| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | V{j,w} → Vː / C_C
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | V{j,w}V → aː / some sequences
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | {l,n}j → jː
|
| j → c / {O,r}
|
| j → ∅ / Ck_$
|
| j(ː) → ∅ / V_E
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | aj aw → eː oː / in U[+closed]
|
| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | aj aw → eː(ʲ) oː(ʷ) (sometimes, the article is unclear)
|
| — j w → i u / #_CV
|
| — j w → iː uː / #_CC
|
| 6.2.2.1.11 Classical Arabic to Iraqi Arabic | aj aw → eː oː
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | aj aw → e(ː,j) o(ː,w)
|
| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | aj aw → eː oː
|
| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | aj aw → {aj,eː,iː aw,oː,uː}
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — aj → eː / _$
|
| — aj → ɛː / _#
|
| — aj aw → eː oː
|
| j → ∅ / E_ (not clear whether only short E or long also)
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | j → ∅ / _# ! P_
|
| j → ∅ / _C
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | j → ∅ / _# ! p_
|
| j → ∅ / C_
|
| nj → i / #_
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | j → ∅ / C_
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | j → ∅ / {ʃ,θ}
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | j → s / ! C_
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| j → s
|
| {iː,ij,j} → j / C_B
|
| iji → iː
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | w j → {v,o} {t,e}
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → seː
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → seː
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | ja → aː / C_
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | j → ∅ / C_
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | we je → o i / _C
|
| {w,j} → ∅ / C_#
|
| {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
|
| wa ja → uə̯ iə̯ / C_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | {aja,iha,iji,ihi,ija} → iː
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {j,w}V[-long] → ∅ / C_# in disyllables with Vː or in tri(-plus-)syllables
|
| {w,j}V[-long] → ∅ / Vː_# (Whimemsz is unsure if this change is across-the-board or not)
|
| jeː → iː / C_
|
| ja → iː / C_C
|
| j → ∅ / C_
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | j → ∅ / C_i(ː)
|
| je → i / C_
|
| j → ∅ / {tʃ,ʃ}_eː
|
| j → ∅ / {tʃ,ʃ,w}_aː
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | j → {j,∅}
|
| 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | j → ∅ / _e
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | j → {j,∅}
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | j → {j,h}
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | ew (→ øj) → yj
|
| 8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakh | j → dʒ / #_ (did not occur in Qara Nogay)
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | j → ∅ / _l (sporadic?)
|
| j → dʒ / #_
|
| nj → jn
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | j → s (possibly only initially?)
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → b d j
|
| {n̥j,nj,ɲ̊j,ɲj} → ɲ j
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → {β,w} dʲ ɟ
|
| {n̥j,nj,ɲ̊j,ɲj} → ɲ (Thompson appears to me to have hedged a bit on the last one; based on other evidence in the paper I’m sticking this one as a palatal nasal)
|
| {əkʰ,əɡɦj} → ɟ (I think Thompson implied this was just a bit of a kludge)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | j → {d,t} / #_
|
| j z → d j
|
| iw uj → {i,?} i / _#
|
| — aj aw → ej ow / _#
|
| — aj aw → e ow / _#
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | ej ow → i u
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | ej ow → e o / _#
|
| 10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol | *j {*D,z} → r d / V_V
|
| *j → ɡ / #_
|
| h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | *j → d / #_
|
| {*j,*Z} z → l r / V_V
|
| h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| 10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon | *j → d / #_
|
| {*Z,*j} z → l r / V_V
|
| *j → d / _#
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | *j → ɡ / possible exception in word-initial position?
