| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
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| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
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| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
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| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ai̯ au̯ / _#
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| ai au → ɛː ɔː / _…#
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| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | au ai → ɔ ɛ
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| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | ai → i / _C
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| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | a(C)i a(C)u → {a,ɛ}(C) {ɔ,a,ɛ}(C)
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | — {ai,oi} → iː / _#
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| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ai → ɛ
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| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ai → aː
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| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | ai au → eː oː
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| ai u → ei ʏ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (short only; in the case of [ʏ] at least this was not yet phonemic)
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| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | ai au → eː oː
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| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
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| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | a(i) {e,w{æ,i}} {we,ei} (w)ɪ → ey ø y ʏ / w_ ! hw_
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| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
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| ai wi (w)V → eː weː (w)Vː / _h#
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| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
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| ai → aː / _r
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| ai → aː / _h{C,V}
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| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
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| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
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| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
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| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
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| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
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| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {ai,oi} → i / j_
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| {ai,oi} → æː
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| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | aj → ai → eː (in rustic dialects)
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| aj → ai → ae
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| ai → ei → iː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
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| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
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| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {e,ai} → ɛ
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| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | ai → e / _#
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| ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
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| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | au ai → o e
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| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}i əj → e i
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| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}i əj → ai i
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| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | ai → e / if the *a is not stressed
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | ai → aːi
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| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
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| ɨ̯ai → aːi
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| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
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| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ɨ̯ai → ɨːi
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| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
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| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | ɨ̯ai → aːi
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | ai ɔi → ɛ yː
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