| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | ɡ → ɡʲ → dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.11 Classical Arabic to Iraqi Arabic | ɡʲ → j / in southern regions
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | rʲ → {r,t}
|
| l(ʲ) → n / #_
|
| l lʲ → r s / else
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {nʲ,ŋ} → n / #_
|
| rʲ → r
|
| l(ʲ) → n / #_
|
| l(ʲ) → r / else
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | nʲ → dʒ / #_
|
| nʲ → {j,n} / else
|
| rʲ → r
|
| lʲ → dʒ / #_i
|
| lʲ → d / #_
|
| lʲ → l
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | rʲ lʲ → r l
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | m n(ʲ) → b j / #_
|
| {d,n}ʲ sʲ → j ʃ / #_
|
| rʲ → z
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | nʲ → j
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | {β,w} {dʲ,ɟ} → v z
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | dʲ ɟ → z j
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | s ts lʲ → h t n
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {ts,ʈ} {ɟ͡ʝ,ɖ} {lʲ,ɲ} {ʔ,x,s,h} ʀ → t d n ∅ r (velar fricative is conjectured; changes → d “unsure”)
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | {nts,ns,nz,nɡʲ} {ts,z,ɡʲ} → ɡʲ s
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | {pʷ,pʲ} {p(ʲ)ː,bˤ} bʷ pʷʲ bʷʲ → p b f tsʲ dzʲ
|
| rʲ → r
|
| tʷː tʷʲ(ʼ) → d(w) tʷ(ʼ)
|
| tsʲː → dzʲ (marked as dubious in the source)
|
| sʷʲ zʲ → sʲ z
|
| tsʷː tsʷʲ → tsʷ (tʃ)
|
| zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → xʲ ɕ ɣʲ
|
| ɬʲ(~ɬʲʷː) ɮʲ → ɕ ʑ
|
| lʲ → r / #_
|
| lʲ → l~ɣʲ
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) → ʃ
|
| ɮʷʲ → ʒ
|
| kʷʲʼ → kʷʼ
|
| xʷʲ ɣʷʲ → sʷ zʷ (*ɣʷʲ is marked as dubious)
|
| χ(ʲ) ʁ(ʲ) → ħ ʕ
|
| qʲː ɢʲ → q ɣʲ
|
| qʷʲ ɢʷʰ → ħ(ʷ) ɣ(ʷ)
|
| qʷʲʼ → ʕʷ (qʷʼ?)
|
| χʷʲ ʁʷʲ → ħ(ʷ) ʕ(ʷ)
|
| qˤʲ qˤʲː qˤʲʼ → q ʔ ħ(?)
|
| χˤʲ ʁˤʲ → ħ ʕ
|
| qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲʼ ʁˤʷʲ → qʷ ʕʷ ħʷ ʕʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | pʲ(ː) pʲʼ bʲ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| pʷ pʷʲ pʷʲʼ bʷ bʷʲ → p tʷ tʷʼ b d
|
| tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| sʲ zʲ → s z
|
| tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| tsʲʷ tsʲʷ dzʲʷ → tsʲ tsʲʼ dzʲ
|
| sʲʷ zʲʷ → sʲ zʲ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → tɕ tɬʼ ɣ
|
| tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ → x tɕː tɕʼ ɮ
|
| ɬʲʷ(~ɬʷː) ɮʲʷ → x(ʷ) ɣʲ
|
| xʲ ɣʲ → ɕ ʑ
|
| ɡʲʷ xʲʷ ɣʲʷ(?) → ɡʷ xʷ ʁʷ
|
| qʲʼ ʁʲ → ʔ ʁ
|
| qʲʷː qʲʷ ɢʲʷ,ʁʲʷ} χʲʷ → qʷː ʔʷ ʁʷ χʷ
|
| {qˤʲ,χˤʲ} qˤʲ ʁˤʲ {qˤʲː qˤʲʼ} → ħ ʔ j
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → ħ ʔʷ w~ʁʷ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | tsʲ → tɕ
|
| dzʲ dzʷ → dʑ ʑʷ
|
| tsʲʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ
|
| xʷ χʲ → f~ɸ? ħ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) → tɕ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| kʲʼ → tʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | tsʲ tsʲː → tɕ tɕː
|
| kʲ(ː) kʲʼ ɡʲ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ dʑ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ tʃ tɕ → tɕ tʃʷ ʃ ʂ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ → tɕ tsʲʷ
|
| kʲ(ː) kʲʼ kʷː ɡʲ → tʃ tʃʼ kʷ dʑ
|
| tsʲʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ {tʃ,tɕ} → ɕ f ʃ
|
| kʲ → tʃ
|
| dɮ dzʲ dzʷ dʑ ɡʲ → ʒ ʑ {v,w} ʒ dʒ
|
| tsʲʼ tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tɬʼ kʲʼ → ɕʼ fʼ ɕʼ {ɕʼ,cçʼ} ɬʼ tʃʼ
|
| sʷ zʷ {ʃ,ʂ} {ʑ,ʐ,ɣʲ} ʑ χʲ → f v ɕ ʑ ʑ~ʒ χ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | pʲ(ː) bʲ → t(ː) d
|
| pʲʼ → tʷʼ
|
| pʲː → tʷ~dʷ
|
| pʷʲ bʷʲ → tʷ dʷ
|
| pʷʲʼ pˤ pˤː pˤʼ bˤ → tʷʼ vˤ bˤ pˤʼ bˤ
|
| t(ʷ)ː tʷʲʼ → t(ʷ) tʷʼ
|
| {r,l} lʲ → d r / #_
|
| l lʲ → ∅~j l~ɣʲ
|
| r rʲ → r~ʁ ɮ
|
| ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| z(ʲ) zʷ → dz(ʲ)~z(ʲ) dzʷ~zʷ
|
| sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → ɕ tɬʼ ɕ ʁ(~zʲ)
|
| ɬʲ(~ɬʲʼː) → ɬ
|
| {ɮʲ,lʲ} → ɮ
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) ɮʷʲ → ʃʷ ʒʷ
|
| xʲ ɣʲ → sʲ zʲ
|
| kʲʷː xʲʷ ɣʲʷ(?) → ɡʲ kʲʼ xʲ ʁʲ
|
| qʲː(ʼ) ɢʲ χʲ → qʲ(ʼ) ʁʲ xʲ
|
| qʲʷ qʲʷː qʲʷʼ ɢʲʷ χʲʷ ʁʲʷ → xʲ qʲ qʲʼ ʁʲ χʲ ʁʲ
|
| qˤʲ → q(ˤ)
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → χʷ qʷʼ w
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| pʲ mʲ fʲ → p m f / _#
|
| Cʲ → C / _C[+dental] with developments of yers in ablaut environments
|
| Cʲ → C in select words due to prestige influence of Czech in the Middle Ages
|
| Cʲ → C in select words otherwise, possibly by analogy
|
| zdʲ stʲ → {ʑ,ɕ} {s,ɕ} / _n
|
