| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | dʒ → tʃ → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | x2 s3 → ∅ ʃ / V_V
|
| sx → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | ʒ → {tʃ,ts}
|
| ts → tʃ / _i
|
| sx → tʃ
|
| s1 → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | s → ʃ / !V_
|
| {s3,ʒ} → ʃ / #_
|
| {ts,ʒ} → tʃ / V_
|
| s3 → ʃ / V_V
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | sx → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | s → ʃ / ! V_
|
| ʒ → ʃ / #_
|
| ts → ʃ / V_
|
| s3 → ʃ / #_
|
| s2 → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | x2 s3 → k ʃ / V_$#
|
| s1 → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | sx → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | {s1,s3} → ʃ
|
| s2 → tʃ / V_
|
| 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari | s1 s2 s3 → ʃ z tʃ
|
| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | ts → ʃ / _i
|
| s1 → ʃ
|
| s2 s3 → tʃː tʃ / V_
|
| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {ts,tʃ} z dz → ʃ d dʒ
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {ts,tʃ} dz → ʃ dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | k(w) → tʃ / #_Vt
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | s → {ʃ,h} / in “anaphora and certain derivational prefixes. . .[t]his is common to many other Semitic languages as well”
|
| ɬ → ʃ
|
| 6.2.2.1.11 Classical Arabic to Iraqi Arabic | k q → tʃ {ɡ,q} (ɡ is more common)
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | s → ʃ / if ʃ is somewhere in the stem after it
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | θ θˤ ð ɬ ɬˤ → ʃ ʃˤ z s sˤ
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | θ → ʃ / C_
|
| θ h {s,m,n,r} → ʃ ∅ ʔ / _C
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _p
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | ʃ k m → s tʃ b / _{E,j}
|
| ʃ k m → s tʃ b / E_#
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ θ m k → θ t b tʃ / _e(ː)
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | ʃ tʃ → {ʃ,x} s
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | k → tʃ / _i
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| ʃ → {ʃ,s} / in inland varieties; remains /ʃ/ in coastal varieties
|
| k → tʃ / _i
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | ʃjeː → ʃeː
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | t s → tʃ ʃ / in diminutives
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | t → tʃ / in diminutives
|
| s → ʃ / _i (not universal)
|
| s → ʃ / _iV
|
| s ʃ → ⁿs ⁿʃ / U[-nas] (highly sporadic)
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | tʃ → ʃ / ! C_
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | r → ʃ / _O
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {tʃʰ,dʒ} → tʃ
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | t(ʰ) d → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| tʃʰ → tʃ
|
| ʃ → tʃ / #_a
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | tʰ tʃʰ → t tʃ
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | ʃ → tʃ / #_a
|
| {d,n}ʲ sʲ → j ʃ / #_
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | s → tʃ / _Vtʃ
|
| 8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakh | tʃ → ʃ
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | cʰ → {ʃ,jʰ}
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | d {c,*j} → tʃ s
|
| l → tʃ / _{o,E}
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | {ts,st} → tʃ
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| s sː ɬː x xː → {s,ʃ} x ɬ {x,h} x
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː → {s,ʃ} ʃ xʲ {xʲ,ʃ}
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| ʃ ɬ ɬː → s {xʲ,ʃ} xː
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| tʃ(ː) dʒ → ʃ tʃ
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ dz → {ʃ,tʃ} tʃ(ʼ) {tʃː,dʒ}
|
| ʃː ɬ ɬː x xː → ɣʲ j ʃ ɣ x
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} ʃ tʃ
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} {tʃ,dʒ} {tʃː,tʃʼ}(?)