|
| uj → i
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | *j → ɡ / _#
|
| {z,*Z,*D,*j} → d
|
| 10.1.2.6 Proto-Philippine to Ilocano | {z,*Z,*j} → d / V_V
|
| *j → ɡ
|
| 10.1.2.7 Proto-Philippine to Proto-Kalamian | {z,j} → d
|
| 10.1.2.8 Proto-Philippine to Kankanay | {z,*j} → d / V_V
|
| *j → ɡ / _#
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | {*D,*j} {d,z} → l r / V_V
|
| *j → d / #_
|
| h *j → ∅ d / _#
|
| uj iw → oj uj / _#
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | *j → r / V_V
|
| *j → d
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | z j → j d
|
| d j → r ɭ (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | uj → {i,u}
|
| j w → dz ɡʷ
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | j → t / _#
|
| j → d
|
| {iw,uj} → i / _#
|
| — aj aw → i u / _#
|
| — aj aw → aj aw / _#
|
| 10.2.4 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayo-Javanic | j → l
|
| — aw aj → əw əj / _#
|
| — aw aj → aw aj / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | iw uj → ju i / _#
|
| — əw əj → i u / _#
|
| — aw aj → e ó / _#
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | ij uw → uj {uj,ój} / _#
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | {l,j} z → r j
|
| iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| — əw əj → o e / _#
|
| — aw aj → o aj / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | aj aw uj → e o i
|
| j l → r j
|
| j → ∅ / C_i
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | w j → v ɟ
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | j w → z v
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | p pʷ {c,*j} k q → β βʷ s ɣ ∅
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | {c,*j} ɲ → s n
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | {c,*j} → s
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | jʰ j → h ∅ / _i
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | jʰ j → s z
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | j → z
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.8.1 Proto-Yunaga to Yunaga 1 | jʰ → θ
|
| j → {ð,z} ?
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | ɲ c *j → n s z
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | ɲ c *j → n s z
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | d {c,*j} → tʃ s
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | s {c,*j} → h s
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | c *j → s {z,s}
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | {c,*j} → s
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | c *j → s {z,s}
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | {c,*j} ɲ → s n
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | aj → e
|
| 10.8 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Tsouic | {*C,d} j *R → c z r
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | ˀj → ∅
|
| 13.5 Proto-Chumash to Purisimeño | ˀj → ∅
|
| 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj → m n l j
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aj → eː “(exception: never finally in monosyllables, never initially in multisyllabic words)”
|
| avu aji → aw aj
|
| j → ∅ / V[-front]_#
|
| j → jːi / E_#
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | j → ∅ / #_e (not widely attested)
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | j → ∅ / V_V
|
| aj aw → ɛː uː / !_{s,n,r,l}
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | j → ∅ / z_
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | j → ∅ / ts_
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | j → ∅ / C_
|
| j u → ð w / #_
|
| j → ð / V_V
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| j → w / _o
|
| j → ?
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | h(j) → ŋh / a_a
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — oː ej → aː eː
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | j → ∅
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | j → ð / V_
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | oi wo wj ow → ai wa vi aw
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | {i,j} {u,w} → j w / V[+short]C_
|
| {i,j} {u,w} → ij uw
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — aj → a / U_#
|
| oːw æːj → ɔː ɛː / _V
|
| j → i / C_# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| ij → iː / _s “after the loss of a vowel in final syllables”
|
| ij → i / _# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| iji → iː / U[- stress](C…)_
|
| iji → iː / U[+ long + closed]_ in the stem
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | æj → aj → ej
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | æj → aj → ej
