Index Diachronica: involving /#_/

with context involving /#_/

604 matches

6 Afro-Asiatic6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotice o → i u / #(ʔ)_C
e o → i u / #(ʔ)_C$
6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Benchx2 → k / #_
l → d / #_VC
l → n / #_VN
6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafax2 → k / #_
{s3,ʒ} → ʃ / #_
h2 → w / #_
l → d / #_VC
l → n / #_Vb
6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maalex2 → h / #_
tsʼ → tʃʼ / #_
h2 → w / #_
6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkachoz → j / {#,V}_
ʒ → ʃ / #_
s3 → ʃ / #_
h1 → {h,∅} / #_
h2 → w / #_
l → d / #_VC
l → n / #_Vb
6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolayttal → n / #_VN
dʼ → tʼ / #_
6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsax2 → k / #_
ts → s / #_
h1 → {h,∅} / #_
h2 → w / #_
l → n / #_VC
6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergullax2 → h / #_
l → n / #_VN
6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dimekʼ → ɡʼ / #_
6.2.1 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-Cushiticb → m / #_Vn
ɣ → ɡ / #_Vx$
6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantneykʼ → χʷ / #_
6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtangakʼ → {χʷ,qʷ} / #_
6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythreanin → ŋ / #_C
6.2.2.1.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Boreafrasianh → ħ / #_Vs
ŋ → ∅ / #_CV
6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berberɬ → s / #_VC
f → p / #_V{Z,C[-voice],r}
k(w) → tʃ / #_Vt
ɡ(w) → dʒ / #_Vd
q → i / #_V{Z,C[+dental]}
ʕ → i / #_VR
tlʼ → dl / #_Vħr
r → l / #_V(V)O[+labial]
l → j / #_iC ?
6.2.2.1.3 Ancient Egyptian to Copticn → l / #_Vb
n → l / #_(V){s,ʃ,h}V{m,b}#
n → l / #_V{m,b}{s,ʃ,h}
n → l / #_Vk
r → l / #(C)_c(C)# ?
6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semiticɣ → ɡ / #_VCH
ɣ(w) → ɡ / #_Vx
6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic— j w → i u / #_CV
— j w → iː uː / #_CC
6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan ArabicCˤ → C / {#,V}_V
7 Algonquian7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenakil → n / #_
a → ∅ / #_OO
θ → n / #_
7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenakia → ∅ / #_OO
θ → n / #_
nj → i / #_
7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsinae → i / #_
W → n / {#,V}_
s → n / #_
r → n / {#,V}_
7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho∅ → h / #_V
7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre∅ → ʔ / #_V
7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot{ʃ,tʃ} → s / #_
e → i / {#,k}_
∅ → i / #_jC
{me,ne} → ∅ / #_O “(followed by truncation of following x)”
{we,wiː} → o / #_
7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delawareə[+weak] → ∅ / #_C
7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menomineewe → o / #_
e → i / #(C)_ ! _H
7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois{θ,l} → r → n / #_ (and possibly in other places as well)
mV[-long] → ∅ / #_{ʰC,s,ʃ} (allophonic, “optional”)
7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaqk → χ / _(w)a(ː) ! #_
7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawneee → i / #(C)_ “(but remains e in a few cases?)”
wa → o / #_
∅ → h / #_V
8 Altaic8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonicb → p / #_
tʃ dʒ → t d / #_
n → m / #_
ŋ → m / #_{æ,ø,y}
l(ʲ) → n / #_
8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Koreanb → p / #_
ɡ → k / #_
{nʲ,ŋ} → n / #_
l(ʲ) → n / #_
8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolicpʰ → {h,j} / #_
pʰ → b / #_U[+high pitch]
tʃ → dʒ / #_i
k → ɡ / ! #_
ʃ → tʃ / #_a
nʲ → dʒ / #_
ŋ → ɡ / #_u
ŋ → n / #_{a,o,e}
ŋ → {∅,j} / #_
l → {n,l} / #_
lʲ → dʒ / #_i
lʲ → d / #_
8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusict → dʒ / #_{æ,ø,y}
t → d / #_
k → {k,ɡ} / #_
kʰ → x / #_
8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkice → ja / #_C{e,i}
{pʰ,ŋ} → {∅,j} / #_
tʰ → d / #_(V){lʲ,r(ʲ)}
{t,tʃ} → d / #_
ʃ → tʃ / #_a
m n(ʲ) → b j / #_
{ʒ,dʒ} → j / #_ (marked as to Pre-Proto-Turkic)
{d,n} → j / #_ (?) (marked as to Pre-Proto-Turkic)
{N,l,r,ʃ,z} → ∅ / #_
p → ɸ → h / #_
{d,n}ʲ sʲ → j ʃ / #_
8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchakd → t / #_ (“kind of”, something about evidence from borrowings)
8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakhj → dʒ / #_ (did not occur in Qara Nogay)
8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyzj → dʒ / #_
∅ → U / #_{l,r} (not sure what 〈U〉 represents here; maybe just some sort of back vowel?)
