| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | {ʔ,hx} → ∅
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| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | ʔ → ∅
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| 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi | ʔ → ∅
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| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | ʔ → ∅
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| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | ʔ → ∅
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| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | ʔ → ʕ / _V{n,r,ɡ}
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| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | ʔ → ʕ / #K_r#
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| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | ʔ h → ∅ x
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| aːʔ → e / E(C)(C)_#
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| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | ʔ → {∅,j,w} / depending on the environment; again, the article is unclear
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | ʔ → ∅ / ! in onset of U[+stress] (colloquial)
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| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | ʔ → h / _l
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| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
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| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | ʔ → h / _l
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| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
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| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | hʔ → ʔh
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| ({C,#}V)ʔ → ({C,#}Vː)∅ / _C
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| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | hʔ → ʔh
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| ({C,#}V[-long])ʔ → ({C,#}Vː[+falling tone])∅ / _C
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| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {ʔθ,ʔr} → {ʔ,j,∅}
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| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | ʔ → h / _C ! C = l, or when reduplicated
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| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | iː oː oʔ → eː uː uʔ “[blocked when iː or a C+G sequence follows anywhere in the word, but does apply if æ(ː) intervenes before any following iː or C+G]”
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {ʔ,h}{ɬ,l} → hs
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| {θ,ʃ,tʃ,ç,x,ʔ} → h / _C
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| {h,ʔ} → ∅ / _m
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| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | {ʔ,h,N} → ∅ / _C
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| ʔ{θ,ʃ} ʔl → s ∅
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| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {θ,s,h,ʔ} → ∅ / _{p,t,tʃ,k}
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| {ʔ,h}{s,r} → s
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| {ʔ,h} → ∅ / _ʃ
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| 7.16 Proto-Algonquian to Piscataway | ʔ → h / _C
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| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | ʔ → ∅ / C{v,l,s}_C
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| ʔ → ∅ / _CC
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| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.2.7 Proto-Philippine to Proto-Kalamian | {h,ʔ} → ∅
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| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {ts,ʈ} {ɟ͡ʝ,ɖ} {lʲ,ɲ} {ʔ,x,s,h} ʀ → t d n ∅ r (velar fricative is conjectured; changes → d “unsure”)
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | {ʔ,h} → ∅ / #_
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| {ʔ,h} → ∅ / V1[+high]_V2
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| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ʔ → ∅ / V_V
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| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | ʔ → ∅ / _# “(but aʔ → əʔ in some forms)”
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| 10.3.1 Proto-Oceanic to Hawai’ian | {h,ʔ} → ∅
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| 10.7.1 Proto-Rukai to Budai Rukai | {v,ʔ} ð → ∅ j
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| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | ʔ(ʷ)~qʼ(ʷ) → ʔ(ʷ)
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| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | ʔ~qʼ → ʔʷ
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| 13 Chumashan | 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ʔ → ∅ / _#
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| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.1 Pre-Bakairi to Eastern Bakairi | ʔ → ∅ / _C[+ fricative - voiced]
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| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | ʔ → ∅
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| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ʔ → ∅
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| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | ʔ → ∅
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| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ʔ ts ŋ → ∅ {ts,tʃ} n
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| iʔ uʔ → j w / C_V
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| V0ʔV0 → V0ː
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| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | ʔ ts → {ʔ,∅} {ts,tʃ}
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| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | ʔ ts → ∅ {s,ʃ}
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| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ʔ → ∅ / _nQ
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| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.2 Proto-Arawá to Banawá-Jamamadi | ʔ → ∅
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| 22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawara | ʔ → ∅
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| 22.5 Proto-Arawá to Kulína-Dení | ʔ → ∅ / #_
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| 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | ʔ → ∅ / #_, possibly everywhere?
