| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | a → ɛ (sometimes)
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| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — a → {a,ɛ} (not common)
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| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | {e(ː),ɛ} → ɛ
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| ə → ɛ / #R_C or when breaking up what would otherwise be a three-consonant cluster; in the case of two schwas, only the first one is dropped
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| 8 Altaic | 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
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| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
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| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
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| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | ə(ː) ɛ → ɨ ɛə / _K
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| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | i u → ɛ ɔ / _C# ! _P (sporadic)
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| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | a → ɛ / {t,n}_#
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| ai̯ au̯ → ɛ ɔ
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| i u → ɛ ɔ / _CV[+open-mid](C)#
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| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — eCV[+ mid] → ɛC
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| — aCV[+ high] → {ɛ,œ}C
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| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | o e i → ɔ ɛ ɪ / C_V[- high]
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| u a → ʊ ɛ / _CV[+ high]
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| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | au ai → ɔ ɛ
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| a → {ɛ,e} “in some words”
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| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | e(C)V[+ low] → ɛCɛ
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| a(C)i a(C)u → {a,ɛ}(C) {ɔ,a,ɛ}(C)
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| oa {ae,ea} → uɔ iɛ
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| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
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| e → ɛ
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| ej ia → e ɛa
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| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
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| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ai → ɛ
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| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — i → ɛ / _{r,h,ʍ}
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| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | i u e → ɪ ʊ ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → ɛ / _ɹ
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| æ → ɛə / _{n,m} “and others depending on dialect”
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| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| — a → {ɛ,e} / _rC
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| — ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
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| — æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | æː(ɑ) eː(o) → ɛ iː
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| e → ɛ / _nt
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| e(o) → ɛ
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| e → ɛ / “unstressed”
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| 17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to Yola | ∅ → ɛ / uː_d
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| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | a → ɛ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (conjectured based on date from the “Germanic umlaut” article)
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| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | iː yː → ɛi œy
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| 17.7.2.2.3 Modern Dutch to Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
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| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
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| o a → ø ɛ / _(C)(C)i
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| ɒ → {ɛ,e} / _CːV (V can be a syllabic consonant)
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| a aː → ɛ øː / _r
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| e iː → ɛ i(ː)
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| ey → ɛ / _r
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| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | ɒ → ɛ / _Cː
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| e eː → {æ,ɛ,e} {(j)ɛ,je}
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| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | e o → ɛ ɔ
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| ɑu ɛu eu → ɑv ɛv ev
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| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | e o → ɛ ɔ
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| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɔl ɔr ɛl ɛr → lɔ rɔ lɛ rɛ / T_T
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| ɛː → ɛ
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| ъl → ɛɫ / K_
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| ьl → ɛɫ / P_C[+dental -palatalized]
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| ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
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| {i,ɨ} → ɛ / _C[+rhotic]
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| V → ɛ (sporadic, analogical)
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| ɒ e → a ɛ
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| ɛ̃ → ɛ / _{#,l,ɫ}
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| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛɰ̃ ɔɰ̃ / _F[-palatal]
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| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛj̃ ɔj̃ / _F[+palatal]
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| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {e,ai} → ɛ
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| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {i,eː} e → {e,ɛ} {ɛ,e} / stressed
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| oe → {e,ɛ}
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| e → ɛ / _v
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| ɛj ɔj → jɛj uei / i {u,ui} / stressed
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| e → ɛ (in Eastern Catalan)
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| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | è → iɛ / in U[+open]
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| è → iɛ / _C#
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| è → ɛ / in U[+closed]
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| ò → uo → uɛ / in U[+open] ! _N
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| ɛ ɔ → iɛ uɛ / _{Cj,jC}
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| ɛ → ɛa / _l{C,#}
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| é → ɛi / in U[+open]
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| é → ɛ / in U[+closed]
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| ó → ou → ɛu / in U[+open]
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| e → ɛ / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+closed] or _V (?)
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| a → ɛ / in U[+open] “(but a following ʎ creates a [closed] syllable)”
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| uɛ → ɛu
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| ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
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| oi → wɛ → wa
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| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | ɛ → jɛ / unstressed ! _{dʒ,ʎ,ɲ}
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| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | iː {i,eː} e → i e ɛ / stressed
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| ae → ɛ / stressed
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| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — ɛ ɔ → jɛ wɔ (intermittent, “least common in the southwest”)
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| — ɛ → jɛ / _{u,i,ʎ,rʲ,ʃ,ʒ,j,tʃ,dʒ} (except in some northern and western dialects, or if this u ← l or if this i ← ð)
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| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — (a)e → ɛ
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| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | R Hn̩ → ɛR ɨn / #_C
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| H → ɛ / _R, when R = syllabic
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| h3e o → o ɛ
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| Ce Ceː → Cʲə Cʲɛ
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| ow aw ew → ɛu au əw
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| oy ay ey → ɛi ai əj
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| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | e o → ɛ ɔ (?)
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| 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βe
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| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | iiɛ Vdiɛ → dzɛ ɾɛ
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| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βie
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| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | e o → ɛ ɔ
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| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | e → ɛ
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a ɛ o
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
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| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
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| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | {long-tail vowel thingʔ,əʔ} → ɛʔ
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| uʔ → oʔ (occasionally → uɛʔ?)
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| uj → u(ɛ)i / m_
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| uj → uɛi / {P,C[+guttural],∅}_
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| ujʔ → uɛʔ (dialectally → uɔʔ?)
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| un → uɛn / ! {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
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| uɛn → ɛn / ʋ_
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| yʔ → yɛʔ / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_ in “QYS -juət-type” finals, dialectally?
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| yʔ → yʔ(~yɛʔ?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}, in -juət-types
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| je jeʔ yeʔ → ɛ ɛʔ uɛʔ / C̣_
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| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
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| yeʔ → yɛʔ (→ {uɔʔ,yɔʔ} in southern speech?)
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| ye jej → yɛ i
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| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
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| yen → uɛn / C̣_
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| yen → yɛn
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| {jam,jan} → iɛn
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| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
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| əjŋ → ɛn (varies with ɛn?)
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | at → {at,ɛ,ed}
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | e → iɛ
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| i → iɛ / _s
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
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| a(t) → ɛ / _#
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| ap → ɛk
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| an → ɿɛ
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| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | e(ː) → ɛ(ː)
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | e → ɛ / _C%
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | a o e → ɛ u i / {i,u}(C…)_ (this [ɛ] is tentatively marked as such; Egurtzegi transcribes it as /e/ but says it’s not as close as /e/)
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | {æ,e} → ɛ / _ɹ
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| ʊ ʌ ɛ → ʌ ɛ æ
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| 46.4 Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
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| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| a → {ɛ,e} / _rC
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| ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
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| æ → ɛ / _C[+alveolar]
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| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | ai ɔi → ɛ yː
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| ɛu au → ɛv av
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| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | {a,æː} → ɛa / a
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| eː → ɛa “(except Suðuroy → eː)” / a “(except Suðuroy → ɛ)”
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| oː → {ɔu,ɛu,œu} / œ “(except Suðuroy → ɔ)”
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| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
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| -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
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| 46.18 South African Chain Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → ɛ e ɨ
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | æ ɛ ɪ → æj(ə) ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə)
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| ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
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