| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | a → ɛ (sometimes)
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| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — a → {a,ɛ} (not common)
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| — aj → ɛː / _#
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| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | {e(ː),ɛ} → ɛ
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| ə → ɛ / #R_C or when breaking up what would otherwise be a three-consonant cluster; in the case of two schwas, only the first one is dropped
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| 8 Altaic | 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
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| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
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| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
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| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | ə(ː) ɛ → ɨ ɛə / _K
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ɛː ɔː / _…#
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| i u → ɛ ɔ / _C# ! _P (sporadic)
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| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | a → ɛ / {t,n}_#
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| ai̯ au̯ → ɛ ɔ
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| i u → ɛ ɔ / _CV[+open-mid](C)#
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — eCV[+ mid] → ɛC
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| — aCV[+ high] → {ɛ,œ}C
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| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | o e i → ɔ ɛ ɪ / C_V[- high]
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| u a → ʊ ɛ / _CV[+ high]
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| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | au ai → ɔ ɛ
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| a → {ɛ,e} “in some words”
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| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | e(C)V[+ low] → ɛCɛ
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| a(C)i a(C)u → {a,ɛ}(C) {ɔ,a,ɛ}(C)
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| oa {ae,ea} → uɔ iɛ
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| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
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| {om,on} {em,en} {oːm,oːn} {eːm,eːn} → ɔ̃ ɛ̃ õ ẽ
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | ei eu → ɛː uː
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| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | aj aw → ɛː uː / !_{s,n,r,l}
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| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ai → ɛ
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| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — i → ɛ / _{r,h,ʍ}
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| oːw æːj → ɔː ɛː / _V
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | i u e → ɪ ʊ ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → ɛə / _{n,m} “and others depending on dialect”
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| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| ɛə ʊə → ɛː ɔː (ongoing)
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| — a → {ɛ,e} / _rC
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| — ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| — æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | æː → ɛː
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| æː(ɑ) eː(o) → ɛ iː
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| e → ɛ / _nt
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| e(o) → ɛ
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| e → ɛ / “unstressed”
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
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| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to Yola | ∅ → ɛ / uː_d
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| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | a → ɛ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (conjectured based on date from the “Germanic umlaut” article)
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| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | iː yː → ɛi œy
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| 17.7.2.2.3 Modern Dutch to Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
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| 17.7.2.2.4 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
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| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
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| o a → ø ɛ / _(C)(C)i
|
| ɒ → {ɛ,e} / _CːV (V can be a syllabic consonant)
|
| a aː → ɛ øː / _r
|
| æ → ɛː
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| œ → ɛː / _CC
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| e iː → ɛ i(ː)
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| ey → ɛ / _r
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | ɒ → ɛ / _Cː
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| e eː → {æ,ɛ,e} {(j)ɛ,je}
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | æː → ɛː (includes diphthongs)
|
| ɑj → ɛː
|
| e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| ɑu ɛu eu → ɑv ɛv ev
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | æː → ɛː
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | æː → ɛː
|
| ɑj → ɛː
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| e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɔl ɔr ɛl ɛr → lɔ rɔ lɛ rɛ / T_T
|
| ɛː → ɛ
|
| ъl → ɛɫ / K_
|
| ьl → ɛɫ / P_C[+dental -palatalized]
|
| ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
|
| a ɛ i ɔ u ɨ ã → aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɨː ãː / _{C/U}[+voiced][lost yer] (i.e., a voiced consonant or a cluster with one)
|
| ajɛ → ɛː in adjectives, aː in verbs
|
| {aja,ɔja} {ɔjɛ,ɨjɛ} ɨjɛ → aː ɛː iː
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| {ɛ(ː)jɛ,ьjɛ,ɔjɛ,ujɛ,ɨjɛ} → ɛː
|
| ã → ɛ̃ / short only
|
| {i,ɨ} → ɛ / _C[+rhotic]
|
| V → ɛ (sporadic, analogical)
|
| ɒ e → a ɛ
|
| ɛ̃ → ɛ / _{#,l,ɫ}
|
| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛ̃N ɔ̃N / _{S,A}
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| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛɰ̃ ɔɰ̃ / _F[-palatal]
|
| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛj̃ ɔj̃ / _F[+palatal]
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {e,ai} → ɛ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {i,eː} e → {e,ɛ} {ɛ,e} / stressed
|
| oe → {e,ɛ}
|
| e → ɛ / _v
|
| ɛj ɔj → jɛj uei / i {u,ui} / stressed
|
| e → ɛ (in Eastern Catalan)
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | è → iɛ / in U[+open]
|
| è → iɛ / _C#
|
| è → ɛ / in U[+closed]
|
| ò → uo → uɛ / in U[+open] ! _N
|
| ɛ ɔ → iɛ uɛ / _{Cj,jC}
|
| ɛ → ɛa / _l{C,#}
|
| é → ɛi / in U[+open]
|
| é → ɛ / in U[+closed]
|
| ó → ou → ɛu / in U[+open]
|
| e → ɛ / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+closed] or _V (?)
