| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | x2 → k / _#
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | x3 → ɡ / V_#
|
| 6.2.2.1.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Boreafrasian | V → ∅ / _# “in nominals”
|
| 6.2.2.1.3 Ancient Egyptian to Coptic | r → l / #o_#
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | aː → a / ! _#
|
| aːʔ → e / E(C)(C)_#
|
| aː → a / {Cˤ,w}_#
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | V → Vː / _# + suffix
|
| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | V[-long] → ∅ / C_{C,#} (except for the feminine marker)
|
| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | Vː → V[-long] / _# (except as below)
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — aː → oː / ! _#
|
| — iː → eː / _#
|
| — aj → ɛː / _#
|
| — a → ∅ / _#
|
| ʕ → ∅ / _{$,#}
|
| at → aː / _# (in feminine noun endings)
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | h → ∅ / _#
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | V → ∅ / _#
|
| iw → o / _#
|
| w → ∅ / _# ! k(ː)_
|
| j → ∅ / _# ! P_
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | V → ∅ / _#
|
| iw → o / _#
|
| w → ∅ / _# ! k(ː)_
|
| j → ∅ / _# ! p_
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | (W)V → ∅ / _#
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | ∅ → ʔ / CV[-long]_#
|
| ʃ m → x w / B_#
|
| ʃ k m → s tʃ b / E_#
|
| (V[-long])N → ∅ / _#
|
| h → ∅ / _#
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ {θ,t} m k → s ts tʲ bʲ / _{i(ː),j,#}
|
| (V[-long])N → ∅ / _#
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | i(ː)wi → i / _#
|
| e → a / _#
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | w → ∅ / {p,m}_#
|
| V → ∅ / _# ! some monosyllables and analogical developments, in the latter of which long vowels were shortened
|
| x → χʷ / o(ː)_{V,#}
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | V[-long] → ∅ / _# “[does not apply in disyllabic words containing two short vowels]”
|
| ∅ → h / V[-long]_#
|
| {w,j} → ∅ / C_#
|
| C → ∅ / C_#
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {j,w}V[-long] → ∅ / C_# in disyllables with Vː or in tri(-plus-)syllables
|
| {w,j}V[-long] → ∅ / Vː_# (Whimemsz is unsure if this change is across-the-board or not)
|
| V[-long] → ∅ / V[-long]{w,j}_# (Whimemsz is unsure if this change is across-the-board or not)
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | tʰ → d / _#
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | d ɣ → t x / _#
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | q → h / _#
|
| iw uj → {i,?} i / _#
|
| — aj aw → ej ow / _#
|
| — aj aw → e ow / _#
|
| C[+ voice] → C[- voice] / _#
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | w → b / i_#
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | h → q / _# (might’ve been a retention?)
|
| iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| V(h) → V(q) / _# (again, might’ve been a retention?)
|
| a →ə / _# (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| r → h / _# (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | h → q / _# (might’ve been a retention?)
|
| w → ∅ / i_#
|
| ej ow → e o / _#
|
| V(h) → V(q) / _# (again, might’ve been a retention?)