8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakhas → ∅ / #_
10 Austronesian10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawanj → {d,t} / #_
w → ∅ / #_
HəS → (h)ə(N)S / #_
10.1.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Philippine{*D,*Z,z} → d / #_
*R → ɡ / #_
10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol*j → ɡ / #_
10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano*j → d / #_
10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon*j → d / #_
10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanagr → d / #_ (?)
10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen∅ → ʔ / #_
10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen∅ → ʔ / #_
10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa∅ → ʔ / #_
10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog*j → d / #_
10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batakq → ∅ / #_ (sometimes; “represented by *h in PB”)
10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamicwa → u / #_
w → ∅ / #_
l n → r l / #_ (sporadic)
10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro∅ → w / #_V
10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayicw → ∅ / #_
10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javaneseh → ∅ / #_
10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madureseb → {w,∅} / #_
HəS → (h)əNS / #_
10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanesew → {∅,c} / #_
10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauanə → ∅ / #_
wa → o / #_ when unstressed
wə → u / #_
∅ → ŋ / #_V
10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak{ʔ,h} → ∅ / #_
ə → ∅ / #_UU(U…)# “(i.e., in word-initial position in prepenultimate syllables)
10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiputv ɟ → f c / #_
(C)V → ∅ / #_C… “(irregular)”
n → l / #_
ə → ∅ / #_
dz → d / #_ (though sometimes → {s,ɟ})
10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyahd → l / #_ (sporadic)
10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lónghp → f / #_
ə → ∅ / #_
10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to LemerigV → ∅ / #_C”V
10.3.5.4 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Northern∅ → j / #_a
10.3.6.1 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Äiwook → {k,∅} / #_
10.3.6.2 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Naguk → {k,∅} / #_
10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügut → {t,l} / #_
10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay∅ → h / #_V (“it isn’t clear if this happens unconditionally”)
10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboak → {k,∅} / #_
10.3.9.2 Proto-Utupua to Nebaot k → r ∅ / #_ (though *t seems to have occasionally survived?)
10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibilit → {t,r,kʷ} / #_ (I’m not kidding. That’s what’s listed as the reflexes.)
k → {k,∅} / #_
10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Bumak → ∅ / #_
10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanemat → {∅,t} / #_
10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vanot → l / #_, in nouns
10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromangov → p / #_
10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Syeb d ɡ → p t k / {#,C}_
f → p / #_
10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tannaɣ → ∅ / #_
10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tannaɣ → ∅ / #_
10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesandsɣ → ∅ / {#,E}_
10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’aβ → f / #_ (usually)
V → ∅ / #_C”V
10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallesef → ∅ / #_{C[-low],V[-low]}
f → ɰ / #_aCo
∅ → ɰ / #_aC[-low]
∅ → j / #_{aC[+low],V[-back],C[-back]}
∅ → w / #_{C[+round],V[+round]}
10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Onganb → ∅ / #_{u,i}
q → ∅ / #_V
10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa∅ → a / h#_ (that’s not a typo; this happens across the word boundary)
p → b / #_ (change seems to be ongoing)
11 Northeast Caucasian11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakhtsː tʃː → ts tʃ / #_
r → d / #_
12 Northwest Caucasian12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgilʲ → r / #_
12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassianr l → tː tħ / #_
tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adygheq qʷ → qː qʷː / ! #_
12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh{r,l} lʲ → d r / #_
14 Elamo-Dravidian14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidianw → v / #_{i,e}lV
t → ∅ / #_VrC
s → t / #_VLV
14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite{i,e,u} → ∅ / #_{t,n}a
c → s / #_{a,u}
v → m / #_V (?)