|
| ɬ {ʃː,ɬː} xː → xʲ ʃ x
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → {∅,s} tʃ {∅,tsʼ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} z
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃʼ tʃːʼ dʒ → {∅,ʃ} tʃ ∅ tʃʼ {dʒ,tʃ}
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | tsː tʃː → ts tʃ / #_
|
| ʃː ɬː xː → ʃ ɬ x
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | tʃ {tʃː,dʒ} → ʃ tʃ (the change of *tʃːʼ is conjectured for Bezhta, as the change is only listed in Tsez, but given the development of *tsːʼ I don’t find it unreasonable to put it here)
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x → s ʒ ʃ l ɬ ɣ
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | tsʷː tsʷʲ → tsʷ (tʃ)
|
| ɕ(ː) ʑ → ʃ ʒ (the change of singleton *ɕ to ʃ is marked as dubious)
|
| tʃʷ(ʼ) tʃʷː dʒʷ → tʃ(ʼ) zʷ dzʷ~zʷ
|
| ʃʷ ʃʷː ʒʷ → sʷ ʃ zʲ (this final change is marked as dubious)
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) tɕʷː → tʃ(ʼ) dʒ~ʒ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ ʃ ʒʷ
|
| ɬʷ(ː) → ʃ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) → ʃ
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | ʃʷ ʒʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → {ɕ(ʷ),ʃ(ʷ)} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒ(ʷ)} {ɕ(ʷ),ʃʷ} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒʷ}
|
| {tʷ(ʼ),dʷ} → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃ(ʷ)(ʼ)} {dʒ(ʷ),dʑ(ʷ)}
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | ɕ(ː) ʑ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| tcʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | tʃ tɕ → ʃ ʂ
|
| sʷ ɕ → ɕʷ~ʃʷ ɕ~ʃ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| ʂː ʃː → ʂ ʃ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | kʲ(ː) kʲʼ ɡʲ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ dʑ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ tʃ tɕ → tɕ tʃʷ ʃ ʂ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| ʂː ʃː → ʂ ʃ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | kʲ(ː) kʲʼ kʷː ɡʲ → tʃ tʃʼ kʷ dʑ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tʃː tɕː → p t ts tsʷʲ ʃ tʃ tɕ
|
| ʂː ʃː → ʂ ʃ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ {tʃ,tɕ} → ɕ f ʃ
|
| kʲ → tʃ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.2 Proto-Chumash to Cruzeño | k → tʃ “(‘in certain cases’)”
|
| 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | q k → {q,k} {k(ʃ),tʲ} (allophonic)
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | dʒ → tʃ → s / “in certain positions” (except for Thule Greenlandic, where dʒ → tʃ and stayed there, apparently)
|
| dʒ → tʃ / i_{u,i}
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | s → ts → tʃ / in some dialects?
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| s → ʃ / V{i̯,u̯,r,k}_V
|
| st → ʃt / medial
|
| c ɟ → tʃ dʒ (for most speakers)
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| s → ʃ / V{i̯,u̯,r,k}_V
|
| st → ʃt / medial
|
| c ɟ → tʃ dʒ (much less widespread than in Gheg)
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | d → tʃ / _{i,u}
|
| s → ʃ / _{i,e}
|
| s → ʃ / i_
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | k(ʷ) ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | k ɡ → tʃ j(?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | k ɣ ɡ → tʃ ʝ dʒ / “in certain complex circumstances”
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | tj sj dj zj → tʃ ʃ dʒ ʒ / ! _uː (perhaps only before stressed uː?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | sj zj lj → ʃ ʒ j~ɫj / else “(j~ɫj fluctuation is formality)”
|
| tj dj → tʃ dʒ
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | s → ʃ / _E (E_ also?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | dʒ → tʃ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.14 Anglo-Frisian to Old Frisian | k ɡ → tʃ j / _E
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | s → ʃ / #_{l,m,n,w,p,t}
|
| s → ʃ / r_
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | s → ʃ / #_{p,t}
|
| sk → ʃ / #_
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | {t,d}j → tʃ
|
| hw hj → {w,ʍ} ʃ
|
| sk → {sk,ʃ,ks}
|
| s → ʃ / _Vr ?
