
| stː → sː
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| dʒ → {tʃːʼ,dʒ}
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| tɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) dʒ → ɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) tɬː
|
| q ɢ → x {qːʼ,ɣ}
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| tɬ tɬʼ tɬː tɬːʼ → ɬ tʼ tɬ tɬ(ː)ʼ
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| q qːʼ ɢ → x {q(ː)ʼ,ɡh} qʼ (not sure if that last 〈gh〉 should be ɣ)
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
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| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ → k {xʲː,kː} kʰ {ɡ,q}(?)
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → k {k,xʲ} {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː} kʼ
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| kː kʼ ɡ → k {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː}
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d} (but *b is “[p]rone to change to *m”)
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| {tsː,stː} dz st → sː {tsː,z} ts
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| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬ(ː)ʼ dɮ → xʲ xː kʼ {kː,l}
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| ɡ → kː
|
| qʼ qʼː ɡ → {qʼ,j} qʼ {qː,ɣ}
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| ʃ ɬ ɬː → s {xʲ,ʃ} xː
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
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| tʃːʼ → tʃː
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ x kʼ kː {,j,xʲ}
|
| qːʼ → qː
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| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | d → {d,tː}
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| {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
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| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → ɬ ɬ(ː) kʼ tɬʼ tɬː
|
| kː ɡ → x {kː,ɡ}
|
| q qːʼ → x q(ː)ʼ
|
| sː xː → {sː,h} x
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d}
|
| {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ dz → {ʃ,tʃ} tʃ(ʼ) {tʃː,dʒ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} qʼ k(ʼ) {kː,ɣʲ}
|
| kː ɡ → ɣ kː
|
| ɣ → {qː,ɣ} (again, probably a difference in the development of *ɢ than this strict sound change)
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | sː ɬ(ː) xː → {ħ,xʲ} {sː,h} x
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} {tʃ,dʒ} {tʃː,tʃʼ}(?)
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} k kː ɣʲ
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | tsːʼ → tsː
|
| {tsː,tʃː,dz,dʒ} → tː / _#
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | pʲ(ː) pʲʼ bʲ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| pˤ(ː) pˤ bˤ → p(ː) pʼ b
|
| r l → tː tħ / #_
|
| tʷ(ː) tʷʼ dʷ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| ts tsː dz → {s,c} tsː dz~z
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| ɕ(ː) ʑ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| tʃʷ(ː) tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → tɕ(ː) tɕʼ dʑ~ʑ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| tcʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → sʲ ʃː zʲ
|
| ɬ(ː) tɬ(ː) tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ(ː) tɕ(ː) tɕʼ tħ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| ɬʷ ɬʷː → x(ʷ) ɕː
|
| tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ → x tɕː tɕʼ ɮ
|
| qʷ → qʷː / !_
|
| qʷʼ ɢʷ → qʷː ʁʷ
|
| qʲʷː qʲʷ ɢʲʷ,ʁʲʷ} χʲʷ → qʷː ʔʷ ʁʷ χʷ
|
| {qˤː,qˤʼ} χˤ ʁˤ → qː χ ʁ
|
