| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | l → d / #_VC
|
| l → n / #_VN
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | l → d / #_VC
|
| l → n / #_Vb
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | l → d / #_VC
|
| l → n / #_Vb
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | l → n / #_VN
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | l → n / #_VC
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | l → n / #_VN
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | l → ∅ / #{d,tʼ}_VC
|
| tlʼ → dl / #_Vħr
|
| l → j / #_iC ?
|
| l → r / #nV_C
|
| l → n
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | tlʼ → ɬ / _C[+sibilant]
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | {l,n}j → jː
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | hl → sː
|
| l → n / #_
|
| l → r
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nθ nl → sː {sː,hl}
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | {(t)l,θ} → t
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | lwi → jo
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| l → j
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | lwi → jo
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| l → j
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | lwi → jo
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| l → j
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | lwi → jo
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| l → n
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | lwi → jo
|
| l → s / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| l → {r,ð}
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | {θ,l} → r → l
|
| {nθ,nl} → hl
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {θ,l} → r → l / V_V
|
| {θ,l} → r → n / #_ (and possibly in other places as well)
|
| {θ,l} → r → l
|
| {ʔ,h}{ɬ,l} → hs
|
| {θ,l} → t / n_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | n{θ,l} h{θ,ʃ} → ∅ s
|
| ʔ{θ,ʃ} ʔl → s ∅
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | l(ʲ) → n / #_
|
| l lʲ → r s / else
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | l(ʲ) → n / #_
|
| l(ʲ) → r / else
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | l → {n,l} / #_
|
| lʲ → dʒ / #_i
|
| lʲ → d / #_
|
| lʲ → l
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | rʲ lʲ → r l
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | {N,l,r,ʃ,z} → ∅ / #_
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | l → ∅ / {i,e}_
|
| l → j / else
|
| 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | bl → z
|
| ml → mɲ → ɲ (Thompson seems to indicate that this may have become [l] as well; only seems to have occurred with second-register tones)
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | {bl,tl} → ʈ (?)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | s ts lʲ → h t n
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {ts,ʈ} {ɟ͡ʝ,ɖ} {lʲ,ɲ} {ʔ,x,s,h} ʀ → t d n ∅ r (velar fricative is conjectured; changes → d “unsure”)
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | l n → r l / #_ (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | l → d / _{C,#}
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | {l,d} z → r d
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | {l,j} z → r j
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | j l → r j
|
| rl → lː
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | l → ∅ / ! _# (irregular)
|
| {l,ɾ} → n / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | l → n / _#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — {l,r} → ∅ / _# (retained across morpheme boundaries)
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | l → j
|
| 10.3.5 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-New Caledonia | {l,ɲ} → n
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | v t l r → p dr n w / _#
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | dr s l → {d,ɟ} {∅,s} {n,∅}
|
| t r l → {j,s} {j,∅} j / _u
|
| 10.3.9.2 Proto-Utupua to Nebao | l → ∅ (occasionally?)
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | p t {r,l} → ∅ s j / _u
|
| {r,l} → l (occasionally → ∅?)