| dʲ → ∅ / r_n
|
| stʲ → ɕ / _l
|
| slʲ → ∅ / _s
|
| stʲkl → ɕtɕkl → {ɕ,s}kɫ → ʂkɫ
|
| Pʲ → P / _C
|
| rʲ → r / _{s,t͜s,l,w,n,ɲ}
|
| tʲ dʲ → t d / _{l,n,ɲ,r,ʐ}
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | ɡ → ɡʲ → dʲ → dʒ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | rj → rʲ → ir / V_V
|
| rj → rʲ → r / _#
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | Cʲj → Cʲː
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.2 Proto-Mayan to Chujean | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.6 Proto-Mayan to Core K’iche’ | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → ts(ʼ)
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1 Proto-Na-Dene to Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz s
|
| 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | xʲ → w
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
|
| xʲ j → ʃ ʒ
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
|
| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| xʲ → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| xʲ → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ(ʔ) j(ʔ) → h ʔ / _#
|
| xʲ → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | x(ʲ) {j,ɣ} → h ∅ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz {s,ʃ}
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | kʲ kʲʼ → {k,ʃ} kʼ
|
| xʲ → x
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | tʲ → s / _u
|
| tʲ → tʃ / else
|
| nʲ → l / #_i
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | tʲ → tʃ / _i[-long -stress]
|
| tʲ → t / _a
|
| kʲ → tʲ
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | tʲ → tj
|
| kʲ → k / _{a,ã}
|
| kʲ → kj / else
|
| lʲ → l / #_ in U[-long -stress]
|
| lʲ → lj / else
|
| nʲ → j / _ã (with some exceptions?)
|
| nʲ → nj / else
|
| 32.1.4 Proto-Chatino to Zenzontepec Chatino | kʲ → tʃ
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | tʲ ʂ → j ʃ
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | tʲ → tʃ
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | l(ʲ) → w / _u
|
| l(ʲ) → w / u_
|
| l(ʲ) → j / else
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | lʲ → l
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | lʲ → l
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | l(ʲ) → j
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | lʲ → l
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → s
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | l(ʲ) → j
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | lʲ → j
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | lʲ → l
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | Cʲ → C {Ạ,F̣}_
|
| Cʲ → C̣
|
| Cʲ → C / {f,v}_
|
| {Aʲ,Fʲ}[+alveolar] →{A,F} / _?ʲ
|
| wʲ → w / _?Cʲ
|
| wʲ → w / _aŋ
|
| wʲ → w / C̣_oŋ
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| tʲr → {st,ʃt}
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | Lʲ → n / _V[+nas]
|
| tʲ → s / _ʔV
|
| tʲr → sV0rV0
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ s → ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | Lʲ → n / _V[+nas]
|
| Lʲ → r / _V[-nas]
|
| tʲr → ʃV0rV0
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | Lʲ → n / _V[+nas]
|
| Lʲ → r / _V[-nas]
|
| tʲ → x / _ʔ
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
|
| L(ʲ) → r
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | t tʲ s → d ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| L Lʲ → {ð,j} ʒ / _”V
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | r L(ʲ) → d j / #_ (*)
|
| tʲr kr → ʃt l
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | Lʲ → {θ,n} / _V[+nas -stress]
|
| pr sr tʲr kr → bθ sn ʃn ɡθ
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | Lʲ → ð / _V[+nas -stress]
|
| pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | tʲ → ʃ
|
| Lʲ → j / #_õ (*)
|
| Lʲ → t / #_ã (*)
|
| 37.2.7 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Ohio-Valley | tʲ Lʲ → tʃ j
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | nʲ tʲ tʃ kʲ → n t s ts k
|
| 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | nʲ tʲ kʲ k → l tʃ k q
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | tʃ tsʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_
|
| ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
|
| nʲ → ni / #(C)i_V
|
| nʲ → in / V_V
|
| nʲ → n / else
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ts(ʲ) → s(ʲ) / ! n_
|
| p t(ʲ) s(ʲ) k → b d(ʲ) z(ʲ) ɡ / ! #_ or adjacent to C[-voice]
|
| sʲ tsʲ zʲ dzʲ → ʃʲ tʃʲ ʒʲ dʒʲ
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | kʲ ɡʲ → k ɡ (Danish)
|
| pʲ → kʲ (some Romanian dialects, Tsakonian)
|