| {qˤʷː,qˤʷʼ} χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → qʷː χʷ ʁʷ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | tsʲ tsʲː → tɕ tɕː
|
| kʲ(ː) kʲʼ ɡʲ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ dʑ
|
| tsʷː → tsʲʷː
|
| qː~χ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | q qʷ → qː qʷː / ! #_
|
| qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | pʲ(ː) bʲ → t(ː) d
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | k ʃk → k* kː / V_V (the asterisk-marked k is what McAlpin terms “weak k”, which tends to drop out in morphology)
|
| n nː rn → {n̲,r} n̲(ː) ɳ / V_V
|
| nː → n̲(ː)
|
| l lː → {l,ɭ} ɭ(ː) / V_V
|
| 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | k ŋk ŋkː → ∅ k kː / V_V
|
| mp → p(ː) / V_V
|
| ŕ → rː / V_V
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aj → eː “(exception: never finally in monosyllables, never initially in multisyllabic words)”
|
| l ɭ → lːʉ ɭːʉ / _#(C)V[-long]
|
| i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / {m,v,p}_C̣
|
| j → jːi / E_#
|
| tː nt → cː ɲc / {i,j}_
|
| ʈk → kː
|
| n tː → n̪ t̪ː
|
| cː → tʃː “(most dialects)”
|
| — i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / _ɭ
|
| — eCə oCə → Ceː Coː / #_
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | C0VC0 → C0ː
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | C0VC0 → Cː
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | C → Cː / _V(…V) except in #U
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | C → Cː / _V(…V) except in #U
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | C → Cː / _V(…V), after #U
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | l r → l(ː) r(ː)
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | eh2 → æː / “tautosyllabic”
|
| ei eu → ɛː uː
|
| {{h1,h3}s,s{h1,h3}} → sː (contested)
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | V → Vː / in ”U[+open]
|
| e o → eː oː / in ”U[+stress]
|
| o(ː) æː → a(ː) eː
|
| aj aw → ɛː uː / !_{s,n,r,l}
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | V → Vː / in ”U[+open]
|
| V → Vː / in #”U
|
| o(ː) → a(ː)
|
| D R → Dː Rː / ”e_ in U[+open]
|
| {ɛ,e}ː æː → iː aː
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | {ɛ,e}ː o æː → iː e aː
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | o(ː) eː æː → a(ː) iː aː
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | V → Vː / ”U[+open]
|
| o(ː) → a(ː)
|
| a e → aː eː / in ”U[+closed]
|
| æː → eː
|
| ɛː → iː
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | e eː → a aː
|
| o oː → {a,aː} aː
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — eh1 eh2 eh3 → eː aː oː
|
| — SS → sː
|
| — eː → iː
|
| — oː → uː / in U#
|
| — oː ej → aː eː
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | eː → iː / ! _{i,u}
|
| tː → sː
|
| oː → uː / _(C…)#
|
| oːi → uː / _#
|
| oː → aː / else
|
| — {ai,oi} → iː / _#
|
| — {a,e}n → eː / _{p t k s}
|
| — hn hm → nː mː / [anything]_ (“[t]his change is a bit speculative”)
|
| — st zd → sː dː / [anything]_
|
| — {l,h}l {l,h}r l{p,s,n} r{p,s} ln → lː rː lː rː (lː?) / [anything]_
|
| {au,eu,ou} → oː
|
| ei → eː
|
| V → Vː / _#, when stressed; “[t]his remained as a phonologically conditioned rule in OIr”
|
| VOR → VːR; “this is a tad unclear, because in some instances it didn’t seem to apply”
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ei → eː
|
| st → sː (with some exceptions)
|
| uː {oi,ɔː} → yː uː
|
| aː → ɔː
|
| mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | eː → aː
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | aː → oː
|
| eː → æː
|
| ei oi → iː ai
|
| eːi {oːi,aːi} → eː oː (?)