|
| a → ɛ / in U[+open] “(but a following ʎ creates a [closed] syllable)”
|
| uɛ → ɛu
|
| ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
|
| {aı̃,eı̃} → ɛ̃
|
| oi → wɛ → wa
|
| oı̃ → wɛ̃
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | ɛ → jɛ / unstressed ! _{dʒ,ʎ,ɲ}
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | iː {i,eː} e → i e ɛ / stressed
|
| ae → ɛ / stressed
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — ɛ ɔ → jɛ wɔ (intermittent, “least common in the southwest”)
|
| — ɛ → jɛ / _{u,i,ʎ,rʲ,ʃ,ʒ,j,tʃ,dʒ} (except in some northern and western dialects, or if this u ← l or if this i ← ð)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — (a)e → ɛ
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | R Hn̩ → ɛR ɨn / #_C
|
| H → ɛ / _R, when R = syllabic
|
| h3e o → o ɛ
|
| (h1)e (h1)eː → jə jɛː / #_
|
| Ce Ceː → Cʲə Cʲɛ
|
| ow aw ew → ɛu au əw
|
| oy ay ey → ɛi ai əj
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | e o → ɛ ɔ (?)
|
| 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βe
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | iiɛ Vdiɛ → dzɛ ɾɛ
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βie
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | e → ɛ
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a ɛ o
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | ɪ̃ → ɛ̃ / #(C)V_C
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
|
| ãi → ɛ̃ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ɛ3,ə3}
|
| {a3~i3} → ɛ3
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | a3 u3 {a1,u1} i1 → ɛ3 a3 ə1 {i1,ə1}
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~ə3} → {ɛ3,ə3}
|
| {a3~i3} → {a3,ɛ3}
|
| {a1~i1} → {ə1,ɛ1}
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | {long-tail vowel thingʔ,əʔ} → ɛʔ
|
| uʔ → oʔ (occasionally → uɛʔ?)
|
| uj → u(ɛ)i / m_
|
| uj → uɛi / {P,C[+guttural],∅}_
|
| ujʔ → uɛʔ (dialectally → uɔʔ?)
|
| un → uɛn / ! {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| uɛn → ɛn / ʋ_
|
| yʔ → yɛʔ / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_ in “QYS -juət-type” finals, dialectally?
|
| yʔ → yʔ(~yɛʔ?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}, in -juət-types
|
| je jeʔ yeʔ → ɛ ɛʔ uɛʔ / C̣_
|
| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
|
| yeʔ → yɛʔ (→ {uɔʔ,yɔʔ} in southern speech?)
|
| ye jej → yɛ i
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| yen → uɛn / C̣_
|
| yen → yɛn
|
| {jam,jan} → iɛn
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| əjŋ → ɛn (varies with ɛn?)
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | at → {at,ɛ,ed}
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | e → iɛ
|
| i → iɛ / _s
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
|
| a(t) → ɛ / _#
|
| ap → ɛk
|
| an → ɿɛ
|
| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) o(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː) u(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | e(ː) → ɛ(ː)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | e → ɛ / _C%
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | {(i)ɛ,i̯ɛ} → ɛː
|
| {o,ə} ɛ → a ɛː / _u
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | a o e → ɛ u i / {i,u}(C…)_ (this [ɛ] is tentatively marked as such; Egurtzegi transcribes it as /e/ but says it’s not as close as /e/)
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | {æ,e} → ɛ / _ɹ
|
| ʊ ʌ ɛ → ʌ ɛ æ
|
| 46.3 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 46.4 Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| a → {ɛ,e} / _rC
|
| ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
|
| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | aː ɔː → ɛː oː → eː ow → ej (əw)
|
| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | ai ɔi → ɛ yː
|
| ɛu au → ɛv av
|
| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | {a,æː} → ɛa / a
|
| eː → ɛa “(except Suðuroy → eː)” / a “(except Suðuroy → ɛ)”
|
| oː → {ɔu,ɛu,œu} / œ “(except Suðuroy → ɔ)”
|
| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
|
| -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
|
| 46.18 South African Chain Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → ɛ e ɨ
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → æj(ə) ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə)
|
| ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
|