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | tj → tʃ / _#
|
| tj → ʃ
|
| hj → ʃ
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | s → ʃ / {u,i,l,r,K,Ḱ}
|
| ptʃ → pʃ
|
| ttʃ ddʒʱ → t.ʃ d.ʒʱ
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | k ɡ x → tʃ ʒ ʃ / _{e(ː)(i),i(ː)}
|
| sj zj → ʃ ʒ
|
| kj ɡj xj → tʃ ʒ ʃ
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | tj dj → tʃ, ʒ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | sk → ʃ / V_{i,e}
|
| ks → ʃ / V_V
|
| stj → ʃ
|
| sj ssj jn → js jʃ ɲ / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — pj → tʃ
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _a
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| {skj,stj,sːj → ʃ
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | pl → {ʃ,pr} / #_
|
| fl → {ʃ,fr} / #_
|
| {fl,skl} → ʃ
|
| s → ʃ / V_C[-voiced]V
|
| kl → kʎ → tʃ → ʃ / #_
|
| ks ɡn tj → ʃ ɲ {z,s} / V_V (tj → s is learned)
|
| sːj (m)nj lj rj → jʃ ɲʎ jr / V_V
|
| sk k → jʃ z / V_{i,e}
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| (s)k ɡ → (s)tʃ dʒ / #_a (in the north and northeast)
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| tʃs → {ts,tʃ} (varies)
|
| kː → tʃ / _a (in the east and northeast)
|
| pj → ptʃ → tʃ (except in western and some southern dialects)
|
| {sːj,stʃj,stj} → ʃ → is (except in the west or extreme east, where the outcome was some flavor of (i)(t)ʃ)
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| stʃ → (i)(t)ʃ (for western and extreme eastern regions)
|
| ktʃ → (i)tʃ (in western and extreme eastern dialects)
|
| {tʃ,k}t ɡd → tʃ dʒ (else)
|
| ksk → stʃ / _a (in the north and northeast)
|
| ks → ʃ → s / _m
|
| pk → ptʃ / _a
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _a (note the similarity with some varieties of Old Provençal)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| t d s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| {sc,st} → ʃt / _F
|
| s → ʃ / _kl
|
| kj ɡj → tʃ {j,∅} (ɡj → ∅ is rare)
|
| {sj,stj,sːj} → ʃ
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| jt js → tʃ ʃ
|
| kl pl → ʎ {ʎ,tʃ}
|
| z̪ z ʒ → s̪ s ʃ
|
| ʒ → ʃ
|
| tɾ → {tɾ̥,tʃ,tʂ}
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts ŋ → ∅ {ts,tʃ} n
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {tʃ,∅}
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts → {ʔ,∅} {ts,tʃ}
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | t → {ts,tʃ} / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts → ∅ {s,ʃ}
|
| j → {ɲ,tʃ} / else
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {s,ʃ}
|
| 18.4.9.1.2 Proto-Monde to Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró | tʃ → ʃ
|
| 18.4.9.1.5 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Zoró | ʃ → tʃ (sporadic, areal feature from Gavião influence)
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | t → ʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| k → {k,ʃ} / else
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | k kʼ → {k,tʃ} {kʼ,tʃʼ}
|
| ɬ ʃ ʂ → l {sɡ,ʃɡ} ʃ
|
| tʃ ʈʂ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ → {tʃk,ʃɡ} tʃ h {ʃkʼ,tʃʼkʼ} tʃʼ
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | ɬ ʃ ʂ → ∅ {sk,ʃk} ʃ
|
| tʃ ʈʂ {tɬʼ,ʈʂʼ} tʃʼʼ → tʃk tʃ tʃʼ {tsʼkʼ,tʃʼkʼ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | t d s → {c,tʃ} ɟ ʃ
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.5 Proto-Arawá to Kulína-Dení | tʃ → ʃ (?)
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | s → {ʃ,tʃ} / _i
|
| s h → {s,tʃ} {h,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | s → {ts,ʃ} / _i
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | s → {s,x,tʃ~ʃ}
|
| s → {ʃ,tʃ} / _i
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | ts tʃ → tʃ s
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | tɕ → ʃ
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | ts → tʃ / #_
|
| tʃ ɕ → ts ʃ
|
| j → tʃ / V_V
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | j → tʃ / V_V
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.4 Proto-Mayan to Ixilean | t → tʃ
|
| 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.6 Proto-Mayan to Core K’iche’ | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | t → tʃ
|
| r t tʃ ʃ → t tʃ ʈʂ ʂ
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | t → tʃ / _#
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | s → ʃ
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.20 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | k → tʃ / _E
|
| xʲ j → ʃ ʒ
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | xʲ j → ʃ ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | tɬʰ tʃ(ʷ)ʰ kʰ → ɬ s ʃ