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — æː → eː
|
| oːw æːj → ɔː ɛː / _V
|
| ij → iː / _s “after the loss of a vowel in final syllables”
|
| iji → iː / U[- stress](C…)_
|
| iji → iː / U[+ long + closed]_ in the stem
|
| 17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanic | C → Cː / _j ! C = r
|
| oː → uː / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | VN → Ṽː / _F
|
| a → æː / short only, includes diphthongs ! B or *ã in next syllable
|
| æː → aː “under to [sic] the influence of neighboring consonants”, but the article doesn’t elaborate
|
| æː → eː
|
| aː → æː / ! _N or if nasalized
|
| ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
|
| ia iu → jaː juː
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | ɑ̃ː → õː
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
|
| oɣ → ɔːw / _V
|
| ɑː y(ː) → ɔː e(ː)
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
|
| oɣ → ɔːw / _V
|
| ɑː y(ː) → ɔː i(ː)
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | a ɑ {ɛ,ɪ,ɤ} → ɑː ɔː ɜː / _ɹ{C,#}
|
| ɑʊ → ɑː / _P
|
| ɑʊ → ɑː / _N (sometimes)
|
| ɑʊ → ɔː / else
|
| a → ɑː / “in a few words, like ‘father’”
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | æ → æː (e.g., NYC) or ɑː (e.g., Boston) / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]} (“words which change vary between dialects”)
|
| ɒ → ɒː → ɔː / _F[-voiced]
|
| eə → eː
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| æ → æː → ɑː / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]}
|
| ɒ → ɒː → ɔː / _F[-voiced]
|
| uː → ʊə → uː / _ɫ ! in Queensland and New South Wales
|
| uː → ʊʉ → ʉː / else
|
| ɪ → iː / _# when unstressed
|
| ɪ → iː / “unstressed foot-finally if the next syllable is stressed and begins with /k ɡ tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ/”
|
| ɔə → ɔː
|
| ɛə ʊə → ɛː ɔː (ongoing)
|
| ʊə → oː / ! {j,dʒ}_
|
| ʊə → ʉːwə / “almost always otherwise, but see [above vowel changes after /ɫ/ is formed]”
|
| oə → oː
|
| ɔ → ɔː / “in ‘gone’ and some derivatives”
|
| æ → æː / _{n,m,ɡ,ɫ% ! _n,m,ɡ,ɫ}%{j,w} or a form of a strong verb
|
| æ → æː / _d (rare) ! form of a strong verb
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| æ → æː → ɑː / _{F[-voiced],N[-voiced]}
|
| ɒ → ɒː → ɔː / _F[-voiced]
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
|
| oɣ → ɔːw / _V
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| y(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — V → Vː / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#}
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | æː → ɛː
|
| øː → eː “(not a thorough change)”
|
| æː(ɑ) eː(o) → ɛ iː
|
| ai → aː
|
| V → Vː / _{r,F[+ voice],V,#}
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | V → Ṽː / _nC “(works across word boundaries)”
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
|
| oɣ → ɔːw / _V
|
| ɑː → ɔː
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| y(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 17.7.2.1.14 Anglo-Frisian to Old Frisian | aj aw ew → {eː,aː} aː ja
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | ai au → eː oː
|
| xs → sː
|
| uː → ʉː (probably, in areas with uː → ʉw / _V)
|
| ei ou → eː oː (except in southeastern dialects; *ei as a result of the umlaut of *ai was not affected)
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | uː → yː
|
| iu → {yː,io} (outcome varies depending upon dialect; the former seems more typical)
|
| {ol,al} {ar,er} or → ɔu aːr oːr / _C[+dental]
|
| V[-long +stress] → Vː / in open syllables (ʏ → {œː,øː} here but this is not phonemically important; there seem to have been qualitative differences between original long vowels and long vowels resulting from this change—lengthened iː seems to have become eː, but lengthened aː merged with original aː); does not affect original long vowels or vowels in diphthongs
|
| 17.7.2.2.4 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | aː → oː / _{N,C[+ dental],P,h} (sporadic?)
|
| aː → oː / {N,C[+ dental],P,h}_ (sporadic?)
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _C[+ affricate]
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _{P,l,ʃ} (sporadic?)
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / {P,l,ʃ}_ (sporadic?)
|
| y(ː) yə ø(ː) øy → i(ː) iə e(ː) ei (intermittent)
|
| uə yə iə → uː yː iː
|
| V → Vː / _%, when stressed (except for /ə/?)
|
| V → Vː / _r{t,d,s,ts} (except /ə/)
|
| V → Vː / in some monosyllables ending in alveolar resonants or vowels
|
| V → Vː / by analogy in some cases
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → fː zː xː / V_V
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | ai au → eː oː
|
| vː ɣː hː → bː ɡː xː (perhaps not strictly a sound change, but worth noting)
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | Eβu Eβo → juː joː
|
| {æ,e}ː(w(a)) → aː
|
| Vn → Vː / _hV
|
| (w)u(ː) i(ː) → (w)o(ː) e(ː) / _(C)(C)a ! CC = NC or one C = {ʀ,j}
|
| iu → yː
|
| w{o,u}ːwuː j{e,i}ːjiː → uː iː
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | i → eː / _ʀ#
|
| EːBː Eːaː → joː jaː / {v,w}_
|
| BːB aː{o,a,æ,e} {æ,e}ː{æ,e}ː {æ,e}ːi iːEː → oː aː eː eː iː
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ y yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| ʀn → nː
|
| waː naː → oː noː / %u in #U
|
| a(ː) ae → o(ː) ɒø / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C)u
|
| {(j)u,we}ː {o,ɒ}ː aː au → yː øː æː æy
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| V → Vː / _l{P,w,k,#}
|
| {a,æ,e}ːhiː → æː
|
| ɒːh{u,a} aːh{u,a} → ɒː aː
|
| {u,we,wi} {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| wa we wi → ɒː øː yː / #P_
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / #(C)(C)_ʀ
|
| rː{r,ʀ} sʀ → rː sː
|
| l(ː)ʀ n(ː)ʀ → lː nː / ”Vː_ (or all V_ ?)
