| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | dz ʃ tʃ → ʒ s1 s2
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | tsʼ → ʒ / V_
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | z zː → j dʒː
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | z → dʒː / Vj_
|
| zː → dʒː
|
| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {ts,tʃ} z dz → ʃ d dʒ
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {ts,tʃ} dz → ʃ dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| ɡ(w) → dʒ / #_Vd
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | ɡ → ɡʲ → dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | dˤ dʒ q → ðˤ ʒ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | q dʒ → ɡ ʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | dʒ → ʒ / else
|
| z → ʒ / if ʒ is somewhere in the stem after it
|
| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | dʒ x ɣ → ʒ χ ʁ
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | VNs VNʃ → V[+nas]z V[+nas]ʒ / not universal?
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | t(ʰ) d → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| tʃ → dʒ / #_i
|
| nʲ → dʒ / #_
|
| lʲ → dʒ / #_i
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | t → dʒ / #_{æ,ø,y}
|
| 8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakh | j → dʒ / #_ (did not occur in Qara Nogay)
|
| dʒ → ʒ (did not occur in Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | j → dʒ / #_
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | dz dʒ → {tsːʼ,z} {tsːʼ,dʒ}
|
| 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | dʒ → {tʃːʼ,dʒ}
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | tʃ tʃː dʒ → {tsʼ,tʃʼ} ʒ ts
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ dz → {ʃ,tʃ} tʃ(ʼ) {tʃː,dʒ}
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} {tʃ,dʒ} {tʃː,tʃʼ}(?)
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | tʃ tʃː tʃʼ tʃːʼ dʒ → {∅,ʃ} tʃ ∅ tʃʼ {dʒ,tʃ}
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x → s ʒ ʃ l ɬ ɣ
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| ɕ(ː) ʑ → ʃ ʒ (the change of singleton *ɕ to ʃ is marked as dubious)
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) tɕʷː → tʃ(ʼ) dʒ~ʒ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ ʃ ʒʷ
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| ɮʷʲ → ʒ
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | tɕʷ(ʼ) dʑʷ → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃʷ(ʼ)} {dʑ(ʷ),dʒʷ}
|
| ʃʷ ʒʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → {ɕ(ʷ),ʃ(ʷ)} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒ(ʷ)} {ɕ(ʷ),ʃʷ} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒʷ}
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s {ʃʷ,ɕʷ} z {ʒʷ,ʑʷ}
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | ɕ(ː) ʑ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | zʷ → ʑʷ~ʒʷ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː {tʃː,tɕː} kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → b d dz v ɕ ʒ dʒ ɡʷ qʼ~qχ qʷʼ~qχʷ
|
| dɮ dzʲ dzʷ dʑ ɡʲ → ʒ ʑ {v,w} ʒ dʒ
|
| sʷ zʷ {ʃ,ʂ} {ʑ,ʐ,ɣʲ} ʑ χʲ → f v ɕ ʑ ʑ~ʒ χ
|
| ʂː ʃː → ɕ ʒ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ sʷ ʒʷ
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) ɮʷʲ → ʃʷ ʒʷ
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | s → dʒ / {i,u}_V
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | s → dʒ / {i,u}_V
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | s → dʒ / {i,u}_V
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | s → dʒ / {i,u}_V
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | c ɟ → tʃ dʒ (for most speakers)
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | c ɟ → tʃ dʒ (much less widespread than in Gheg)
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | ɡ → dʒ (sporadic)
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | ɡ → dʒ (sporadic)
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | hhy → “something like /ʒ/”
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ / ! _#
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | k(ʷ) ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | k ɣ ɡ → tʃ ʝ dʒ / “in certain complex circumstances”
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | tj sj dj zj → tʃ ʃ dʒ ʒ / ! _uː (perhaps only before stressed uː?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | sj zj lj → ʃ ʒ j~ɫj / else “(j~ɫj fluctuation is formality)”
|
| tj dj → tʃ dʒ
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | dj → dʒ
|
| ɡ(ː) → dʒ / _iV
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | ttʃ ddʒʱ → t.ʃ d.ʒʱ
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | k ɡ x → tʃ ʒ ʃ / _{e(ː)(i),i(ː)}
|
| sj zj → ʃ ʒ
|
| kj ɡj xj → tʃ ʒ ʃ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ ɕ ʑ → ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ɖʐ ts ʒ
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | tj dj → tʃ, ʒ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | dj → dʒ → ʒ
|
| lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| {bj,vj} → wʒ / _%”V
|
| k ɡ → ∅ {∅,ʒ} / V_{i,e} (ɡ → ʒ is learned)
|
| k j → ɡ ʒ / V_V
|
| ɡ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | dj → dʒ / r_
|
| j tj → dʒ ts / #_
|
| j → dʒ / V_V (rare)
|
| — {b,v}j → dʒ
|
| — m{ɲ,j} → ndʒ
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _a
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | tVk → dʒ / unstressed
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| j → dʒ / #_
