| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | q ʕ → ʔ h
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | {h1,h2} → h
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | x2 → h / #_
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | h1 → {h,∅} / #_
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | h1 → {h,∅} / #_
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | x2 → h / #_
|
| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | ħ ʕ → h ʔ
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | s → {ʃ,h} / in “anaphora and certain derivational prefixes. . .[t]his is common to many other Semitic languages as well”
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | ʔ → h / _l
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nθ nl → sː {sː,hl}
|
| ʔ → h / _l
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | s → h / {V,C}_
|
| r → h / C_
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | hʔ → ʔh
|
| ∅ → h / #_V
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | hʔ → ʔh
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | p t k → {hp,∅} ht {hk,∅}
|
| s → h
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | q → h / _tʃ
|
| N → h / _S
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | q → h / _tʃ
|
| N → h / _S
|
| l → h / _k
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | q → h / _tʃ
|
| N → h / _S
|
| l → h / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | q → h / _tʃ
|
| N → h / _S
|
| l → h / _k
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | q → h / _tʃ
|
| N → h / _S
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | ʔ → h / _C ! C = l, or when reduplicated
|
| {nθ,nl} → hl
|
| θ ʃ x → x s h / _{p,k}
|
| {tʃ,ç} → h / _k
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | ∅ → h / V[-long]_#
|
| {s,r} → h / _O
|
| N → h / _{O,r}
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {ʔ,h}{ɬ,l} → hs
|
| {θ,ʃ,tʃ,ç,x,ʔ} → h / _C
|
| C[-nas] → h / _k
|
| 7.16 Proto-Algonquian to Piscataway | ʔ → h / _C
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | ∅ → h / #_V
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | ɸ → h / ! _u
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {tʰ,d} {k,ɡ} → r {h,∅} / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| pʰ tʰ kʰ → p t {k,h}
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | b → h / medially, ! {r(ʲ),l(ʲ)}_ or _ɡ
|
| pʰ → {h,j} / #_
|
| pʰ → {b,h} / medially
|
| p → h (sporadic)
|
| ɡ → h / ! {C,V}_h
|
| ŋ → {m,n,ŋ,h}
|
| j → {j,h}
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | p → ɸ → h / #_
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | {z,ʃ} → h
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | s → h
|
| tʰ → h (Only seems to have occurred with first-register tones)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | s ts lʲ → h t n
|
| 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | q → h / _#
|
| HəS → (h)ə(N)S / #_
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | r → {r,h} → {∅,h}
|
| h → {∅,h}
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | r → h / _# (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| 10.1.1.5 Proto-Polynesian to Luangiua | f → h
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | {s,c} → h
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | ɡ → h / V_V
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | R q → r h
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | k → h / ! _#
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | H → {∅,h} / _əNS / #_
|
| 10.2.4 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayo-Javanic | q h → h ∅
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | h → {o,h,w} / V_V
|
| HəS → (h)əNS
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | HəS → (h)əNS / #_
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ∅ → h / a_#
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | ʀ →h / V_V(C)#
|
| ʀ → h / _#
|
| s → h / _#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — {p,t,k} s → ʔ h / _#
|
| 10.3.1 Proto-Oceanic to Hawai’ian | {s,f} → h
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | s → h → ∅ (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | s → h “(often)”
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | pː pwː tː ʈː qː kː → pʰ pwʰ cʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | pː pwː tː t̪ː kː cː → f hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| t tʰ → c h / _E
|
| jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | kʰ → h / _a
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | pː pwː tː qː cː → pʰ pwʰ tʰ h cʰ
|
| jʰ j → h ∅ / _i
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | pː pwː tː ʈ kː cː → f hʷ tʰ lʰ h s
|
| s → h / _i
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | pː pwː t̪ː tː ʈː cː kː → pʰ pwʰ t̪ʰ tʰ ʈʰ jʰ h
|
| jʰ → h / _i
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | ∅ → h / #_V (“it isn’t clear if this happens unconditionally”)
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | v(ʷ) → h
|
| s → h / “rarely”
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | s {c,*j} → h s
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | s → h “often”
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | {s,t} → h / _{n,l,r}
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | s c *J → {h,z} {s,z} z
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | s → h “irregularly”
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | s → h “irregularly”
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | {s,c} → {h,s}
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | s → h “irregularly”
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | s → h “often”
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | h → {h,j,∅} (Blevins has marked what apparently is *ɟ but I’m assuming it’s an error)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | k(ʷ) → h(ʷ)
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | p → h
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| q qːʼ ɢ → x {q(ː)ʼ,ɡh} qʼ (not sure if that last 〈gh〉 should be ɣ)
|
| s sː ɬː x xː → {s,ʃ} x ɬ {x,h} x
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | sː ɬ(ː) xː → h xʲ x
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | sː xː → {sː,h} x
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | sː ɬ(ː) xː → {ħ,xʲ} {sː,h} x
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | p → h / #_
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | p b t → f p {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| sḱ → h / medial
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| i̯ → h / V_
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| sḱ → h / medial
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| i̯ → h / V_
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | h2 h3 → hh h
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | h2 h3 → hh h
|
| hh h → h ∅ / ”Vː_u
|
| hh h → h ∅ / u_”Vː
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | s → h
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | h2 h3 → hh h
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | s → {s,h}
|
| h(j) → ŋh / a_a
|
| hw → ŋʷh / a_a
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | $ → h / V_ (what $ is is unclear)
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | θ → h / _ɪ
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | z x → ʀ h
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | β ɣ → f h / _%
|
| β ð ɣ → v θ h
|
| k → h / #_{v,n}
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | θ → h / #_B
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | ∅ → h / #_V
|
| h → {∅,h,k} / _r
|
| h → {∅,h,k,s} / _n
|
| hv → {h,k,s}w
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | s → h / #_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| j → h
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| kʂ → hk
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| sC → Ch
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | {s,ʂ} → h / _#C[- voice]
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ∅ → h / _ъ
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | x → h
|
| ɡʰ → {d,h,ɡ}
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | bʱ → h / #_ (in rustic dialects)
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | f → h (in Béarn and Gascon)