|
| ai wi (w)V → eː weː (w)Vː / _h#
|
| ɒ → oː / n_h
|
| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
|
| ey → {jo,æ}ː / _ʀ
|
| i → eː / _#
|
| ðl(ː) ðn(ː) → lː nː
|
| V{θ,ð} → Vː / #(C)(C)(C)_{l,r}
|
| ai → aː / _r
|
| ai → aː / _h{C,V}
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| Ṽ → Vː / in #U (maybe only ı̃?)
|
| (Vː)θt → (V)tː
|
| Eː{u,o}ː Eːaː → joː jaː / {v,w}_
|
| θː ðː → tː dː
|
| ht → tː
|
| NS[- voice] → S[- voice]ː
|
| {t(ː),ɡː}k → kː
|
| ts → sː / V_V
|
| uN yN iN VN → o øː eː Vː / _{s,f}
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| ɣ → ɡː / _j
|
| ɪʊ → yː
|
| ø øː → e æː
|
| e(ː){B,i(ː)} → e(ː)u / {v,w}_
|
| eː{Bː,i(ː)} → joː / _C[+ alveolar]#
|
| eː{Bː,i(ː)} → juː
|
| N(ː) k k(ː) N(ː)ɡ ɡ(ː) ɣ → ɲc(ː) c(ː) ɲɟ(ː) ɟ(ː) ʝ / _{i,j}
|
| N(ː) k k(ː) N(ː)ɡ ɡ(ː) ɣ → ɲc(ː) c(ː) ɲɟ(ː) ɟ(ː) ɟ / _{i,j}
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | ɒ ɒː → ø aː
|
| u o a ø y e i → uː oː aː øi yː ei iː / _{ɲc,ɲɟ,ŋk,ŋɡ}
|
| u o a øː eː y i → ʏɪ oi ai øi ei yː iː / _j
|
| S[- voice]ː S[+ voice]ː → ʰS S[- voice]ː
|
| V → Vː / _(C)#, in monosyllables
|
| V → Vː / ! _CCV, in polysyllables
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | p(ː) t(ː) k(ː) → b(ː) d(ː) ɡ(ː) / {V,R}_{V,R}
|
| fd → dː
|
| uː → øː / _CC
|
| oː → øː / _(C)(C)#
|
| oː → u(ː)
|
| a aː → ɛ øː / _r
|
| æ → eː / _{ð,r}
|
| æ → ɛː
|
| œ → ɛː / _CC
|
| œ → iː / _N
|
| œ → eː
|
| e iː → ɛ i(ː)
|
| ey → eː / _F
|
| ei → eː / _C(ː,V)# (V can be a syllabic consonant)
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | nd ld (→ nː lː ?) → ɲ ʎ
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | ɑː → æː
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| tʃ → tː / medial
|
| u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| æː → ɛː (includes diphthongs)
|
| ej ow → eː oː
|
| eː → iː / _C
|
| eː → iː / _V
|
| ɛː → eː
|
| ɑj → ɛː
|
| oj → øj → yj (→ yː sometimes)
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
|
| oː → uː
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| æː → ɛː
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | Vns → V(ː)s (Tucker says that “[i]n a few Doric dialects the lengthening did not occur”)
|
| tʃ → tː / medial
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | ɑː → æː
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| tʃ → sː / medial
|
| VCw → VːC
|
| æː → ɛː
|
| ej ow → eː oː happened “in the various Ionic dialects at various dates”
|
| u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| oː → uː (?)