|
| j → dʒ / V_V
|
| {dj,ɡj} lj {nj,ɡn} → dʒ ʎ ɲ
|
| sj → dʒ
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | ɡ → ɡʲ → dʲ → dʒ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| s → ʒ / V_C[+voiced]V
|
| ɡ → {∅,ʒ} / V_{i,e} (ɡ → ʒ is learned)
|
| dj → dʒ → ʒ / V_V
|
| sj → jʒ / V_V
|
| ɡj → {ʒ,j} / V_V (ɡj → j is learned)
|
| j → {∅,ʒ} / V_V (j → ʒ is learned)
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| (s)k ɡ → (s)tʃ dʒ / #_a (in the north and northeast)
|
| j → dʒ / #_ (but not in Béarn)
|
| ɡ → j → dʒ / “[b]etween the last two vowels of a proparoxytone”, though it dropped early in some dialects
|
| j → dʒ / _”E (in the west)
|
| j → dʒ / V_V (did not occur in the northeast and some northern dialects)
|
| βj → {udʒ,uj} (in northern dialects)
|
| dVɡ (n)dVɡ → dʒ(?) ndʒ
|
| mbj → {mbj,mdʒ,ndʒ}
|
| mnj → ndʒ (else)
|
| {ndj,ndʒj} ndʒ → ɲ {ɲ,ndʒ}
|
| rdj rVɡ → rdz rdʒ
|
| rdʒ → {rdʒ,rdz(→ rz)}
|
| rːVɡ rːj → rdʒ ir
|
| rtVɡ → {rdʒ,rts(→ rs)}
|
| sj → ʒ → (i)(d)ʒ (in some northeastern, northern, and western dialects)
|
| sj → ʒ → {r,z} (rare)
|
| sj → ʒ → iz (the usual outcome)
|
| tVɡ trj → dʒ ir
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| rdɡ → r{ɡ,dʒ} / _a
|
| stɡ → s{ɡ,dʒ}
|
| {tʃ,k}t ɡd → tʃ dʒ (else)
|
| dtʃ → dʒ (for some southeastern and southwestern speakers)
|
| ɡn{d,t} → ŋn{d,t} → ɲ{d,t} → {(i)nd,ɲd,ndʒ} or t(ʃ)
|
| jd → {dʒ,id}
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _a (note the similarity with some varieties of Old Provençal)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| dj → ʒ / _”B
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | {i,j} → dʒ / Vr_V (“dialectal”)
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| ʎ → ʒ
|
| ʝ → {∅,ʒ} (the latter is rare)
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | ɡ → {ɡ,dʒ}
|
| dz dʒ ɖʐ → {dz,z} {dʒɡ,sɡ} {dʒ,ʒ}
|
| ʐ → ʒ
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | dʒ ɖʐ → {dʒɡ,dzɡ} dʒ
|
| ʐ → ʒ
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | ts dz → {ç,tç} dʒ
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | nVs dVs → n(V(s)) ʒ(Vʒ)
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | d(V)j s(V)j → lʲ dʒ
|
| 26 Mande | 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | w j → k dʒ
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | j → dʒ
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | j w → ʒ v
|
| {n,ɲ} → ⁿdʒ / _E[-nas]
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | j → ʒ / $_
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | xʲ j → ʃ ʒ
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | z(ʔ) ʒ(ʔ) ɮ(ʔ) → dz dʒ dɮ / _#
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| mp mb p b m → tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) ŋw / _{ʊ,o}V
|
| 30.3.1.1.2 Proto-Ajá to Hwe | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.6 Proto-Phla-Pherá to Alada | t d → ʃ ʒ / _j
|
| k ɡ → ʃ ʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.8 Proto-Vhe to Adángbe | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| s {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → ʃ tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| χ ʁ → ʃ {ʒ,j} / _{u,i,j}
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | t d → tʃ dʒ / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.13 Proto-Vhe to TẸ́wun | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.14 Proto-Vhe to Wacı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | Yt Ynt Ys → tʃ dʒ ʃ
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | ʎ → ʒ / _{a,u}
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | ʎ → ʒ / _{a,u}
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | w j → ɡ dʒ / _V
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | (ʔ)kj (s)ɡj Nkj → (k)tç (s)kj Ndʒ
|
| TS → dʒ / l_
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | LTS → ldʒ
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | {d,KT} st → tʃ zdʒ
|
| k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
|
| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | j → ʒ / {#,ʔ,V}_V
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
|
| tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
|
| t → dʒ / _E[-stress]
|
| tʲ s → ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | t → {tʃ,dʒ}
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | t tʲ s → d ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| L Lʲ → {ð,j} ʒ / _”V
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | x → ʒ (*)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | (ʔ)j → ʒ
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | (ʔ)j → ʒ
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | dz → {j,dʒ}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | sʲ tsʲ zʲ dzʲ → ʃʲ tʃʲ ʒʲ dʒʲ
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| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | j → dʒ / _V[+high]
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | ɡ → dʒ / {E,j}_ (“in some Biscayan areas”)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ (Souletin, sporadic in northwestern Biscayan)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → dʒ (northwestern Biscayan)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ (Aescoan, Salazarese, Roncalese, most southern High Navarrese)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ → x (Guipuscoan, northwestern High Navarrese, eastern Biscayan)
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