|
| 10.1.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Philippine | *D → d / _#
|
| *R → {l,ɡ} / _#
|
| 10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol | ə → u / _#
|
| h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| h → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon | *j → d / _#
|
| h → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | *j → ɡ / _#
|
| ay → e / _#
|
| 10.1.2.6 Proto-Philippine to Ilocano | R → {ɡ,r} / _#
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | k → ∅ / _{V,#}
|
| s → t / _#
|
| ∅ → ʔ / V_#
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | k → ∅ / _{V,#}
|
| s → t / _#
|
| ∅ → ʔ / V_#
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | k → ∅ / _{V,#}
|
| ∅ → ʔ / V_#
|
| 10.1.2.8 Proto-Philippine to Kankanay | *j → ɡ / _#
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | u → o / _#
|
| h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| uj iw → oj uj / _#
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | h → ∅ / _#
|
| r → l / _#
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | w → ∅ / i_#
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | i iw u → ɔj ? ɔw / _#
|
| C[+ voice] → C[- voice] / _#
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | k → ∅ / _# (sporadic)
|
| k → h / ! _#
|
| d → ∅ / _#
|
| l → d / _{C,#}
|
| O → O[-voiced] / _{C,#}
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | j → t / _#
|
| h → ʔ / _# (sometimes)
|
| {iw,uj} → i / _#
|
| — aj aw → i u / _#
|
| — aj aw → aj aw / _#
|
| C[+ voice] → C[- voice] / _#
|
| 10.2.3.1 Proto-Malayic to (Standard) Malay | ə → a / _(C…)#
|
| h → ∅ / ! _# (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.4 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayo-Javanic | — aw aj → əw əj / _#
|
| — aw aj → aw aj / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | iw uj → ju i / _#
|
| — əw əj → i u / _#
|
| — aw aj → e ó / _#
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | ɭ → lʔ / _#
|
| R → ʔ / _#
|
| {p,t,k} b d ɡ → ʔ p t k / _#
|
| ij uw → uj {uj,ój} / _#
|
| C[+ voice] → C[- voice] / _#
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| — əw əj → o e / _#
|
| — aw aj → o aj / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | {aw,əw} → o / _#
|
| ə → ∅ / _#
|
| ŋ → ∅ / C_#
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | h → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ai̯ au̯ / _#
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _#
|
| ∅ → h / a_#
|
| ʀ → {l,ɾ} / ! _# (the latter is more common)
|
| l → ∅ / ! _# (irregular)
|
| s → ∅ / _#
|
| ʀ → ʔ / _# “(in a handful of forms)”
|
| a → i / O[+voiced]…_(C)# “(blocked if there was an intervening nasal, and sometimes if there was an intervening voiceless stop or liquid)”
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _(ʔ)#
|
| k ŋ → ʔ ∅ / Və̯_#
|
| {l,ɾ} → n / _#
|
| b d → p t / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | ʀ → h / _#
|
| s → h / _#
|
| h → ∅ / _#
|
| S → S[-voice] / _#
|
| l → n / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | p → k / u_#
|
| u → ɯ / _(C)# ! _ʔ#
|
| a → o / _# “(not in all forms)”
|
| ʔ → ∅ / _# “(but aʔ → əʔ in some forms)”
|
| k → ʔ / _#
|
| a → ɛ / {t,n}_#
|
| {p,t} n → c̚ ɲ / {i,ɛ}_#
|
| m → ɲ / i_#
|
| ŋ → ŋ̊ / _#
|
| {p,t} {m,n} → k ŋ / ɯ_#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | h → ∅ / ! _# (some exceptions)
|
| a → o / _(C…)#
|
| — ə → a / _(C…)# (eventually spread to everywhere)
|
| — {p,t,k} s → ʔ h / _#
|
| — {l,r} → ∅ / _# (retained across morpheme boundaries)
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | aw → o / _#
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | b β d → m p n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | N → ∅ / _#
|
| V → ∅ / #(C)V(C)(C)_#
|
| ⁿS → N / _#
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | V → ∅ / _#, often
|
| k → c / _#
|
| ⁿS → N / _#
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | V → ∅ / #(C)V(C)(C)_#
|
| C → ∅ / _# “sometimes”
|
| t̪ ʈ → r l / _#
|
| ⁿS → N / _#
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | V → ∅ / _# (sporadic?)
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | V → ∅ / _# (sporadic?)
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | V → ∅ / _#
|
| ⁿS → N / _#
|
| 10.3.5.8.1 Proto-Yunaga to Yunaga 1 | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.6 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügu | r → l / _{u,#}
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | C → ∅ / _#
|
| V[+ high] → ∅ / _# ! {p,z,d(r)}_
|
| v t l r → p dr n w / _#
|
| ɣ s d → ∅ {j dr} / _#
|
| V → e / C_# ! C = j
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.9 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Utupua | C → ∅ / _# (except for *k?)
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | k → {∅,s} / _#
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | k → {∅,j} / _#
|
| 10.3.10 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Vanikoro | {s,*R} → r / _#
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | p → ∅ / _#
|
| r → l / ! _#
|
| 10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanema | p → v / _#
|
| r → l / ! _#
|
| 10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vano | r → l / ! _{u,#}
|
| s → r / _#
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | C → ∅ / _# ! C = t
|
| t → s / _#
|
| V → ∅ / _# (with very few exceptions)
|
| {r,h} → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | b d ɡ → m n ŋ / _#
|
| a → e / _#
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | b d ɡ → p t k / _#
|
| u → e / ɣ_# (? this change is a bit unclear)
|
| ɣ → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | kʷ → p / _#
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | b d → m n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | V → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | S → ∅ / _#
|
| {m,ɲ} n → {ɲ,∅} {ŋ,∅} / _# (first change marked “in progress?”)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | n → ŋ / _# (?)
|
| e → ∅ / _# (?)