|
| eː → iː / _V
|
| ɛː → eː
|
| ɑj → ɛː
|
| oj → øj → yj (→ yː sometimes)
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | e(ː) → a(ː) / _h2
|
| e(ː) → a(ː) / h2_
|
| e(ː) → o(ː) / _h3
|
| e(ː) → o(ː) / h3_
|
| o(ː) → a(ː)
|
| — e(ː) → a(ː) / _R “sometimes??”
|
| — e(ː) → a(ː) / “when unstressed?”
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | tʃʃ → ʃː
|
| o → aː / _CV, “does not affect o2 < eh3”
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | VH → Vː / _{C,#}
|
| R̊H → {u,i}ːR / _C
|
| uʐ aʐ iʐ → uː əː iː
|
| əː → oː / w_
|
| əː → eː
|
| tst dzdʱ → tː dʱː
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| dʒɲ → ɲː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| kʂ → tʃː
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| kʂ → tʃː
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | sɕ ɕʂ → ɕː ʂː
|
| t.ʂ t.ɕ → kʂ cʰː
|
| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {ai,oi} → æː
|
| {aːi,oːi} → {æː,a} (the former seems to be more common)
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ъ → aː / _r
|
| ъl → ɔ(ː)ɫ / P_
|
| ьl → ɔ(ː)ɫ
|
| ь → aː / r_C[+dental -palatalized]
|
| ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
|
| a ɛ i ɔ u ɨ ã → aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɨː ãː / _{C/U}[+voiced][lost yer] (i.e., a voiced consonant or a cluster with one)
|
| ajɛ → ɛː in adjectives, aː in verbs
|
| {aja,ɔja} {ɔjɛ,ɨjɛ} ɨjɛ → aː ɛː iː
|
| {ɛ(ː)jɛ,ьjɛ,ɔjɛ,ujɛ,ɨjɛ} → ɛː
|
| {ɔjɔ̃,ɔ̃jɔ̃,ьjɔ̃} → ɔ̃ː
|
| {aja,ɛja,ьja,ɔja} → aː
|
| ɔ → ɔː / _{r,l} (sporadic, perhaps analogical)
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | oː → uː / _r
|
| aj → ai → eː (in rustic dialects)
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| aw → oː (in rustic dialects)
|
| {ew,ow} → ou → uː
|
| ai → ei → iː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| ei oi ou → iː eː uː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
|
| V → Vː / _zC[+voiced]
|
| V → Vː / _S[+voiced]{S[-voiced],F[-voiced]}; “(i, e, and o sometimes bypass this)”
|
| V → Vː / _z{l,r}
|
| V → Vː / _{t,d}t
|
| {t,d}t → tst → sː
|
| V → {Vː,V[+nas]} / _n{f,s}
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | j → ʝː / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | VV → Vː (“For outcomes of word-final vowels, see down below”)
|
| mn → nː → ɲ
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — V0V0 → V0ː
|
| sːj zj rj → jsː jz jr
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | kVl → kːj / unstressed
|
| kt → tː
|
| C → Cː / V_jV
|
| tj ks w → ts sː ɡw
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | rs → sː
|
| V0V0 → V0ː
|
| e → iː / ”_%ɪː#
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | VN → Vː / _S (except for the prefixes con-, in-); I’m assuming this change happened in Vulgar Latin and then vowel length went to quality
|
| rs → sː
|
| mn → mpn → nː (dialectal)
|
| {t,d}l {k,ɡ}l → lː ʎ
|
| βw tw → wː dw → ɡʷ ɡʷ → ɡ ɡ
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| td → tː → t
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | V0V0 → V0ː
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | nd {lː,ld} → ɳɖ ɖː / V_V
|
| kw ɡw → pː bː / #_ (“[o]nly Logudorese”)
|
| {p,k}s → sː
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| sk → sː
|
| ɡn → nː
|
| r → urː / #_e / Logudorese
|
| r → arː / #_(j)B / Logudorese
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {tj,kj} {tːj,kːj,ptj,ktj,skj} → ts tːs
|
| pt {ɾs,ps} → tː sː
|
| mb mn → mː nː
|
| {jl,lj} {jn,nj} {jɡ,ɡj} → ʎ ɲ ʝː
|
| bj → ʝː (sporadic)
|
| kθ → θː
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | {eh2,aH} aː → aː ɔ
|
| {eh3,oH} → oː
|
| uh1 u{h2,h3} → uː → wə wɨ
|
| (h1)e (h1)eː → jə jɛː / #_
|
| eH → eː
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | Cʲj → Cʲː
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | C[+ coronal]w → Cː
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | V0ʔV0 → V0ː
|
| 18.4.9.1.3 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Cinta Larga | Vh → Vː
|
| V → Vː / _#
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28 Muskogean | V → V̂ː / _Cko, ko lost?