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | tj sj dj zj → tʃ ʃ dʒ ʒ / ! _uː (perhaps only before stressed uː?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | j → ∅ / {θ,s,z,l,n,t,d}_ when in onset position
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | j → ∅ / %{θ,s,z,l}_”V
|
| sj zj lj → ʃ ʒ j~ɫj / else “(j~ɫj fluctuation is formality)”
|
| ɫj → ɫi / “after any segment after which coda-/ɫ/ is forbidden, e.g. failure [fæiɫiɐ]”
|
| tj dj → tʃ dʒ
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | æj → aj → ej
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| j tʃ → ɡ k
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ɔ{ɡ,j} → ʌu
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | æj → aj → ej
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| 17.7.2.1.14 Anglo-Frisian to Old Frisian | aj aw ew → {eː,aː} aː ja
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | jan → en / CC_#
|
| j → ∅ / CC_
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | {h,j} → ∅ / V_V
|
| w j → b ɡ / {l,r}_ (occasionally otherwise)
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | j → i / C_
|
| w{o,u}ːwuː j{e,i}ːjiː → uː iː
|
| j → ∅ / _i
|
| o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | j → ∅ / #_
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ y yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| {(j)u,we}ː {o,ɒ}ː aː au → yː øː æː æy
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| {u,we,wi} {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / #(C)(C)_ʀ
|
| woː wøː jæː Vː → wo wøje V[- long] / _%
|
| j → ∅ / Ḱ_
|
| j → ∅ / {c,ɟ}_
|
| j → ∅ / _eː
|
| eː j → e ∅ / Cw_
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | hj → ç
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | {t,d}j → tʃ
|
| hw hj → {w,ʍ} ʃ
|
| joː → {u,o,ø} (looks like being in the ultima or the penult may have had something to do with it, but it isn’t clear to me)
|
| ja → i
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | dj → dʒ
|
| tj → tʃ / _#
|
| tj → ʃ
|
| hj → ʃ
|
| {ɒ,ey} j{u,o,a}ː yː → o ø u / Ḱ_
|
| j{u,o,a}ː → ø
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | tj → tsj
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | j → h
|
| u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| ej ow → eː oː
|
| j → ∅ / Vː_
|
| ɑj → ɛː
|
| oj → øj → yj (→ yː sometimes)
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | j → h
|
| {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | j → h
|
| ej ow → eː oː happened “in the various Ionic dialects at various dates”
|
| u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| j → ∅ / Vː_
|
| ɑj → ɛː
|
| oj → øj → yj (→ yː sometimes)
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | j → h
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | j → h
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| j w → dʒ b / V_V
|
| {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | sj zj → ʃ ʒ
|
| kj ɡj xj → tʃ ʒ ʃ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | j → lʲ / {p,b,m,v}_ (sporadic)
|
| ajɛ → ɛː in adjectives, aː in verbs
|
| {aja,ɔja} {ɔjɛ,ɨjɛ} ɨjɛ → aː ɛː iː
|
| {ɛ(ː)jɛ,ьjɛ,ɔjɛ,ujɛ,ɨjɛ} → ɛː
|
| {ɔjɔ̃,ɔ̃jɔ̃,ьjɔ̃} → ɔ̃ː
|
| ьjь ъjь → i ɨ
|
| jь → i / utterance-initially (cf. English utterance-initial glottal stops before vowels)
|
| ji → i / #_
|
| {aja,ɛja,ьja,ɔja} → aː
|
| iji ɨjɨ → i ɨ
|
| j → ∅ / _ɛ “in participial and deverbal forms originally with alveolopalatal consonants in the onsets of two consecutive syllables”
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | mj pj bj → mlʲ plʲ blʲ
|
| tj dj → tʃ, ʒ
|
| je → o / #_
|
| je → o / V_ (sporadic)
|
| j → ∅ / #_u
|
| j → ∅ / V_u (sporadic)
|
| jь → i
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | aj → ai → eː (in rustic dialects)
|
| aj → ai → ae
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| j → i / C_
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | j → ʝ / #_V
|
| j → ʝː / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | ndj → ɲ
|
| dj → dʒ → ʒ
|
| ɡn tj → ɲ ∅ / V_V
|
| stj → ʃ
|
| tj → s / C_
|
| sj ssj jn → js jʃ ɲ / V_V
|
| mnj → {mni,ɲ} / V_V
|
| lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| {bj,vj} → wʒ / _%”V
|
| ja → je / #_ (irregular)
|
| k j → ɡ ʒ / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| aj → ej → ee → e (irregular)
|
| aj → ej / _ʃ when stressed (irregular)
|
| ɛj ɔj → jɛj uei / i {u,ui} / stressed
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | dj → dʒ / r_
|
| j → ∅ / V_”E
|
| j tj → dʒ ts / #_
|
| j → dʒ / V_V (rare)
|
| {ɡn,nj} → ɲ
|
| {kl,ɡl,lj} → ʎ
|
| — (k)kj → ts
|
| — pj → tʃ
|
| — {b,v}j → dʒ
|
| — m{ɲ,j} → ndʒ
|
| sːj zj rj → jsː jz jr
|
| j → ∅ / s_ (sː_?)