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | l → tʃ / _{o,E}
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | l → r
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | ɡd ɡl → dː lː
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | l *L → ɭ ʎ
|
| 10.7 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Rukai | R l L → {r,ʔ} ɭ l
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Avar-Andic | l → {l,r}
|
| 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | {l,r} → ∅ (sometimes, only from original *l)
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | m l → {m,n} {l,∅}
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | l → r / _#
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | l → {l,r}
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | lʲ → r / #_
|
| lʲ → l~ɣʲ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | r l → tː tħ / #_
|
| l → ɮ
|
| tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | {r,l} lʲ → d r / #_
|
| l lʲ → ∅~j l~ɣʲ
|
| {ɮʲ,lʲ} → ɮ
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj → m n l j
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | l lː → {l,ɭ} ɭ(ː) / V_V
|
| l → ɭ / V_#
|
| 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | l → n / V_#
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | l ɭ → lːʉ ɭːʉ / _#(C)V[-long]
|
| {ɾ,l,ɭ} → ∅ / V_S
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | l̥ → l
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | l̥ → l / medial
|
| l̥ → t / _C
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | l̥ → ʁ / _C
|
| Some metathesis in consonant clusters, the conditions of which are not elaborated upon; the given example cited within the text is lʁ → ʁl
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | l̥ → t / _C
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | l̥ → t / C_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | l r → l(ː) r(ː)
|
| {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | l r → {l,ɫ} {ɾ,r}
|
| {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | {d,l} → r “in Hieroglyphic Luwian, occasionally”
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | l → ʎ / _{i,j}
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | l → ɫ / {C,lV}_
|
| l → ɫ / V_V
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | l → r
|
| {l̩,r̩} → ər(ə(r))
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | r̩ l̩ → {ri,ra} {li,la} / _{S,R} (which vowel crops up is unpredictable)
|
| r̩ l̩ → {ra,ar} {la,al} / _{s,CC,V,#} (the results are unpredictable)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| — {l,h}l {l,h}r l{p,s,n} r{p,s} ln → lː rː lː rː (lː?) / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | l → ɬ / _t
|
| l r → ɬ r̥ / #_
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | l → ɫ / “in some conditions”
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | l → ɫ (the conditions of this are not elaborated upon)
|
| sj zj lj → ʃ ʒ j~ɫj / else “(j~ɫj fluctuation is formality)”
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | l → ɫ / “in coda”
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | l → ∅ / u_
|
| l → u / {ɔ,ɑ}_
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | l → ʟ
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | {ol,al} {ar,er} or → ɔu aːr oːr / _C[+dental]
|
| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | l → u / o_{t,d}#
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | l → ∅ / ŋ_s
|
| l → ∅ / r_{m,s}
|
| l → ∅ / s_t
|
| l(ː)ʀ n(ː)ʀ → lː nː / ”Vː_ (or all V_ ?)
|
| {l(ː),n}{r,ʀ} → ∅ / V{ː,V}_
|
| nː lː rː sː → n l r s / C_
|
| lː nː → l n / C_#
|
| ðl(ː) ðn(ː) → lː nː
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| rː lː → r l / {p,t,k,f,s}_
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | {l(ː),rl} → ɬ / v_#
|
| {l(ː),rl} C → ɬ C[- voice] / _{S[- voice],s}
|
| {l(ː),rl} C → ɬ C[- voice] / S_ ! Sː_
|
| {l(ː),rl} rː → dɬ r̥ / _#
|
| {r,r̥,l}ɬ → tɬ
|
| {ɬl,ɬː → tɬ
|
| r̥l → tɬ
|
| {lː,rl} → tɬ / _#
|
| {lː,rl} → tl
|
| hl → ɬ / #_
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | ɡn ɡl → nj lj
|
| l → ∅ / V_V
|
| l → ∅ / _{m,s,k}
|
| l → ∅ / _# ?
|
| lm → ml (sporadic)
|
| lː → ʎ
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | lm → ml
|
| nd ld (→ nː lː ?) → ɲ ʎ
|
| ɡl → lɡ
|
| vl → lv
|
| n l → ɲ ʎ / _C
|
| rn {lː,rl} → ɲ ʎ
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar al
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | ls lt ld(ʱ) ln → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / “disputed”
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | l → r
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | l̩ r̩ → {ьl,ъl} {ьr,ъr}
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɛl → lɔ / T_T “in certain cases (mostly after a PSl. palato-alveolar”)
|
| ɔl ɔr ɛl ɛr → lɔ rɔ lɛ rɛ / T_T
|
| ɔr ɔl → ra la / #_T “in syllables with long vowels”
|
| ɔr ɔl → rɔ lɔ / #_T
|
| ъl → ɔ(ː)ɫ / P_
|
| ъl → ɛɫ / K_
|
| ъl → ɫu / else
|
| ьl → ɫu / C[+dental]_
|
| ьl → ɛɫ / P_C[+dental -palatalized]
|
| ьl → il / P_
|
| ьl → ɔ(ː)ɫ
|
| tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| plv → pf
|
| slʲ → ∅ / _s
|
| stʲkl → ɕtɕkl → {ɕ,s}kɫ → ʂkɫ
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | or ol er el → oro olo ere ele / _$
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | l̥ r̥ → ol {or,er} / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | l̩ l̩ː r̩ r̩ː → ol l or r
|
| l → r → _Vl
|
| l → r / lV_ “(in suffixes with l if root already has l)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | l → ∅ / {o,u}_CV
|
| l → w / V_CV (“although l was usually restored later”)
|
| {kl,ɡl} → ʎ / V_V (the latter is irregular)
|
| lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| l → ʎ / #_
|
| lː nː → ʎ ɲ
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | {kl,ɡl,lj} → ʎ
|
| l → u / _{C,#}
|
| l → ∅ / {i,u}_
|
| {lːe,lːo} → u / {e,o}_# “[this is actually an analogical development, but it applies as regularly as a sound law]”
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | kVl → kːj / unstressed
|
| {dj,ɡj} lj {nj,ɡn} → dʒ ʎ ɲ
|
| l → j / #C_
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | {olt,okt} → ujt → ut
|
| pl → {ʃ,pr} / #_
|
| l → r / b_
|
| fl → {ʃ,fr} / #_
|
| {fl,skl} → ʃ
|
| kl → kʎ → tʃ → ʃ / #_
|
| {kl,ɡl} → ʎ
|
| pl bl p t → br {br,l} b d / V_V (bl → l is learned)
|
| sːj (m)nj lj rj → jʃ ɲʎ jr / V_V
|
| s l → z ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | lː → l (in the south)
|
| l → w / V_s
|
| l → u / _s# (in many dialects)
|
| {t,d}l {k,ɡ}l → lː ʎ
|
| {l,r}w {n,ŋk,ŋɡ}w → lɡʷ ŋɡʷ → lɡ ŋɡ
|
| ktj klj → is ʎ
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| lː{j,Vdʒ} lnj → ʎ ɲ
|
| lvj → lbj → ubj
|
| l → u / _{t,s} (Languedoc)
|
| l → u / _{d,s} (Rouergue)
|
| l → u / _{t,d,s} (else)
|
| {d,l} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | li → lj / _V
|
| l → lj / _i
|
| lː → ∅ / _i
|
| ”elːa → e”a / _#
|
| l → r / V_V
|
| {n,l} → ∅ / _j
|
| l → j / {k,ɡ}_
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | nd {lː,ld} → ɳɖ ɖː / V_V
|
| l → ∅ / rk_ (sporadic)
|
| l → r / C_ (sporadic)
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {jl,lj} {jn,nj} {jɡ,ɡj} → ʎ ɲ ʝː
|
| nː lː ɾɾ → ɲ ʎ r
|
| kl pl → ʎ {ʎ,tʃ}
|
| fl → ʎ (sporadic)
|
| — dn dl → nd ld
|
| — ml nɾ → lm ɾn (sometimes)
|
| — mn ml → mbɾ mbl
|
| l → u / _C (sometimes)
|
| l → ɾ / _$
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Chibchan | l → ɾ
|
| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | l → d
|
| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | l → d
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | l → d
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | l → d
|
| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | l → d
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28 Muskogean | l → j / a_i
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | kl → kː
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | tl → tː
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | tl st → lː tː
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | t d l → {ʈ,tʲ} {ɖ,dʲ} {ɭ,lʲ,ʎ} (The paper is a bit unclear as to which is meant, as the transcription and the textual aspects of the paper seem to disagree here)
|
| l → d / n_
|
| 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| 30.1.1.3.6 Proto-Sam to Lower Pokomo | l → d̪
|
| 30.2 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Potou-Akanic | (N)V1[+mid +nas](l̃) → CV[-nas]n
|
| V[+nas](ʋ̃,l̃) → V[-nas](m,n) / #J[+voiced]_
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| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | l l̃ → j j̃ / #_
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| ʋ l → w ɹ / #(C)V_
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| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | l → {lʲ,n} “under obscure conditions”
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| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | l n → lʲ nʲ / e_ in U[-long -stress]
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| et el en → itʲ elʲ enʲ
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| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | lʲ → l / #_ in U[-long -stress]
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| lʲ → lj / else
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| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | l → ɾ / ! _$ or o_
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| 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | l → ɾ / V_V
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| 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | l → ɾ / V_V
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| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | l → ɾ / V_V
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| 33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweah | l → t
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| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | l(ʲ) → w / _u
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| l(ʲ) → w / u_
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| l(ʲ) → j / else
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| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | lʲ → l
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| lʔn → lː / V3_V
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| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | l(ʲ) → j
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| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | l(ʲ) → j
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| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | lʲ → l
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| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | lʲ → j
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| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | lʲ → l
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | (C-)l- → {d,ji}-
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| s-l- → {tʰ,z}-
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| l → ∅ / s_-
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| {m,ŋ}l- → dʑ-
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| Cl- → T(ʑ)-
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| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {r,s}l {r,s}n → l̥ N̥ / %_V