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | V1kV2 → V2ː / #((C)V(C))(C)_#
|
| V0xV0 → V0ː
|
| kl → kː
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | nt → tː
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | tl → tː
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | oj aj → iː {aː,iː}
|
| tl st → lː tː
|
| 28.2.1 Proto-Western Muskogean to Chickasaw | xʷɬ → ɬː
|
| 28.2.2 Proto-Western Muskogean to Choctaw | ɬh → ɬː
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | aji → iː / when unstressed
|
| ubu aba → uː aː / when stressed
|
| V → Vː / when stressed ?
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | VrV → {Vː,M}
|
| 33.3.1 Proto-Yokuts to General Yokuts | iː ɨː uː → eː əː oː (this change sometimes did not occur)
|
| 33.3.1.3 Buena Vista Yokuts to Tulamni | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| Vʔ → Vː / stressed
|
| 33.3.2.2 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Northern Yokuts | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | ɨ(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | aw aj {uj,ij} → uː eː iː
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | V3ʔ → V3(ː)ʔ / _#
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | V3h → V3ː / _C
|
| V3ʔ → V3(ː) / _#
|
| V3ʔ → V3ː / _O
|
| V3ʔR → V3ːR
|
| lʔn → lː / V3_V
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | V3h → V3ː / _C
|
| V03ʔ(V0) → {V03ː,V03ʔV0}
|
| V3ʔR → {V3ʔR,V3ːRʔ} / _V
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | V3h → V3ː / _C
|
| V3ʔ → V3{ː,ʔ} / _O
|
| V03ʔV0 → {V3ː,V03ʔV0}
|
| V3ʔR → {V3ʔR,V3ːRʔ} / _V
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | V3h → V3{ː,ʔ} / _C
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | V3h → V3(ː) / _C
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | V3h → V3ː / _C
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | {wV,jV} → Vː[+low falling tone]
|
| Vʔ → Vː[+low falling tone] / _C
|
| {Vh,Vʔ} → Vː / _#
|
| a(ː)wẽ(ː) → a(ː)ma(ː)
|
| V[+nas] → aː[+high rising tone]
|
| ∅ → Vː[+high rising tone] / C_# (“usually one of [/aː iː ʌ̃ː/ with this tone], the conditions are unclear”)
|
| iji → iː
|
| ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → o(ː) ʌ̃(ː)
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | o(ː) u(ː) → a(ː) o(ː)
|
| iji(ː) → hi(ː) / {k,s}_ “(possibly after all non-glottal obstruents)”
|
| ∅ → i(ː) / #_(C)(C)CVC(C)(C)#
|
| ”V → ”Vː / “in open penultimate syllables followed by a non-glottal consonant”
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | V → Vː / _C[-glottal] “in even-numbered syllables when accented or immediately before the accent”
|
| ”V0V0 → V0ː[-accent]
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | Vh → Vː / _R
|
| ẽ(ː) õ(ː) o(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː) u(ː)
|
| ɛ̃(ː) → ã(ː) / w_
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ara → aː / “unaccented syllables only”
|
| Vw → Vː / _{r,j}
|
| ”V → ”Vː / _C(R)V
|
| V → Vː / _”C[-glottal](R)V{ː,H} in “even numbered syllables only”
|
| V → Vː / _KRV “in the second syllable of a word”