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | n → ŋ / _# (?)
|
| d → r / V_{V,#}
|
| {w,r} → ∅ / {a,e}_#
|
| ∅ → e / C_#
|
| 10.6.2 Proto-Paiwan to Central Paiwan | w → v / _#
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | d → r / _#
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | {tsː,tʃː,dz,dʒ} → tː / _#
|
| l → r / _#
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | s → j / V_{V,#}
|
| l → ɭ / V_#
|
| 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | l → n / V_#
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
|
| am an {aːm,aːn} → õ æ̃ ã / _#
|
| um → ũ / _#
|
| l ɭ → lːʉ ɭːʉ / _#(C)V[-long]
|
| ∅ → ʉ / {l,ɭ}_# if {M,Vː} previously in the lexeme
|
| ɨ ʉ → ∅ / ! _#
|
| j → ∅ / V[-front]_#
|
| j → jːi / E_#
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | {t,ð} → n / _#
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / _#
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| ə → a / _#
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | ɣ ʁ → x χ / _#
|
| ə → a / _#
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | ɣ ʁ → k q / _#
|
| ə → a / _#
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | N → ŋ / _#
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | N → m / _#
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | N → m / _#
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | N → ŋ / _#
|
| 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | N → ŋ / _#
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | T h2 → D h3 / _#
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | {m,n} → ʋ / _# “(that’s a Greek nu, I’m not sure what it’s supposed to represent)”
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ / ! _#
|
| VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | VN → V[+nasal] → V → (?) / _#, in polysyllables
|
| N → n / _#, in monosyllables
|
| N̩ → n / _#
|
| V → (?) / _(C)#
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | r̩ l̩ → {ra,ar} {la,al} / _{s,CC,V,#} (the results are unpredictable)
|
| m → n / V_#; “[i]t is thought that the vowel needs to be unstressed, but this is not certain”
|
| oː → uː / _(C…)#
|
| oːi → uː / _#
|
| — e → i / _(C…)#
|
| — o → a / _{(C…),u}#
|
| — {ai,oi} → iː / _#
|
| w → ∅ / V_{V,#}
|
| V → ∅ / C_# when unstressed ! C = j
|
| C(…C) → ∅ / _# ! /l r/ and clusters containing them; “[t]his remained a phonologically conditioned rule in OIr”
|
| eː → ia / _{#,Cʲ} when stressed; “ai and oi remain, but are written as <ae ai oe oi> seemingly randomly”
|
| — a → e / _#
|
| V → Vː / _#, when stressed; “[t]his remained as a phonologically conditioned rule in OIr”
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | Vː → V / _#
|
| V → ə / _(C)#, also in proclitics
|
| V → ∅ / _#
|
| ɣ → ə / _#
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — V[- long] → ∅ / _# ! V = u
|
| — aj → a / U_#
|
| w → u̯ / V[- long]_{#,C}
|
| j → i / C_# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| ij → i / _# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| β ð ɣ → ɸ θ x / V_(s)#
|
| z → s / _#, though “[t]his s was dropped when it came to stand after an original s through the loss of a vowel”, though it “remained when protected by a particle”
|
| s → ∅ / V[- long]r_#
|
| 17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanic | oː → uː / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | mb ŋɡ → m ŋ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | ɪ → i / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɪ → iː / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | n → ∅ / _# when unstressed (not clear as to whether m → n beforehand in this position or not)
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#, when unstressed (it appears this sound may also have gone to /ɪ/)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | t → ∅ / {p,k}_# (“except in some inflected forms” for *kt)
|
| d → ∅ / l_#
|
| {ɸ,x} → ∅ / _# (seems to be sporadic)
|
| — V → Vː / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#}
|
| — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | S[+ voice] → S[- voice] / _#
|
| dʒ → tʃ / _#
|
| θ → f / {V,r}_# (sometimes blocked)
|
| V → Vː / _{r,F[+ voice],V,#}
|
| t → ʔ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | pVn tVn kVn → ʔm̩ ʔn̩ ʔŋ̩ / _#
|
| k → ç / V_# ! _C “(sometimes)”; “(except when phonemic)”
|
| ɡ → ʝ / V_# ! _C “(most times)”
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.15 North Frisian Lenition | p t k → b d ɡ → v r ɣ / Vː_{V,#}
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | jan → en / CC_#