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz {s,ʃ}
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | ʃ → {ʃ,s} : ɬ
|
| tʃ → {tʃ,ts} : tɬ
|
| kʲ kʲʼ → {k,ʃ} kʼ
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| mp mb p b m → tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) ŋw / _{ʊ,o}V
|
| 30.1.1.3.5 Proto-Sam to Proto-Aweera | nz z c → ɲd̪ ʃ
|
| 30.3.1.1.2 Proto-Ajá to Hwe | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.6 Proto-Phla-Pherá to Alada | t d → ʃ ʒ / _j
|
| k ɡ → ʃ ʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.8 Proto-Vhe to Adángbe | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| k ɡ s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| s {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → ʃ tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| χ ʁ → ʃ {ʒ,j} / _{u,i,j}
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | t d → tʃ dʒ / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.13 Proto-Vhe to TẸ́wun | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.14 Proto-Vhe to Wacı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | t → tʃ / _”{e,iʔ}
|
| t → ʃ / i_i
|
| tʲ → tʃ / else
|
| {c,tʃ} → ʃ
|
| s → tʃ (in certain cases? Not a lot of data available on this one)
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | t → tʃ / #_iç
|
| tʲ → tʃ / _i[-long -stress]
|
| c → tʃ / i_
|
| s → ʃ / E_ (? Not a lot of data available on this one)
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | k → tʃ / _Ek(ʷ)
|
| ts → tʃ / #_{a,õ}ʔ
|
| ts → tʃ / V[+high]_
|
| ts → ʃ / #_ẽ
|
| s → ʃ / V_V
|
| s → ʃ / if /l/ is present in the same syllable
|
| s → tʃ / #_a
|
| 32.1.4 Proto-Chatino to Zenzontepec Chatino | kʲ → tʃ
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | Yt Ynt Ys → tʃ dʒ ʃ
|
| h → ʃ / _C[-voice] (? “both h and š occur before nasals, so it is possible that š has a separate source in Proto Otomanguean”)
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | tʲ ʂ → j ʃ
|
| 33.1.1.2 Proto-Utian to Proto-Miwok | ʈ → tʃ / _e
|
| ʈ → tʃ / e_
|
| 33.1.1.2.1 Proto-Miwok to Proto-Western Miwok | ʈ → tʃ / {aː,oː}_
|
| 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | ʈ → {ʈ,ts,tʃ} / _{j,ɾ}
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | tʲ → tʃ
|
| ʈ → {ʈ,tʃ} / {aː,oː}_
|
| ʈ → {ʈ,tʃ} / {i,e,o}$_
|
| ʈ → {ʈ,tʃ} / _{j,ɾ}
|
| 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | tʃʰ kʰ qʰ {x,χ} → tʃ k(ʰ) {kʰ,qʰ,χ} kʰ
|
| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(h) tʃʼ kʰ kʼ
|
| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(ʰ) tʃʼ k(ʰ) kʼ
|
| 33.2.4 Proto-Wintuan to Wintu | tʃʰ → tʃ
|
| 33.3.2 Buena Vista Yokuts to Proto-Nim-Yokuts | s → ʃ
|
| ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
|
| 33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweah | t tʰ tʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | s → ʃ / _i
|
| ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / _i
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| ts(h) tʃh → tʃ s
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | ts {tsh,tʃh} → tʃ tʃʰ
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | ts tsh → tʃ tʃʰ
|
| {tʃh,tʃʼ} → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| ʈʂʼ → tʃ / n_
|
| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | ts(h) tʃ → tʃ ts
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| ʂ → ʃ / _a
|
| 34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayo | tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → ʃ / _K
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| ʂ → ʃ
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| s → ʃ / _C[+alveolar]
|
| ʂ → ʃ
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| ts(h) → tʃ
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| ʈʂ → ʃ / _K
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| 34.9 Proto-Quechumaran to Tena | tʃ → ʃ / _C
|
| tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| ʈʂ → ʃ / _K
|
| ʈʂ → tʃ / _V
|
| ʈʂʼ → tʃ
|
| ʂ → ʃ
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | s → ʃ / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| w j → kʷ tʃ / _V
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | s → {s,ʃ} / _xʷ
|
| s → ʃ / #_{xʲ,w{i,a},qʷa}
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| s → ʃ / _xʷ
|
| j → tʃ / _V
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| j w → tʃ kʷ / _V
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | xʲ → ʃ
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → ʃ
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | Pç → mʃ
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | p k ts → p. k. tʃ.