|
| a(ː) o(ː) õ(ː) → æ(ː) e(ː) ẽ(ː) / r_
|
| Vr → Vː / _C
|
| rV → Vː / C_
|
| õ(ː) → ũ(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ʌ̃(ː) ũ(ː)
|
| ”V → ”Vː[+falling tone] / _{ʔ,hR}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ”Vː[-falling tone]CV → Vː”CV
|
| ”V → ”Vː / _ʔ
|
| — Vː[+falling tone]C(C)V(H) → V̊ː[+falling tone]C̊(C̊)V̊(H̊) / _#
|
| — CVː[+falling tone] → C̊V̊ː[+falling tone] / _#
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | V → Vː / _{t,k(ʷ),s,n,r,j,w} “in even penultimate syllables”
|
| a(ː) → æ(ː) / r_
|
| Vh → Vː / _{n,w,j}
|
| o → oː / _{aː,æː}
|
| a(ː) → ẽ(ː) / adjacent to a nasal vowel
|
| ẽ(ː) → e(ː) / _{e(ː),o(ː)
|
| a(ː) æ(ː) → õ(ː) ẽ(ː) / n_
|
| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]H_
|
| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]({ʔ,s})w_
|
| ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | ”V → ”Vː / _n in “penultimate syllables only”
|
| ”V → ”Vː / _{k(ʷ),(ˀ)t}{s,R,H} (“penultimate syllables only”)
|
| ”V → ”Vː / _RR
|
| {ẽ(ː),õ(ː)} → ə̃(ː)
|
| e(ː) → ɛ(ː)
|
| ə̃(ː) → ɨ̃(ː) / ! “when both short and stressed”
|
| a(ː) o(ː) → ɔ(ː) u(ː) / ! “when both short and unstressed”
|
| 37.1.2.6.2 Tuscarora to Eastern Tuscarora | ə̃(ː) a(ː) o(ː) → ɨ̃(ː) ɔ(ː) u(ː) (“in all positions”)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | V → Vː / _%
|
| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | V → Vː / _%
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | V → Vː / _%
|
| ɨ̯a → aː
|
| ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | uo ɨ̯u → u(ː) u / _C%
|
| ɨ̯u → uː
|
| o {u̯ɔ,ɨɔ,ɔ} → u oː
|
| {(i)ɛ,i̯ɛ} → eː
|
| uɔ ɨ̯ɔ → oː ɨ
|
| {ɨo̯,ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → ɨː iː
|
| {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} → uː
|
| ai → aːi
|
| V → Vː / _V
|
| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
|
| a → aː / _u,i
|
| ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| ɔ ɨ → oː ɨː / _i
|
| u̯əi → oːi
|
| eu → uː
|
| ɛ i → eː iː / _u
|
| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | V → Vː / _%
|
| uo → ɔː
|
| uɨ̯ ua̯ → ɨə uɔ̯ → ɨː ɔː
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ɔː → oː
|
| ɨə̯~ɨa̯ → ɨː / _%
|
| ɛ iɛ → eː ı̆
|
| ɨa̯~ɨə̯ → iː / j_
|
| ɨa̯~ɨə̯ → ɨː
|
| ua~uə → uː
|
| ɔ → oː
|
| ua~u@̯ → uː
|
| ɨ̯a~ɨə → ɨː
|
| ue̯ → uː
|
| ɨo̯ ɨa̯ ie̯ ɨe̯ → uː aː eː iː
|
| ɨ a → ɨː aː / _i
|
| ɨ̯ai → ɨːi
|
| u̯əi ɔi → (w)iː oːi
|
| {ɛi,ei} → ɨː
|
| {ou,oɨ} → oː
|
| ɛ e i → eː a iː / _u
|
| i̯əu → uː
|
| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | V → Vː / _%
|
| ɨə → ɨː
|
| ɨ̯a → aː
|
| ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| o → ɔː / _i
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | u{o,ə} ɨu → uː ɨː
|
| {u̯o,u̯ɨ} u̯ɔ → o ɔː
|
| u̯a → aː
|
| ɨ̯u i̯o → uː u
|
| {(i)ɛ,i̯ɛ} → ɛː
|
| {ɨɔ,ɨ̯ɔ} → ɔː
|
| a → aː / _i
|
| ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| {u̯əi,ɔi} → ɔːi
|
| {o,ə} ɛ → a ɛː / _u
|
| eu → uː
|
| ɨ̯əu au → au aːu
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.5.2.4 Proto-Kainantu to Usarufa | N1N2 → N2ː ?