|
| j → ∅ / {ʃ,ʒ}_V[-nas]
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | j → dʒ / #_
|
| j → dʒ / V_V
|
| {dj,ɡj} lj {nj,ɡn} → dʒ ʎ ɲ
|
| sj → dʒ
|
| {skj,stj,sːj → ʃ
|
| tj ks w → ts sː ɡw
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | {olt,okt} → ujt → ut
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| ks ɡn tj → ʃ ɲ {z,s} / V_V (tj → s is learned)
|
| tj → s / C_V
|
| dj → dʒ → ʒ / V_V
|
| dj → dz → ts → s / r_V
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| sj → jʒ / V_V
|
| j → ∅ / i_ʒV
|
| sːj (m)nj lj rj → jʃ ɲʎ jr / V_V
|
| kj → ts → s / V_V
|
| ɡj → {ʒ,j} / V_V (ɡj → j is learned)
|
| pj {bj,vj} → jb jv / V_V
|
| mj → jm (irregular)
|
| j → {∅,ʒ} / V_V (j → ʒ is learned)
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — ju → jeu
|
| βj → j (in forms of habeo and debeo)
|
| j → ∅ / V_”E
|
| Original z (/ts/?) → dj → j
|
| j → dʒ / #_ (but not in Béarn)
|
| j → i / _(s)#
|
| tʃ → jdz → jz / V_V (in the south and northwest)
|
| ɡ → j → dʒ / “[b]etween the last two vowels of a proparoxytone”, though it dropped early in some dialects
|
| j → dʒ / _”E (in the west)
|
| j → ∅ / _”E (else)
|
| j → i / _C
|
| j → dʒ / V_V (did not occur in the northeast and some northern dialects)
|
| p j → b i / _l
|
| p k tʃ b ɡ β j → b ɡ i {b,u,u→y→i} ∅ {u,u→y→i} i / _r
|
| βj → {udʒ,uj} (in northern dialects)
|
| ktj klj → is ʎ
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| lː{j,Vdʒ} lnj → ʎ ɲ
|
| lvj → lbj → ubj
|
| j → ∅ / n_# (in many dialects)
|
| nj → ɲ
|
| mbj → {mbj,mdʒ,ndʒ}
|
| mnj → ɲ (Limousin, as well as extreme eastern and southwest dialects)
|
| mnj → ndʒ (else)
|
| mj → {mj,ɲ}
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| {ndj,ndʒj} ndʒ → ɲ {ɲ,ndʒ}
|
| ptj → ts → s
|
| pj → ptʃ → tʃ (except in western and some southern dialects)
|
| rtʃj → rts (→ rs ?)
|
| rdj rVɡ → rdz rdʒ
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rːVɡ rːj → rdʒ ir
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rj → rʲ → ir / V_V
|
| rj → rʲ → r / _#
|
| {sːj,stʃj,stj} → ʃ → is (except in the west or extreme east, where the outcome was some flavor of (i)(t)ʃ)
|
| sj → ʒ → (i)(d)ʒ (in some northeastern, northern, and western dialects)
|
| sj → ʒ → {r,z} (rare)
|
| sj → ʒ → iz (the usual outcome)
|
| tVɡ trj → dʒ ir
|
| tːj → ts → s
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| jd → {dʒ,id}
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | kj ɡj → tʃ {j,∅} (ɡj → ∅ is rare)
|
| Pj → ɥ
|
| {sj,stj,sːj} → ʃ
|
| j → s / t_
|
| j → z / rd_
|
| dj → ʒ / _”B
|
| dj → z / V_V
|
| ja → e / r_#
|
| j → ∅ / r_
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | {i,j} → dʒ / Vr_V (“dialectal”)
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| {i,j} → ɡ / #_e
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {tj,kj} {tːj,kːj,ptj,ktj,skj} → ts tːs
|
| {jl,lj} {jn,nj} {jɡ,ɡj} → ʎ ɲ ʝː
|
| bj → ʝː (sporadic)
|
| oj → we (sporadic)
|
| ”je.o ”je.a → {”i.o,”jo} ”i.a
|
| jt js → tʃ ʃ
|
| ɾj pj → jɾ jp / V_
|
| sj → js / V_
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | Cʲj → Cʲː
|
| j → ∅ / w_
|
| {a,ɛ}i əj → e i
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}i əj → ai i
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | j ŋʷ m n → ɲ m {m,p} {∅,t} / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | j → i / _#, in polysyllables
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | j → {j,i} / _#
|
| j → {ɲ,tʃ} / else
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | j b → {j,i} ∅ / _#
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | j → ∅ / i_V
|
| j → {j,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | j → ∅
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | j → i / C(V)_
|
| n j → {n,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | d(V)j s(V)j → lʲ dʒ
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | {ue,aja} → ə
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | {d(V)s,n(V)j} n(V)s → r {VsV,r}
|
| d(V)j → r(V)
|
| m n h j → b {n,r,∅} {h,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | j → tʃ / V_V
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | j → tʃ / V_V
|
| 26 Mande | 26.2 Proto-Mande to Busa | j → i
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | w j → k dʒ
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | j → dʒ
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | oj aj → iː {aː,iː}
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | j w → ʒ v
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | j → ʒ / $_
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