14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil— eCə oCə → Ceː Coː / #_
15 Eskimo-Aleut15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleutp → h / #_
∅ → t / #_s
z → s / #_
m → w / #_
n → t / #_ (except, maybe, “in exclamations”)
i →∅ / #_{z,dʒ}
ə → ∅ / #_, “under certain conditions not yet discovered”
15.2 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Eskimoɣ ʁ → k q / #_
15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ikS → ∅ / #_F
u → ∅ / #_vV
iv → j / #_u
15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ikS → ∅ / #_F
u → ∅ / #_vV
iv → j / #_u
15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ikS → ∅ / #_F
ə → ∅ / #_
∅→ n / #_iN (This one is sort of a guess, given a singular example in the text that isn’t really commented upon)
u → ∅ / #_vV
iv → j / #_u
15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ikS → ∅ / #_F
ə → ∅ / #_
u → ∅ / #_vV
iv → j / #_u
16 Extended West Papuan16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafrip t → f {s,h} / #_
16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentanip b t → f p {s,h} / #_
16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentanip t → f {s,h} / #_
16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentanis → t / #_
17 Indo-European17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanians → ɟ / #_
17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanians → ɟ / #_
17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolianr → ∅ / #_ (unclear)
j → ∅ / #_e (not widely attested)
17.2.1 Common Anatolian to HittiteD T → T T[+lenis] / #_
d → s / #_{i,j}
17.2.2 Common Anatolian to LuwianD T → T T[+lenis] / #_
17.2.3 Common Anatolian to LycianD → T / #_
17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydiand → t / {#,N}_
j u → ð w / #_
17.2.5 Common Anatolian to PalaicD T → T T[+lenis] / #_
17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → p t j k / #_
17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
ɡʷʱ → ɡʱ / #_
17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armeniant → tʰ / {aw,ow}_ ! #_
ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → b j k / #_
17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenianp t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic— H → a / C_C ! #_
17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irishp → f / {V,#}_
ɡʷ → b / #_V ! _u(ː)
ɡʷ → b / #_N
p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
w → f / #_
17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welshw → ɡw / #_
ɔ → ə / #_sC
l r → ɬ r̥ / #_
17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothicɣ → ɡ / #_
17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanicβ ð ɣ → b d ɡ / {#,”V}_
17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle Englishɣ → ɡ / #_
17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle Englishɣ → ɡ / #_
17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle Englishɣ → ɡ / #_
17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scotsp b → ɸ β / {#,V}_ ! _C
17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle Englishf θ s ɣ → v ð z ɡ / #_
17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to YolaF → F[+ voice] / #_ ! F = ʍ
17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconianh → ∅ / #_C
17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutchiu → ju / #_ (in some northern dialects)
17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard Germans → ʃ / #_{l,m,n,w,p,t}
17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlautp t k → pf ts kx / #_
s → ʃ / #_{p,t}
sk → ʃ / #_
17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norsej → ∅ / #_
e → i / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C){i,j}
a(ː) ae → o(ː) ɒø / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C)u
au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / #(C)(C)_ʀ
{v,w} → ∅ / #_V[+ round]
V{θ,ð} → Vː / #(C)(C)(C)_{l,r}
β ð ɣ → b d ɡ / #_
hw → ∅ / ! #_
w → v / #_
ɡ → ∅ / #_n
f θ → v ð / #_
k → h / #_{v,n}
17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandich → k / #_{v,w}
hl → ɬ / #_
hr hn → r̥ n̥ / #_
17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Nornb d ɡ → p t k / #_
θ → h / #_B
17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Nornb → v / #_ (sporadic?)
f → v / #_ (sporadic?)