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | iw ow → y uː / _(C) (*)
|
| ɤ(ː?) ɑː æː → ɑ(ː?) oː eː / stressed
|
| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | V → Vː / _#
|
| ixi uxu → øː oː
|
| UŋA eŋi → Oː øː
|
| uwa → oː (*)
|
| Uwi ewi → oː øː
|
| yje → øː → jø (?)
|
| ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | {kt,pt} {kts,pts} → tː tːs
|
| xk → kː (even across word boundaries)
|
| (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
|
| {p,t,k}({p,t,k})n {p,t,k}({p,t,k})m → nː mː
|
| ts tsˑ tsː → s θˑ θː
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| V → Vː / h_hC
|
| V → Vː / _hC (sporadic)
|
| lð rð → lː rː
|
| AO → {A,O,U}ː / unstressed
|
| Ue → eː / unstressed
|
| VU → Vː / _#
|
| iU OU → Uː Oː
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | Va → Vː / unstressed
|
| ie yɤ uo → iː yː uː / _A
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | Vn → Vː / _s
|
| Vh → Vːɦ / _C, except maybe ! _j and/or _ʋ
|
| C → Cː / ʔ_V
|
| dj lj rj ɡj → dʲ lːʲ rːʲ jɡ
|
| lʋ rʋ jʋ → lː rː jː
|
| VCːɑ → VːCɑ
|
| ɑː au → ɔː ɔu (though sometimes ɑː develops, apparently at least partially due to metathesis?)
|
| eː øː oː ɤ(ː) → iːe yːø uːo ɨ(ː)
|
| V → Vː / _RC(C)ɑ (includes diphthongs)
|
| a → aː / VC_
|
| e o → eː oː / _Cɑ
|
| o → oː / _{RC#,i}
|
| ɔ(ː) → o(ː)
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | uV Vː → uː Vː (not sure if this occurs before or after the previous change)
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanian | ś → {s(ː),ʃ} / _#
|
| S[+ fortis] → S[- voice]ː (specifically, the source lists t[+ fortis] k[+ fortis] → t(ː) k(ː), both of the tokens with optional length suffixes and *aTa → 〈atta〉, so I’m extrapolating)
|
| n[+ fortis] → n(ː) / V_V
|
| 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | nb → mː → m
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.3 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — V → Vː / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#}
|
| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | eː oː → iː uː
|
| ɛː → eː → iː
|
| aː ɔː → ɛː oː → eː ow → ej (əw)
|
| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | u(ː) → y(ː)
|
| oː → uː
|
| eː ɛː → iː eː
|
| ai ɔi → ɛ yː
|
| eː → iː
|
| y(ː) ɔː → i(ː) ɔ
|
| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ei oi øi → eː oe øe
|
| ɑu ou → ɑː oː
|
| æy øy → æː øː
|
| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | V → Vː / _#
|
| a → {aː,ə} “(the environments for these respective changes are somewhat unclear)”
|
| a → aː / _{i,u}
|
| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | e → eː / ɛ
|
| {i,y} → iː / ɪ
|
| o → oː / ɔ
|
| u → uː / short: ʊ / unstressed: {o,ɔ}
|
| {œ,ɔ} → øː/œ “(except Suðuroy → ʏ)”
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | aɪ → aː / _#
|
| aɪ → aː / _C[+ voiced]
|
| aɪ → ɑeː / else (only for some speakers)
|
| aɪ → aː / else (only for some speakers)
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | b d ɡ → bː dː ɡː / V_V (some dialects of Italian; there may be more to it than this, since words like “repubblica” are in standard Italian and not just dialects)
|