|
| {d,j} → j / ∅ / _#
|
| xʲ j → ʃ ʒ
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
|
| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| j → ɣ / _E
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| j → ɣ / _E
|
| 29.1.1.1.24 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan | j → ɣ / _E
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ(ʔ) j(ʔ) → h ʔ / _#
|
| j → ɣ / _E
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | x(ʲ) {j,ɣ} → h ∅ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.3.1 Proto-Sam to Amu | {ndj,nz} → n̪d̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.2 Proto-Sam to Bajuni | {ndj,nz} ɲz → n̪d̪ n̪ ð
|
| 30.1.1.3.3 Proto-Sam to Mwiini | ndj → n̪d̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.4 Proto-Sam to Siu-Pate | {ndj,nz} z → n̪d̪ ð
|
| 30.2 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Potou-Akanic | ɟ ʄ j c ɠʷ → c ɟ ʄ t ɠ̥p
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | jV[+nas] → jV[-nas] / #_
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | j{ã,ẽ} → {ɥ,ɥ̃} / _E
|
| j → ɲ / _V[+ nas]
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| j → ɲ / _V[+ nas]
|
| 30.3.1.1.6 Proto-Phla-Pherá to Alada | j → ∅ / {ʃ,ʒ}_
|
| 30.3.1.1.7 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Vhe | j → ɲ / _V[+ nas]
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | j → ∅ / {ts,dz}_
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | {w,j} → ∅ / #_
|
| {w,j} → ∅ / V0_V0
|
| aji → iː / when unstressed
|
| i{w,j} → ∅ / _a, when unstressed
|
| j → ∅ / i_
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | j → nʲ “under obscure conditions (PC morphophonemics?)”
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | j → l(V)
|
| {ns,nt} nkʷ nj nw → (n)d (m)b r m
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | j → ∅ / i_{a,u}
|
| j → ∅ / u_ʎ
|
| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | aw aj {uj,ij} → uː eː iː
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | j → ∅ / i_{a,u}
|
| j → ∅ / u_ʎ
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | w j → ɡ dʒ / _V
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | w j → kʷ tʃ / _V
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | w j → ɡʷ dz / _V
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | j → tʃ / _V
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | j → ∅ / jî_
|
| j → ∅ / C̣_
|
| j → ∅ / C_weŋ
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | j → i
|
| uj → (ɣ)u
|
| uj → u(ɛ)i / m_
|
| uj → uɛi / {P,C[+guttural],∅}_
|
| uj → ui / {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| ujʔ → uɛʔ (dialectally → uɔʔ?)
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _{∅,x,ʋ,ʔ}
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _ɡ[+píng tone]
|
| juŋ → uŋ (→ oŋ dialectally?)
|
| jujŋ ujŋ → iuŋ uŋ
|
| yjʔ → yʔ
|
| je jeʔ yeʔ → ɛ ɛʔ uɛʔ / C̣_
|
| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
|
| ye jej → yɛ i
|
| jew → au / C̣(C?)_
|
| jew → iau / else
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| wɔn ja wa → uɔn ia ua
|
| jaʔ → iaʔ
|
| aj jaj waj aw jaw → ai iai uai au iau
|
| {jawʔ,wawʔ} → ɔʔ / C̣_
|
| jawʔ wawʔ → iɔʔ uɔʔ
|
| {jam,jan} → iɛn
|
| aŋ jaŋ → uaŋ aŋ / C̣_
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| əjŋ → ɛn (varies with ɛn?)
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | p b çp çb sP rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} bj → pʰ p ʝb çp sp rpʰ mpʰ mb br pʰj pj
|
| (ʔ)kj (s)ɡj Nkj → (k)tç (s)kj Ndʒ
|
| rnj → rɲ ?
|
| aj → i
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | p çp (ç)b rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} → p. ç.w (ç)p rp. kj m.p n.br p.j
|
| kj Nkj ʔkj ɡj sɡj → kj. nj ɡ.tsʰ kj skj.
|
| rnj → r.mj
|
| j → ∅ / n_
|
| uj → ui
|
| oj → oi
|
| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
|
| {k,j} → ∅ / i_
|
| et ej → o e.i
|
| 36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhug | ʑ j → ndʑ ʑ
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | Nkj ɡj sɡj → mj ts stʃj
|
| ŋ(w) N{ŋ,nj} → ȵ mɳ
|
| j → ∅ / {ʃ,r}n_
|
| uj → os
|
| aj → oi
|
| ej → ai
|
| {ŋ,j} → ∅ / i_
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)p Nb sP çp çb pr br {p,b}j → (m)pʰ (m)p sp ʝb çp br pʰj pʰj
|
| (P)ɡ sɡ çK Nɡ k sk rk (s)ɡj (ʔ)kj → (p)k sk çk mk kʰ zɡ Nɡ (s)kj (ʔ)kʰj
|
| Nkj (s)ɡr Kç kr skr ɡr → mɡj (s)kr ɡçkr kʰr zɡr Nɡr
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | im it ik is ij → em u e es e
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | ɡj → cç ? (might be → tsç?)