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → f z x / _#
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | ɡ → k / ŋ_#
|
| ɡ → x / _#
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | b {w,v} d ð ɡ → p f t θ k / _#
|
| VN → Ṽ / _# ! in #U
|
| oː → u / _#
|
| u → ∅ / _({ʀ,s,t,θ})#
|
| lː nː → l n / C_#
|
| i → eː / _#
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | k → ç / _#
|
| t → ð / V_# “in some verbal endings”
|
| ɡ → ɣ / V_#
|
| {l(ː),rl} → ɬ / v_#
|
| N → N[- voice] / O_#
|
| {l(ː),rl} rː → dɬ r̥ / _#
|
| V → Vː / _(C)#, in monosyllables
|
| nː → tn̥ / V_#
|
| rn → tn̥ / _#
|
| {lː,rl} → tɬ / _#
|
| n̥ → m̥ / p_#
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | d → ∅ / n_# (sometimes)
|
| ɡ → k / _# (sporadic)
|
| f → ∅ / _{l,b,v,n,#}
|
| ð → θ / _#
|
| l → ∅ / _# ?
|
| oː → øː / _(C)(C)#
|
| V[- long] → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | tj → tʃ / _#
|
| ð → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | m → ∅ / _#
|
| — r → ∅ / _# “sometimes??”
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | VH → Vː / _{C,#}
|
| Vm → Ṽ / _(#){s,ɕ}
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | C(C) → ∅ / C_#
|
| VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| e o → i u / _#
|
| Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | C(C) → ∅ / C_#
|
| VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| e o → i u / _#
|
| Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | C(C) → ∅ / C_#
|
| VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| e o → i u / _#
|
| Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | C(C) → ∅ / C_#
|
| VN VC[-nas] → V[+nas] Vː / _#
|
| e o → i u / _#
|
| Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | {s,ʂ} → h / _#C[- voice]
|
| {s,ʂ} → r / _#C[+ voice]
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | O[+voice] → O[-voice] / _# (unless followed by some type of voiced consonant, be it any type of consonant or just an obstruent—this differs by location)
|
| i → ∅ / _# “in the infinite and imperative desinences. . .some verbs have never been affected due to a potential ‘difficult’ cluster that would result, instead they got an analogical final -j extension”
|
| pʲ mʲ fʲ → p m f / _#
|
| ɛ̃ → ɛ / _{#,l,ɫ}
|
| ɔ̃ → ɔ / _# (in some regions or dialects)
|
| ɔ̃ → ɔɰ̃ / _# (in standard registers/pronunciations)
|
| v r̝ → f r̥ / _{C[-voiced],#}
|
| w → ∅ / C_#
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | l̥ r̥ → ol {or,er} / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {i,o} → e / _#
|
| {i,e} → ∅ / _# (sometimes)
|
| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
|
| Vː → V[-long] / _#
|
| t → ∅ / C_#
|
| d → ∅ / Vː_#
|
| sː → s / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | m → n / _# “(in certain common monosyllabic words, as well as some common compounds of them)”
|
| m → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {m,n,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| i → j / ”V_#
|
| u → w / ”ɛ_#
|
| ∅ → {e,o} / CL_#
|
| ∅ → {e,o} / rː_#
|
| iː → ∅ / _#
|
| {i,e(ː),ae} → ∅ / _(C)#
|
| {u(ː),o(ː)} → ∅ / _#
|
| w → ∅ / u_#
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| {b,v} → w / V_#
|
| d → t / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — {m,n} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| — m → n / _#
|
| l → u / _{C,#}
|
| {lːe,lːo} → u / {e,o}_# “[this is actually an analogical development, but it applies as regularly as a sound law]”
|
| t → ∅ / V_#
|
| V → ∅ / _# “(except in monosyllables or after another vowel)” ! V = a
|
| ai → e / _#
|
| ɲ → in / _{C,#}
|
| O[+voiced] → O[-voiced] / _#
|
| {t,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| k → ∅ / V[+nas]_#
|
| {n,m} → ∅ / C_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | {t,d,k,m,n,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| r → ∅ / _# (in polysyllables only)
|
| taːte → ”ta / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | iː → ∅ / {k,s}_#
|
| {i(ː),e(ː),ae} → e / _#
|
| uiː → ui / _#
|
| {u(ː),o(ː)} → o → u / _#
|
| ɛ ɔ → e o / _(”u)#
|
| e → ∅ / el_#
|
| {ã,ãe,õe} → ão / _#
|
| e → ∅ / {l,n,r,s,k}_#
|
| e → ∅ / ”{i,e}_#
|
| a → ∅ / ”ɔ_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — a → a / _# in monosyllables and oxytones (Rouergue, Limousin, Auvergne, Dauphiné)
|
| N → ∅ / _#, in polysyllables
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| j → i / _(s)#
|
| ð → ∅ / _#
|
| β → u / V_(s)#
|
| β → {∅,f} / C_(s)# (the latter is rare)
|
| n → ∅ / V_# (did not occur in extreme western areas, some northern areas, the southeast, and the east)
|
| n → ∅ / r_(s)#?
