17 Indo-European | 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | ɑ̃ː → õː
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17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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{o(ː)ht,ɑːht} → ow
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ɑː y(ː) → ɔː e(ː)
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17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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{ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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ɑː y(ː) → ɔː i(ː)
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17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | æː ɑː ɔː → æə~eə ɑ ɔ
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17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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{ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
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17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ɑː → e / ! _{ŋ,n}
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17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | {ɑːw,ɑːɣ,oːw} → ɔːw
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{ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
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ɑː → ɔː
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17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | ɑː → æː
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17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
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17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | ɑː → æː
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42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | ɤ(ː?) ɑː æː → ɑ(ː?) oː eː / stressed
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42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ɑː au → ɔː ɔu (though sometimes ɑː develops, apparently at least partially due to metathesis?)
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46 Vowel Shifts | 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ɑː æː ɑi æi → uɑ iæ ɑe æe
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46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | æ/ɑː → æɪ
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