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| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | {ʔ,h} → ∅
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| 23.1.3 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Misumalpan | {ʔ,h} → ∅
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| 27 Mayan | 27.4 Proto-Mayan to Ixilean | CVʔVC → CVʔC
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| 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | CVʔVC → CVʔC
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| 27.6 Proto-Mayan to Core K’iche’ | CVʔVC → CVʔC
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| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | CVʔVC → CVʔC
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| 28 Muskogean | 28.2.2 Proto-Western Muskogean to Choctaw | ʔ → ∅/ _#
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.20 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
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| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
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| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
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| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
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| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
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| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas] / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
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| Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
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| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | {xʲ,j}ʔ → ∅ / _#
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| Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
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| ʔ → ∅ / {s,ʃ,ɬ}_#
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| z(ʔ) ʒ(ʔ) ɮ(ʔ) → dz dʒ dɮ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ(ʔ) j(ʔ) → h ʔ / _#
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| {x,ɣ}ʔ → {ʔ,ɡ} (Hoijer notes a reflex “-g-”)
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| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
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| {x,ɣ}ʔ → ɡ
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| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
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| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | ʔ → ∅ (?)
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| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | ʔ → ∅ / #_
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| 33 Penutian | 33.3.1.3 Buena Vista Yokuts to Tulamni | Vʔ → Vː / stressed
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| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | V3ʔ → V3(ː)ʔ / _#
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| ʔ → ∅ V3_RV
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| ʔ → ∅ V3R_V
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| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | ʔn → ∅ / m_
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| V3ʔ → V3(ː) / _#
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
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| V3ʔ → V3ː / _O
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| V3ʔR → V3ːR
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| ʔ → ∅ / VR_V3
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| lʔn → lː / V3_V
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
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| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | V03ʔ(V0) → {V03ː,V03ʔV0}
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| V3ʔR → {V3ʔR,V3ːRʔ} / _V
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| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ʔn → ∅ / m_
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| V3ʔ → V3{ː,ʔ} / _O
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| V03ʔV0 → {V3ː,V03ʔV0}
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| V3ʔR → {V3ʔR,V3ːRʔ} / _V
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| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | mʔn → nʔ
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| V03ʔ(V0) → V03ʔV0
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| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | mʔn → d
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| V3ʔ → V3(ʔ) / _O
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| Rʔ → ʔR / V3C
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| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | ʔR → {ʔS,R} / V3_V
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| ʔ → ∅ / VR_V3
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| ʔ → ∅ / V3R_{C,#}
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1R_#
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
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| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | mʔ → ∅ / _n
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| ʔ → ∅ / V3l_nV
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| ʔ → {∅,ʔ} / V3R_{C,#}
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| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
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| ʔR → Rʔ / V3_V
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
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| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
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| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | ʔ → ∅ / V3_O
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| ʔ → ∅ / V3R_{V,#}
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| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | ʔ → ∅ / m_n
|
| ʔ → ∅ / V_V3
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1_#
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| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | ʔR → Rʔ / V3_V
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | ʔR → ʔ{R,b} / V3_V
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| Rʔ → ʔR / V3_#
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| ʔ → ∅ / V1R_#
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| ʔ → ∅ / V3R_C
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | ʔ → ∅
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | ʔ → ŋ / _V[-high]
|
| ʔ → ∅ / _{j,i,y}
|
| ʔ → ∅ / _u (not always? Perhaps some variation with [ɣ] here?)
|
| {long-tail vowel thingʔ,əʔ} → ɛʔ
|
| iʔ iw → eʔ ew / C̣_ (the latter with variant iɛu?)
|
| iʔ → ieʔ (→ i[truncated vowel-thing]ʔ?)
|
| uʔ → oʔ (occasionally → uɛʔ?)
|
| ujʔ → uɛʔ (dialectally → uɔʔ?)
|
| yʔ → yɛʔ / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_ in “QYS -juət-type” finals, dialectally?