|
| ts → s / _# (Provence, Limousin, some Languedoc and Gascon)
|
| j → ∅ / n_# (in many dialects)
|
| rj → rʲ → r / _#
|
| nt nd → {∅,n} ∅ / _# (in some Languedoc and Gascon areas)
|
| nd → n / _# (in western areas and for some speakers of Limousin)
|
| d → t / n_#
|
| {d,l} → ∅ / _#
|
| t → ∅ / _# ! “in the preterit of verbs”, though it tended to drop “in strong preterits”
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | {m,n,s} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| m s → n i / _#
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e / _#
|
| s → i / #(C…)V_#
|
| {s,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| ”elːa → e”a / _#
|
| ja → e / r_#
|
| a → e / C[+palatal]_#
|
| a o → ə u / ”U…_#
|
| e → ə / ou_#
|
| u → ∅ / ! {OL,”V}_#
|
| {t,d} → ∅ / n_#
|
| Ci → Cʲ / _# ! R…R_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | m → ∅ / _#
|
| e → ∅ / u_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {t,k} → ∅ / _#
|
| i u → e o / _(C)#
|
| Vɾ → ɾV / C_#
|
| e → ∅ / V{d,s,n,l,ɾ}_#
|
| t → ∅ / _#
|
| n → ŋ / _#
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | r̥ → er / _#
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | n̩ → ə → ∅ / C_#
|
| R H → uR ɨ / C_{C,#} when syllabic
|
| h2e → ə / _#
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | V → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | s → ∅ / n_#
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.1 Pre-Bakairi to Eastern Bakairi | VNV → ṼṼ / ! _(C)#
|
| 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | Vm → Ṽ / _#
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | m → w / _#
|
| k(ʷ) → ʔ / _#
|
| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | k → ∅ / _#
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | k b r → {ŋ,∅} {w,m} {n,r,t} / _#
|
| o → a / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ∅ → i / j_#, in monosyllables
|
| j → i / _#, in polysyllables
|
| b → ∅ / _#
|
| eN → y / _#
|
| o → u(a) / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | b → ∅ / u_#
|
| o → u / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | {b,k} r → ∅ {r,∅} / _#
|
| {Vm,Vŋ} Vn → V[+nas] {Vr,V[+nas]} / _#
|
| aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ ũ / _#
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | b r → p t / _#
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | k → {ŋ,∅} / _#
|
| b r → {b,∅} {r,t} / _#
|
| eN → ı̃ / _#
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | k → ∅ / _#
|
| V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| j → {j,i} / _#
|
| {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ {ɨ̃,ĩ} õ / _#
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | i → ı̃ / ʔ_# (sporadic)
|
| 18.4.9.1.1 Proto-Monde to Gavião | p → v / _#
|
| 18.4.9.1.3 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Cinta Larga | V → Vː / _#
|
| 18.4.9.1.5 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Zoró | ∅ → ʔ / V_#
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | k → {k,∅} / _#
|
| Vn → V[+nas] / _# (sometimes)
|
| j b → {j,i} ∅ / _#
|
| u → o / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| aN iN uN → {aN,ã} ı̃ {uN,ũ} / _#
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | Vn ŋ → V[+nas] ∅ / _#
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | CV → ∅ / _# (possibly only when CV_#, possibly sporadic)
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopi | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iau | CV → ∅ / _#
|
| 21.2.2.1 Proto-East Tariku to Biritai | C → ∅ / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.2 Proto-East Tariku to Doutai | C → ∅ / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | b C → ∅ d / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| iC → iC~i / _{C,#} (not sure how this plays in with the change mentioned earlier about extra-high vowels; I must have misread something)
|
| 21.2.2.4 Proto-East Tariku to Kai | C → ∅ / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.5 Proto-East Tariku to Obokuitai | b C → b̚ ɡ̚ / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | b C → b~∅ {d,ɡ} / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.7 Proto-East Tariku to Waritai | C → ∅ / _#
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.3 Proto-Tariku to Proto-West Tariku | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | e → ɨ / _#
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | h → j / _#
|
| ɓ w → ʔ j / VCV_#
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | t → tʃ / _#
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | kV → ∅ / V_#
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | V1kV2 → V2ː / #((C)V(C))(C)_#
|
| V1k → ∅ / _#
|
| 28.1.3 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Hitchiti | V → ∅ / Vk_#
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | VkV → ”V / _#
|
| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | V → ∅ / Vk_#
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | V → ∅ / V{k,ʔ,h}_#
|
| a → o / xʷ_#
|
| i → ∅ / #(C)V(C)(C)V(C)(C)_# (sporadic in the case of other vowels)
|
| 28.2.1 Proto-Western Muskogean to Chickasaw | h → ∅ / _#