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| l̥ → ɬ / %_V
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| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | l̥ → ɬ / %_V
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| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | n̥ → l̥ → h / %_V
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| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | çl → sj
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| lTS → l.dz
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| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | çl → rts
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | C[+ sibilant]w ç Pç Nç çl → s ʂ ʃ mʃ ʃl
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| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
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| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | l → ∅ / #ç_
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| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | (P)ç Nç çl → (b)ɕ np.j ʂl
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | çl → sɬ
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| NTS KTS lTS → mʈʂ {kts,ʈʂʰ} bɖʐ
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| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | Pç çl → ʃ ʃn
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| ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | {d,ɡ,s,l,r} → {h,r} / #_
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | pl b{l,r} → v pj
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| {l,r} → ∅ / {d,ɗ}_
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| N[- voice] l̥ → N[+ voice] l
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| ɡl → k(w)
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| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | pr b{l,r} vr → v bj d
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| {l,r} → ∅ / {n,ɗ}_
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| l → ∅ / tʰ_
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| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | {l,r} → ∅ / n,ɗ_
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| l → ∅ / p_{ɯ,e,i}
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| l → j / p_
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| b{l,r} → pj
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| l → ∅ / t_
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| kl kr → {kj,tʃ} kʰj
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| {l,r} → ∅ / ŋ_
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| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | ɡl → kj
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {kʰ,ɡ}{l,r} → tʃ
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| k{l,r} → {kj,tʃ}
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| l → ∅ / p(ʰ),b_E
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| l → j / p(ʰ),b_V
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| {l,r} → ∅ / ɗ_
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| t{l,r} → r̥
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| 38.1.1.4.1 North Tai to Dioi | kl → ð
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| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | l → ∅ / {p,k(ʰ),ŋ}_
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| {l,r} → ∅ / t,ɗ_
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| tʰl tʰr → tʰ r̥
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| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | bl br → p pʰ
|
| ɡ{l,r} → kʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | bl br → p pʰ
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| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | bl br → p pʰ
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| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | bl br → p pʰ
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| ɡ ɡl → k tʃ
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| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | bl br → p pʰ
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| {kʰ,ɣ} ɡ ɡ{l,r} → x k tʃ
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | l → j
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.5.1.1 Proto-Gorokan to Asaro | Nl → nd
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| ʔ{l,d} ʔɡ → t k
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| 41.6 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kalam | l → ɽ
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | lð rð → lː rː
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i
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| dj lj rj ɡj → dʲ lːʲ rːʲ jɡ
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| lʋ rʋ jʋ → lː rː jː
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.1 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Comanche | {ŋ,l} → n
|
| 43.2 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopi | l h → n ∅ / medially
|
| 43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseño | l → n / medially
|
| 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | l → n / #_
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | l → ɲ / #_ “(in doubt; initial *l occurs in too few cognates to be sure. Apparently PUA initial *l was rare and is of questionable certainty whether it existed at all.)”
|
| l → ɭ
|
| l → i / {p,m,k(ʷ),w}_# “in all dialects, and varies by dialect after other consonants”
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | l → ɾ / V_V
|
| l n →ʎ ɲ / E_
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
|