v → w / #_
∅ → h / #_V
17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalich → ∅ / #_
w → {ɡw,v} / #_
17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greeks → h / #_
17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greeks → h / #_
tʃ → t / #_
17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greeks → h / #_
17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greeks → h / #_
17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greeks → h / #_
17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greeks → h / #_
tʃ → t / #_
17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greeks → h / #_
17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greeks → h / #_
tʃ → s / #_
17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greeks → h / #_
17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greeks → h / #_
17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite— r → ∅ / #_
17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranianə → ∅ / #_
17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan∅ → a / #_z
k → ∅ / #_t
p → ∅ / #_st
17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polishɔr ɔl → ra la / #_T “in syllables with long vowels”
ɔr ɔl → rɔ lɔ / #_T
ji → i / #_
p → ∅ / #_p
17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russianje → o / #_
j → ∅ / #_u
∅ → j / #_a
17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsicanɡʰ → f / #_
{ɸ,θ} → f / #_
17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latinbʱ → h / #_ (in rustic dialects)
{bʱ,dʱ,ɡʷʱ} → f / #_
s → θ → f / #_r
17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latinj → ʝ / #_V
17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan∅ → e / #_sC
ja → je / #_ (irregular)
l → ʎ / #_
k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
ɡ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e}
kʷ → k / #_a%”V
kʷ → kw / #_”a
ɡʷ → ɡw / #_a
{a,o} → ∅ / #_ (rare)
17.12.1.1.3 Latin to Frenchj tj → dʒ ts / #_
∅ → e / #_sC
e → ə / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+open]
e → ɛ / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+closed] or _V (?)
17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italianau → u / #_ (sporadically, e.g. audire → udire)
j → dʒ / #_
17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguesek → ts → s / #_{i,e}
k → ɡ / #_{a,r} (rare)
ɡ → ɡʲ → dʲ → dʒ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
pl → {ʃ,pr} / #_
fl → {ʃ,fr} / #_
kl → kʎ → tʃ → ʃ / #_
ɡ → ∅ / #_l
kʷ → kw / #_”a
kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e,o}
ɡʷ → ɡw / #_
17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal∅ → i / #_sC
(s)k ɡ → (s)tʃ dʒ / #_a (in the north and northeast)
tʃ → ts → s / #_
j → dʒ / #_ (but not in Béarn)
i → e / #_sC
17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinianh → ∅ / {#,C}_
v → b / #_
kw ɡw → pː bː / #_ (“[o]nly Logudorese”)
{i,j} → ɡ / #_e
r → urː / #_e / Logudorese
r → arː / #_(j)B / Logudorese
17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-TocharianR Hn̩ → ɛR ɨn / #_C
u → wə / #_
(h1)e (h1)eː → jə jɛː / #_
18 Je-Tupı́-Carib18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavanteŋ → j̃ / #_ (not sure if this nasalizes the following vowel or not)
18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makurápð nŋʷ → c β / #_V[-nas]
ɨ → ∅ / ! #_{p,β}e
18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekensɡʷ → kʷ / #_V[+nas]
ŋʷ → kʷ / #_V[-nas]
ɨ → i / #_{p,βe}
18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparíᵐb ŋʷ → p β / #_V[-nas]
n → ∅ / ! #_V[-nas]
ŋ → k / #_V[+nas]
18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoróbʷ → β / #_V[+nas]
18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín∅ → ŋ / {#,V}_w
18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionów → {ɡ,k} / {#,V}_
18.4.9.1.2 Proto-Monde to Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoróv → w / #_
18.4.9.1.4 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Suruíᵑɡ → ɡ / #_ (possibly all prenasalized consonants?)
b → m / #_
18.4.9.1.5 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Zoróᵑɡ → ɡ / #_ (possibly all prenasalized consonants?)
20 Khoisan20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xuna → ∅ / #_m
20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xuna → ∅ / #_m
21 Lakes Plain21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far Westku →∅ / #_
21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awerab → β~m / #_V[-high]
ti → s / #_V
t d → t~ɾ~n n / #_
21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponip d → p~f n / #_
ti → s / #_V
b → β~m / #_V[+ low]
21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawati → s / #_V
b → β~m / #_V[+ low]
21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopib k → m~b ∅ / #_
d → d~n~l / #_a
21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iaub k → m~b ∅ / #_
d → d~l~n / #_a
21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirateb → m / #_a
21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faiab d → m n / #_a
21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayub d → m n / #_a
21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikirib d → m n / #_a
21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudateb → m / #_a
21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tauseb → m / #_a
21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirateb d → m n / #_a
22 Macro-Arawakan22.1 Proto-Arawá to Arawápʰ → p / #_
ɗ → t / #_
22.2 Proto-Arawá to Banawá-Jamamadiɓ → b / #_
22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substratee → i / #_
22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawaraɓ → b / #_
22.5 Proto-Arawá to Kulína-Deníɓ → b / #_
ʔ → ∅ / #_
22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowaháɗ → d / #_
ʔ → ∅ / #_, possibly everywhere?