|
| ʔkj → ktʃ.
|
| nj → ɲ / #(r)_
|
| j → dz / #_
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | kj → tʃ.
|
| Nnj → mɲ
|
| nj rnj → nj rɲ
|
| uj → ue
|
| ew e ej → ə i ei
|
| j → ∅ / i_
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
|
| Nnj → mɲ ?
|
| j → s / #_
|
| aw aj → au ai
|
| iw ij → iu ei
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | k kr kj ɡ → k. k.r ts. ɡ
|
| Nnj çnj → mn ʃn
|
| aj → ui
|
| ij → e
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | k(ʰ){r,j} ɡ{r,j} → tɕ(ʰ) dʑ
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | {wV,jV} → Vː[+low falling tone]
|
| iji → iː
|
| j → ∅ / ts_
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | iji(ː) → hi(ː) / {k,s}_ “(possibly after all non-glottal obstruents)”
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | j → ∅ / ts_
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | j → ∅ / ts_
|
| j → ∅ / #_V
|
| j → ∅ / V_{V,#}
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | w j → m ɲ / between two vowels of unlike nasality
|
| j → ʒ / {#,ʔ,V}_V
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | jh → hj
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | jh → hj
|
| — j → ∅ / ts_
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | — jV → ∅ / Ci_(H)#
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | j → ∅ / _ts
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | j → ∅ / tʃ_
|
| n r w j → n̥ r̥ w̥ j̊ / _{#,O}
|
| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | jʔ → ʔj
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| r̥ w̥ j̊ → s f ʃ
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| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | L j → t tʃ
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | (ʔ)j → ʒ
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| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | (ʔ)j → ʒ
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | j → t
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | p t nj → {t,r} {r,s,t} s / _#
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| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | nj → s / #_ (?)
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| ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ nj → {p,ᵐb} {ⁿd,z} k z / V_V
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| 41.5.1.2 Proto-Gorokan to North Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
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| 41.5.1.3 Proto-Gorokan to South Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
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| 41.5.2.1 Proto-Kainantu to Auyana | N{w,d,r} nj → ŋk nt (not sure if *nj is supposed to be *ɲɟ)
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| 41.5.2.4 Proto-Kainantu to Usarufa | N{w,r} Nj → ʔk ʔt
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| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t ᵐb ⁿd {k,ᵑɡ} nj → {r,t} p {d,t} ɡ r / V_V
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| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | t ᵐb nj s → r {b,p} ⁿd {s,d} / V_V
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ej → i / unstressed
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| ji → O / {i,e,y}
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| j → ∅ / C_i{C,#}
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| yje → øː → jø (?)
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| uw ij → ow ej / _C
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| tj → ts / ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
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| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | j w → i U / V_{C,#}
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| j → ∅ / _i (*)
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | j → i / C_, when initial in a suffix
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| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | dj lj rj ɡj → dʲ lːʲ rːʲ jɡ
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| lʋ rʋ jʋ → lː rː jː
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| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.1 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Comanche | {w,j} → ∅ / medial
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| 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | jː → j
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| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | j → dʒ / _V[+high]
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| j → d / _V[+low]
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | j → ʝ → j (northern High Navarrese, most Labourd, some Biscayan)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ (Souletin, sporadic in northwestern Biscayan)
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| j → ʝ (some Biscayan and Navarrese)
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| j → ʝ → ɟ (typical of Low Navarrese)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → dʒ (northwestern Biscayan)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ (Aescoan, Salazarese, Roncalese, most southern High Navarrese)
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| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ → x (Guipuscoan, northwestern High Navarrese, eastern Biscayan)
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| j → χ (probably through intermediates like above, Wikipedia doesn’t go into particulars of how and where)
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| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | {w,j} → ∅ / a_
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| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | aw aj → o e
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| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | ɲj → n ∅ / ʔ_
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | iː uː → əj əw → ɑj ɑw
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| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | ej → i
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| aj → {æ2,i2} “(reduced)”
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | j → p (some Polynesian languages, such as Levei and Drehet) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language)
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