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | R F → R[-voiced] F[-voiced] / _# in suffixes
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | ə → ∅ / {R,F}_#
|
| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | ə → ∅ / {R,F}_#
|
| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | VnC → V[+ nas]C / _#, unless C = ʔ
|
| 29.1.1.1.20 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | d → ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
|
| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
|
| x ɣ → h ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | d → ʔ / _#
|
| xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
|
| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | d → ∅ / _#
|
| xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
|
| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas] / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | d → ∅ / _#
|
| xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
|
| Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
|
| Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
| ʔ → ∅ / {s,ʃ,ɬ}_#
|
| z(ʔ) ʒ(ʔ) ɮ(ʔ) → dz dʒ dɮ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ(ʔ) j(ʔ) → h ʔ / _#
|
| x ɣ → h ʔ / _#
|
| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | x(ʲ) {j,ɣ} → h ∅ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| Vnˀ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | ɲ → ∅ / _#
|
| V0 → ∅ / V(C)(C)V0(C)(C)_# (with some exceptions)
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | ɛ → ı̃ / S_#
|
| ɛ → i / n_#
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | ẽ → ı̃ / {t,h}_#
|
| ẽ → ı̃ / ʔ_# “in one case”
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | h → CVʔV / _# (or possibly in just any final syllable?)
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | tʃ → ʂ / _#
|
| ɨ → e / CC_#
|
| 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | r → j / _#
|
| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | V[+ high] → a / V[+ high]C_(C)#
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
|
| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | k → ɡ / _#
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | k → h / _#
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | V3ʔ → V3(ː)ʔ / _#
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | V3ʔ → V3(ː) / _#
|
| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
|
| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | ʔ → ∅ / V3R_{C,#}
|
| ʔ → ∅ / V1R_#
|
| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | ʔ → {∅,ʔ} / V3R_{C,#}
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| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | ʔ → ∅ / V3R_{V,#}
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| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
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| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | Rʔ → ʔR / V3_#
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1R_#
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| 35.2.1 Proto-Interior Salish to Columbian and Okanagan Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | nˀ → aʔ / _# (all other Interior Salishan languages have /eʔ/ in this position)
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | o → e / _#
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| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | e → i / _#
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| 36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhug | u o → ɯ u / _#
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| aŋ → o / _#
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| ɔk → ɤɣ / _#
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | e → i / _{s,#}
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | C[+ sibilant] → s / _#
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| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | i → əi / _#
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | a(t) → ɛ / _#
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | i → ə / _#
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| s → either i or a diphthong ending in i? / _#
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| d → l / _# (some dialects)
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| t → l / _# (further development in bLa-brang)
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | {Vh,Vʔ} → Vː / _#
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| ∅ → Vː[+high rising tone] / C_# (“usually one of [/aː iː ʌ̃ː/ with this tone], the conditions are unclear”)
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ”V(C)(C)CaCV → V(C)”(C)CaCV / _#
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| R → ∅ / ʔ_#
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| C → ∅ / {s,k}_#
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| h → ∅ / Vː_#
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| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | k → x / {#,R,ʔ,V}_{V,ʔ,R,#}
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| j → ∅ / V_{V,#}
