| 17 Indo-European | 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | ɑ̃ː → õː
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| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑɣ → ɑw
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| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| eːɑw iːw → ew ju
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| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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| {o(ː)ht,ɑːht} → ow
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| ɑː y(ː) → ɔː e(ː)
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
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| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑɣ → ɑw
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| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| eːɑw iːw → ew ju
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| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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| {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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| ɑː y(ː) → ɔː i(ː)
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
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| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#
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| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | a ɑ {ɛ,ɪ,ɤ} → ɑː ɔː ɜː / _ɹ{C,#}
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| ɑʊ → ɑː / _P
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| ɑʊ → ɑː / _N (sometimes)
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| ɑʊ → ɔː / else
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| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | æː ɑː ɔː → æə~eə ɑ ɔ
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| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| ɑ → ɒ
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| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| ɑ → ɒ
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| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑɣ → ɑw
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| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| eːɑw iːw → ew ju
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| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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| {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
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| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#, when unstressed (it appears this sound may also have gone to /ɪ/)
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ɑ → a / ! _{l,r} (sporadic)
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| æː(ɑ) eː(o) → ɛ iː
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| æ(ɑ) → e
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| ɑː → e / ! _{ŋ,n}
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| {ɔu,ɑu} → ɑ
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| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑɣ → ɑw
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| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| eːɑw iːw → ew ju
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| {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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| {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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| ɑː → ɔː
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
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| {e,ɑ,o} → ə / _#
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| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
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| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | ɑː → æː
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| ɑj → ɛː
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| ɑu ɛu eu → ɑv ɛv ev
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| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
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| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | ɑː → æː
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| ɑj → ɛː
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| 19 Kartvelian | 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | ɛ ɑ → ɑ ɔ
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | u ɑ ʊ → {o,u} ə u
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| 29.1.1.1.3 Proto-Athabaskan to Beaver | ɑ → ə
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| 29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | e {ɑ,ə} → i {e,ɪ}
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| 29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | ɑ ʊ → a o
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| 29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | u {ɑ,ʊ} → {o,u} ə
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| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | e u a {ɑ,ʊ} → a i u ə
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| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ɑ ə ʊ u → a e o i
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| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | a u {ɑ,ə} ʊ → {i,e} ju a o
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| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | a ɑ ə ʊ → æ a {ə,ë} o
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| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | i e a u {ɑ,ʊ} → e a ɔ o ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.16 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Kuskokwim Kolchan | e a {ɑ,ʊ} → a o ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | ɑ́ ə́ ʊ́ → ɑ̄ ə̄ ʊ̄
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| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a ɛ o
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| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.33 Proto-Athabaskan to Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish | ɑ ə ʊ → a {i,e} u
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| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | ɑ ə ʊ → {æ̆,ă} æ̆ ŏ
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| 29.1.1.1.38 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Tanana | e a {ɑ,ʊ} → æ ɔ ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
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| 29.1.1.1.41 Proto-Athabaskan to Northern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
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| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | ɤ(ː?) ɑː æː → ɑ(ː?) oː eː / stressed
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| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ɑ → e / ”{o,u}(X)C_j
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| ɑ → o / ”{a,e,i}(X)C_j
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| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ɑ æ → æe / _(C…)i
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| ɑ → ə / VC(C)ɑC(C)_# when unstressed
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| VCːɑ → VːCɑ
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| ɑː au → ɔː ɔu (though sometimes ɑː develops, apparently at least partially due to metathesis?)
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | ɑ → ɔ (does not occur in Sacramento)
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| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ɑː æː ɑi æi → uɑ iæ ɑe æe
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| ɑu ou → ɑː oː
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| 46.12 Northern Cities Vowel Shift (English) | ɑ ɔ → a ɑ
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɑɹ → ɒɹ (“often”)
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| æ/ɑː → æɪ
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