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | p b pr br çp → p.j p br pj ʃb
|
| çT → ʃt
|
| Nkj ɡj sɡj → mj ts stʃj
|
| C[+ sibilant]w ç Pç Nç çl → s ʂ ʃ mʃ ʃl
|
| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
|
| ç → ʃ / _N
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | ts dʒ NTS → {s,tʃ.} tʃ. m
|
| s → ʃ / _n
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | {p,b} Np pr {s,r}P çb Nb → p mp mbr sp ʃp p.s
|
| Nt tr d KT çT → mt. tʂ t kt ʃt
|
| ʔkj → ktʃ.
|
| lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
|
| ts dʒ → tʃ. tʃ
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | d(r) çT → t ʃt
|
| kj → tʃ.
|
| ts dz NTS KTS sTS → tʃ ts {ts,m} ɡts sp
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | P t → pdz tʃ / r_
|
| {d,KT} st → tʃ zdʒ
|
| k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | Pç çl → ʃ ʃn
|
| ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
|
| s → ʃ / _n
|
| Nnj çnj → mn ʃn
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | s → ʃ / _{r,j}
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | s → ʃ / _{r,j}
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | s → ʃ / ! _{n,t,k(ʷ),w} “or when part of the affricate /ts/”
|
| ts → ʃ / _r
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | s → ʃ / ! n_ “or when part of the unit affricate /ts/”
|
| ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| s → ʃ / _{hi,hj}
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — t → tʃ / _(h)j
|
| — ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| — s → ʃ / _(h)j
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| s → ʃ / _(h)j
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | — s → ʃ / _j
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | ts → tʃ / _{h,i,j}
|
| ths → tʃ
|
| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | r̥ w̥ j̊ → s f ʃ
|
| 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | ç x → x ʃ
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲr → {st,ʃt}
|
| hk →tʃ
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | s → ʃ
|
| sn → {ʃV0nV0,sV0rV0}
|
| sk → ʃ / _”V
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
|
| t → tʃ / _”E
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | t → tʃ / _ʔ
|
| sr → {θl,ʃl}
|
| tʲr → ʃV0rV0
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | t → {tʃ,dʒ}
|
| pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
|
| tk → {tʃk,tʃɡ} / #_
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | t → ʃ / _E
|
| t → ʃ / _ʔ
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | tʲr kr → ʃt l
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | pr sr tʲr kr → bθ sn ʃn ɡθ
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
|
| xk → (ʃ)k / _”V
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | tʲ → ʃ
|
| 37.2.7 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Ohio-Valley | tʲ Lʲ → tʃ j
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | L j → t tʃ
|
| 37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelo | s → ʃ / ”V_k
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | kl kr → {kj,tʃ} kʰj
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | {r,s,z} tʃʰ dʒ → ɬ ʃ tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | tʃ tʃʰ dʒ → ʃ tsʰ {ʃ,tʃ}
|
| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | tʃ dʒ → {x,t} tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | dʒ → tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | dʒ → tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {kʰ,ɡ}{l,r} → tʃ
|
| k{l,r} → {kj,tʃ}
|
| {tʃ(ʰ),dʒ} → ʃ
|
| 38.1.1.4.1 North Tai to Dioi | k → tʃ / _E
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | k → tʃ / _E
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | ŋ ɡ ɣ → {h,ʃ} kʰ ɡ
|
| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | ɡ ɡl → k tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | {kʰ,ɣ} ɡ ɡ{l,r} → x k tʃ
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | {tʰ,tsʰ} → ʃ
|
| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → tʃ s tʃʼ j
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | nʲ tʲ kʲ k → l tʃ k q
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | tʃ tsʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_
|
| tʃ tʃː → t tʃ
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseño | ts → tʃ
|
| s → ʃ
|
| 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | s ts → ʃ tʃ / _i
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | t → tʃ / _V[+high]
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanian | ś → {s(ː),ʃ} / _#
|
| s → ʃ / i_#
|
| 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | s̻ ts̻ → ʃ tʃ / {E,j}_ (mostly Biscayan)
|
| t → tʃ / {E,j}_ (partially spread amongst Biscayan and Guipuscoan)
|
| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ (Aescoan, Salazarese, Roncalese, most southern High Navarrese)
|
| j → ʝ → ʒ → ʃ → x (Guipuscoan, northwestern High Navarrese, eastern Biscayan)
|
| its̺ → tʃ / _# (Biscayan)
|
| s̺ → tʃ / #_ (Guipuscoan)
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | tʃ → ʃ / _{w,i}
|
| t → tʃ / ! n_
|