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| w → ∅ / _{r,#}
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| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | k → ∅ / _#
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ”V(ː)(C)(C)Vː → V[-long](C)”(C)CV[-long] / _#
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| ”V(C)(C)CaCV → V(C)”(C)CaCV / _#
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | h → ∅ / _#
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| Vː → V / _(C)(C)(C)#
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | — Vː[+falling tone]C(C)V(H) → V̊ː[+falling tone]C̊(C̊)V̊(H̊) / _#
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| — CVː[+falling tone] → C̊V̊ː[+falling tone] / _#
|
| — CVʔ → C̊V̊ʔ̊ / _#
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| — V[-long] → V̊ / R_#
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| — OV[-long] → O̊V̊ / _#
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| — jV → ∅ / Ci_(H)#
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| — R → R̊ / _#
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| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | n → t / ʔ_#
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| C → ∅ / s_#
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| t → ∅ / k_#
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| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | h → ∅ / Vː_#
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| n r w j → n̥ r̥ w̥ j̊ / _{#,O}
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| 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | ∅ → ʔ / C_# (only sometimes?) (*)
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | k → ɡ / V[+nas]_ ! _#
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| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | V → ∅ / _#
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | {p,t} → ∅ / _#
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| 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | p t nj → {t,r} {r,s,t} s / _#
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| 41.5.1.5 Proto-Gorokan to Gimi | ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 41.5.1.6 Proto-Gorokan to Hua | {N,r} → ʔ / _{#,C}
|
| 41.5.1.7 Proto-Gorokan to Kamano | r → ʔ / _#
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| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | N → ʔ / _{#,C}
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| 41.5.1.9 Proto-Gorokan to Siane | C → ∅ / _#
|
| 41.5.2.1 Proto-Kainantu to Auyana | N → ∅ / _#
|
| r → ʔ / _{N,#}
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| 41.5.2.2 Proto-Kainantu to Awa | N → ∅ / _{p,t,#}
|
| 41.6 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kalam | t → {t,∅} / _#
|
| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | p k → t ʔ / _#
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | t → t / _# (?)
|
| ŋ → {m,ŋ} / _#
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | ŋ → k / _#, in latives
|
| ŋ → n / _# else
|
| m → n / _{t,tsʲ,#}
|
| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | V → Vː / _#
|
| i → ∅ / Aj_#
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | j w → i U / V_{C,#}
|
| βi → U / _#
|
| {ks,nts} nt → s t / _#
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | Vh → hV / {j,v,n,r,l}_# (also some double-metathesis triggered by the condition of being m_ ?)
|
| {k,x} → ˟ / _#
|
| VU → Vː / _#
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ɑ → ə / VC(C)ɑC(C)_# when unstressed
|
| ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.2 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopi | i → j / h_ ! _#
|
| 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | m → n / _#
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | i → ∅ / ts_#
|
| l → i / {p,m,k(ʷ),w}_# “in all dialects, and varies by dialect after other consonants”
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanian | ś → {s(ː),ʃ} / _#
|
| s → ʃ / i_#
|
| r[+ fortis] → ɾ / _#
|
| 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | Vn → Ṽ / _# (seems to have been reverted in most dialects, except for Souletin)
|
| r → ɾ / _#
|
| ∅ → V / Vk_# (Zeberio Biscayan)
|
| a → ∅ / V_# (Guipuscoan; happens because of reanalysis of the definite article)
|
| V → ∅ / _#, in trisyllables
|
| i → ∅ / _#, in disyllables
|
| u {o,e} → ∅ a / _#, in disyllables (eastern dialects)
|
| C[+ sibilant] → C[+ affricate] / _#
|
| s̻ → s̺ / _{C,#} (sometimes)
|
| its̺ → tʃ / _# (Biscayan)
|
| oa ea → u(e) i(e) / _#
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | kʷ → k / _#
|
| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | kʷ xʷ → k x / _#
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | kʷ xʷ → q χ / _# (the paper calls these “back velars”)
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | — V → Vː / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#}
|
| — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | V → Vː / _#
|
| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | e o → je wo / _#
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | aɪ → aː / _#
|