22.7 Proto-Arawá to Paumaríe → {a,i} / #_
pʰ → p / #_
23 Macro-Chibchan23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogis → ∅ / #_
24 Macro-Pama-Nyungan24.1.1 Proto-Paman to AritinŋitiÉ£C → ∅ / #_
i[-long]C → Cj / #_ ! _i
u[-long]C → Cw / #_
a[-long]C → Ca / #_ (! _a?)
24.1.2 Proto-Paman to AwŋtimiC aC uC → Cj Ca Cw / #_ ! before an identical vowel
C → ∅ / #_
24.1.3 Proto-Paman to LinŋitiÉ£C → ∅ / #_
24.1.4 Proto-Paman to MbiywomC → ∅ / #_
i[-long]C → Cj / #_ ! _i
u[-long]C → Cw / #_
a[-long]C → Ca / #_ (! _a?)
24.1.5 Proto-Paman to MpalicanNVS → VⁿS / #_
C → ∅ / #_
24.1.7 Proto-Paman to YinwumNVS → VⁿS / #_
C → ∅ / #_
25 Macro-Panoan25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chamaɗ → {ʔ,∅} / ! #_
25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesanots → tʃ / #_
25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacanak → kʷ / #_i
x → h / #_
28 Muskogean28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to CreekV1kV2 → V2ː / #((C)V(C))(C)_#
kʷ → k / #_
30 Niger-Congo30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantuʋ̃ → l̃ / #_
ʄ C → c R / #_
ɠʷ → w / #_V[-nas]
ɠʷ → w̃ / #_V[+nas]
30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to SebirwaNC → C[-voiced] / #_ (in nouns)
NC → N[+same POA]C / #_ (in verbs)
30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanicɛ → ia / #(C)_
R[-voiced] R[+voiced] W → Z[-voiced] O[-voiced] F / #_
ɰ ɰ̃ w̃ → h h̃ h̃ʷ / #_
h → ɲı̃ / #_ã
h → w / #_
t → c / #_V[-nas]
30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akanl l̃ → j j̃ / #_
jV[+nas] → jV[-nas] / #_
f → j / #_V[-nas]
f → j̃ / #_V[+nas]
{p,ʋ̃} c k͜p → f s p / #_
V[+high] → V[+nas] / #(C)_N
ı̃ → ∅ / #_ã
31 Nyulnyulan31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi{w,j} → ∅ / #_
32 Oto-Manguean32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatinokʷ → ɾ / #_ek
nʲ → l / #_i
32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatinot → tʃ / #_iç
32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatinots → tʃ / #_{a,õ}ʔ
ts → ʃ / #_ẽ
s → tʃ / #_a
lʲ → l / #_ in U[-long -stress]
32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanecʔ → ∅ / #_
33 Penutian33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyokʷ → k / #_
33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsunkʷ → k / #_
33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsenkʷ → k / #_
33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokutst tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
tʰ → s / #_u
33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweaht tʰ tʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyamit tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
34 Quechumaran34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Boliviaχ → qʰ / #_
34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzcoph → p / #_VA
ph → p / #_aC[+sibilant]
kh → k / #_a
kh → k / #_ “in a word with two back vowels”
χ → qʰ / #_
34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayoh → ∅ / #_
34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quitotʼ → tʰ / #_i
ts → dz / ! #_
34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobambatʼ → tʰ / #_i
kh → kʰ / #_{i,u}
34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiagoh → ∅ / #_
34.9 Proto-Quechumaran to Tenah → ∅ / #_
χ → k / #_
w → ∅ / #_i
35 Salishan35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comoxs → ∅ / #_C
s → ∅ / #_{wa,wi}
35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksacks → ʃ / #_{xʲ,w{i,a},qʷa}
36 Sino-Tibetan36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarinŋ → ∅ / #_ ! #_o(w)
36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingeseŋ → ∅ / #_
36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhugŋ → m / #_kʰ
36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Moɡ → ∅ / #_r
nj → ɲ / #(r)_
j → dz / #_
36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao∅ → dz / #_j
36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Taj → s / #_
36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects{d,ɡ,s,l,r} → {h,r} / #_
ʃ → x / #_ (some dialects, never when following preinitials)
sr → ʂ / #_
37 Siouan-Iroquoian37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian∅ → i(ː) / #_(C)(C)CVC(C)(C)#