|
| yʔ → oʔ (eventually → {ʊʔ,(i)uʔ?) / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_, in “QYS -k-types”
|
| yʔ → yʔ(~yɛʔ?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}, in -juət-types
|
| yʔ → ioʔ (→ iʊʔ dialectally?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}_, in -k-types
|
| yʔ → {ɥʔ,yʔ,uʔ} / C̣, in -juət-types
|
| yʔ → oʔ (→ ʊʔ?) / C̣_, in -k-types
|
| yjʔ → yʔ
|
| je jeʔ yeʔ → ɛ ɛʔ uɛʔ / C̣_
|
| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
|
| yeʔ → yɛʔ (→ {uɔʔ,yɔʔ} in southern speech?)
|
| wɔʔ → uɔʔ / C[+guttural]_
|
| wɔʔ → ɔʔ / else
|
| aʔ → ɔʔ / C[+guttural]_
|
| jaʔ → iaʔ
|
| waʔ → aʔ / C[+labiodental]_
|
| waʔ → uaʔ
|
| awʔ → ɔʔ (“Trigault gives a variant in -ɛʔ, which becomes general in the later GH varieties”)
|
| {jawʔ,wawʔ} → ɔʔ / C̣_
|
| jawʔ wawʔ → iɔʔ uɔʔ
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | (ʔ)kj (s)ɡj Nkj → (k)tç (s)kj Ndʒ
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | kj Nkj ʔkj ɡj sɡj → kj. nj ɡ.tsʰ kj skj.
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (P)ɡ sɡ çK Nɡ k sk rk (s)ɡj (ʔ)kj → (p)k sk çk mk kʰ zɡ Nɡ (s)kj (ʔ)kʰj
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | ʔkj → ktʃ.
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | ʔ → ∅ / C_
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | Vʔ → Vː[+low falling tone] / _C
|
| {Vh,Vʔ} → Vː / _#
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ʔ → ∅ / _nk(ʷ)
|
| Vʔ → ʔV / “in odd-numbered unaccented non-final syllables;” ! {ʔ,h}_
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | tʔ tsʔ kʔ kʷʔ → tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | {ʔ,h} → ∅ / _nh
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ʔ → ∅ / ”Vː[+falling tone]_C
|
| CʔV0 → CV0ʔV0
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ʔ → ∅ / ”Vː_
|
| {h,ʔ} → ∅ / _R “in post-tonic syllables”
|
| ʔ → h / _C “in post-tonic syllables”
|
| — CVʔ → C̊V̊ʔ̊ / _#
|
| — ʔ → h / _C#
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | ʔ → ∅ / _nk(ʷ)
|
| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | jʔ → ʔj
|
| 37.2 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Siouan | ʔ → ∅ / V_
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | CʔV0 → CV0ʔV0
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | ʔ → ∅ / _C
|
| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | ʔ → ∅ / C_
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | ʔ → ∅ / p_
|
| 37.2.7.1 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Biloxi | ʔ → ∅ / C_
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | ʔ → ∅ / C_
|
| 37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelo | ʔ → ∅ / C_
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | (ʔ)j → ʒ
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | (ʔ)j → ʒ
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | ʔ → ∅ / _j
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | ʔ → ∅
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | ʔ → ∅
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.5.1.1 Proto-Gorokan to Asaro | ʔ{l,d} ʔɡ → t k
|
| 41.5.1.2 Proto-Gorokan to North Fore | ʔ → n / before modal suffixes
|
| 41.5.1.3 Proto-Gorokan to South Fore | ʔ → n / before modal suffixes
|
| 41.5.1.5 Proto-Gorokan to Gimi | ʔ → ∅ / _#
|
| ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr → t p k v
|
| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.1.9 Proto-Gorokan to Siane | ʔŋɡ ʔd → ŋk t
|
| 41.5.1.10 Proto-Gorokan to Yagaria | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.2.2 Proto-Kainantu to Awa | ʔ → ∅ / _{p,t}
|
| ʔw ʔb ʔd ʔɡ → m p t k
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseño | ʔ → ∅ / #_
|
| 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | {ʔ,h} → ∅
|
| 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | hkʷ hʔ (h)S Sː → w ʔ S[+ voiced] S[- voiced - long] / V_V
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | ʔ → ∅ / _{ɲ,j}
|
| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | ʔ → ∅ / _ɲ
|