h → ∅ / #_s
37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huronk → i / #_n
k → x / {#,R,ʔ,V}_{V,ʔ,R,#}
j → ∅ / #_V
w → ∅ / #_
h → ∅ / #_w
37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandotx → e / #_r
j → ʒ / {#,ʔ,V}_V
37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneidah → ∅ / #_w
37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk— s → z / {#,V}_{V,R} ! R = j
37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneidas → z / {#,V}_{V,R}
37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Senecah → ∅ / #_w
37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscaroraˀt → n / {#,C}_{V,w,j}
h → ∅ / #_w
37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakotamn → mV0nV0 / #_
37.2.2.1 Dakota to Santee Dakotakr → hd / #_
37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandanmn → mV0nV0 / #_
37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebagotk → {tʃk,tʃɡ} / #_
37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsakr → kV0rV0 / #_
37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansaw → b / #_
r L(ʲ) → d j / #_ (*)
L → bl / #_e (*)
37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Poncaw → m / #_
mn → mV0nV0 / #_
37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osagew → b / #_
m → ∅ / #_n
37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to QuapawL → d / #_
Lʲ → j / #_õ (*)
Lʲ → t / #_ã (*)
m → ∅ / #_n (in morphemes) (*)
37.2.7.1 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Biloxiw → ∅ / #_ (sporadic)
m → w / #_
m → ∅ / #_n
37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofow → ∅ / #_ (sporadic)
m → w / #_
m → ∅ / #_n
37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelomn → mV0nV0 / #_ (in morphemes)
40 Totozoquean40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacanh → ∅ / ! #_
41 Trans-New Guinea41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨt k ŋ → {l,t} {h,k} n / #_
41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmatp → f / #_ (?)
t → s / #_i
k s → ∅ {t,s} / #_
41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binanderet → j / #_i
ŋ ᵑɡ → ∅ ɡ / #_
nj → s / #_ (?)
41.4 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kaeti{p,ᵐb} ŋɡ → b ɡ / #_
41.5.1.3 Proto-Gorokan to South Forem n → mb nd / #_
41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâtek ᵐb ⁿd → {k,h} b {s,t} / #_
41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwait k ᵐb → {s,t} {ɡ,∅} {b,p} / #_
s → {s,t} / #_ (?)
41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepetᵐb ⁿd s → b {s,t} {t,s} / #_
41.10 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Telefol{p,ᵐb} → f / #_
s → s / #_ (?)
41.11 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Middle Wahgin ŋ → m n / #_
42 Uralic42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnictʃ tsʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_
42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnishf → ʋ / #_
ʋ → ∅ / #_{o,u,y}
∅ → ʋ / #_{yː,øː,oː}
42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnishe → ø / #(C…)_y
i → y / #(C…)_væ
42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonianh → ∅ / {#,C}_
LV → VL / {#,V,O}_
p t(ʲ) s(ʲ) k → b d(ʲ) z(ʲ) ɡ / ! #_ or adjacent to C[-voice]
w → ʋ / #_o
43 Uto-Aztecan43.2 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopiw → l / {#,V[+low]}_V[+low]
43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseñok → q / #_V[+low]
ʔ → ∅ / #_
43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatlp → ∅ / {#,Vs}_
l → n / #_
43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odhamp → w / {#,Vs}_
h → ʔ / #_
l → ɲ / #_ “(in doubt; initial *l occurs in too few cognates to be sure. Apparently PUA initial *l was rare and is of questionable certainty whether it existed at all.)”
44 Vasconic44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanianɡ → k / #_ (sometimes?)
44.2 Proto-Basque to BasqueSʰ → F → h (→ ∅) / #_
S → S[+ voiced] / #_
d → l / #_ (except verbs)
{ɾ,r} → ∅ / #_
b → ∅ / #_B (a few exceptions, mostly before _u)
∅ → a / #_{ra,ro} (sporadic)
∅ → e / #_r
∅ → e / #_{s̺,s̻}C
e → ∅ / #_ (Navarrese, rare)
e → j / #_V (at least a few times?)
eɪ → e / #_
eð (→ e ?) → j / #_V
e → j / #_a
e → ∅ / #_e
s̺ → tʃ / #_ (Guipuscoan)