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | f → h / ! _{ue,L}
|
| x → h
|
| {s̪,s} → h / _$
|
| {s̪,s} → h “(in all environments)”
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | {ɡ́ʰ,x} {ɸ,θ,ɡʷʰ} → h f
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.2 Pre-Bakairi to Western Bakairi | z → h / V_a
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | ŋʷ hʷ → j̃ h
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ð → h / else
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | β ð → ∅ {s,h} / _i
|
| ð → h
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | p → h / _{o,u,w}
|
| ts → {h,j,∅}
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | p → {h,∅} / _{u,o}
|
| p → h / else
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | ts → {s,h}
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | tʃ ʈʂ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ → {tʃk,ʃɡ} tʃ h {ʃkʼ,tʃʼkʼ} tʃʼ
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | h → h~ʔ
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | h → h~ʔj
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | h → h~j
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopi | ɸ → h
|
| 21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iau | ɸ → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.2.1 Proto-East Tariku to Biritai | p → h~ɸ
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | p → p~h
|
| 21.2.2.5 Proto-East Tariku to Obokuitai | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | p → p~h
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | p → ɸ~h
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | p → ɸ~h
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substrate | pʰ → h / medially
|
| 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | {p(ʰ),ɓ} → h
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | s → kh / _(V)k
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | Vs → h / n_
|
| s → h / V_V
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | s → h / _Vn
|
| s h → {s,tʃ} {h,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | s → h / _(V)C
|
| m n h j → b {n,r,∅} {h,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.1 Proto-Tacanan to Cavineña | {ɕ,tɕ} → h
|
| 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | s ɕ → ð h
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | ɕ x → ð h
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | x → h / #_
|
| x → {h,∅}
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.3 Proto-Mayan to Huastecan | ŋ → h
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | ts x → s h / _C
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | x → h
|
| 28.1.3 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Hitchiti | x → h
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | x → h
|
| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | x → h
|
| C1[+ weak] C2[+ weak] → ʔ h / V_V#
|
| xʷ → h / %_{o,i}(C)#
|
| 28.2.2 Proto-Western Muskogean to Choctaw | xʷ → h / V_V
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | C → h / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | h → {h,∅}
|
| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | ɣ → h / in prefixes relating to word derivation
|
| t n x → d n h / in prefixes relating to word derivation
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
|
| x ɣ → h ∅ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
|
| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ(ʔ) j(ʔ) → h ʔ / _#
|
| x ɣ → h ʔ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | x(ʲ) {j,ɣ} → h ∅ / _#
|
| xʲʔ jʔ → h ʔ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | C → {h,ʔ} / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | ʃ → h / in the “1sg subject prefix”
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| ɬ → h / in the grammatical classifier
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| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | ʃ → h / in the “1sg subject prefix”
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| ɬ → h / in the grammatical classifier
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | p t d c ɟ k ɡ → ɸ ɹ {d,l} tʰ ∅ h {∅,ɡ}
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| 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | nk k → kʰ h / _u
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| p t tʃ k {dʒ,ɡ} ɲ → h r tɬʰ χ ∅ n
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| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | f → h (perhaps not in all languages?)
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| 30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanic | ɰ ɰ̃ w̃ → h h̃ h̃ʷ / #_
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| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | ç → hj
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| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | ʃ → h
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| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | h → {h,x,ʔ}
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| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(h) tʃʼ kʰ kʼ
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| x χ → s h
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| 33.3.1.2 Buena Vista Yokuts to Hometwoli | ∅ → h / V(ː)_, when stressed (only sometimes, “particularly before consonants”)
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| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | ʃ ʂ → s h
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| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | qh → h / _r
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| {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
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| ʂ → h / _{a,i}
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| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | ʃ ʂ → s h
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| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | ʂ → h / _{i,u}
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| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | q → h / {r,s}_
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| kʼ → h / j_
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| χ → h #_
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| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | k → h / _#
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| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
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| ʂ → h / _u
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | ɦ → h / S_V2
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| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | S{b,ɡ} Sk → v h / _V
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| N̥V → hṼ
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| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | S{b,ɡ} Sk → ∅ h
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| N̥V → hṼ
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| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | n̥ → l̥ → h / %_V
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| {r,s}N → N̥ → hṼ → hV
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| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
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| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
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| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | dʒ → tsh
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | {d,ɡ,s,l,r} → {h,r} / #_
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| pʰ b → h w
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | x → h / _C ! C_C
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| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | tsn → hst
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| n → h / _st
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| nh → hn
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| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | iji(ː) → hi(ː) / {k,s}_ “(possibly after all non-glottal obstruents)”
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| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ts → hs / V_ ! _{h,i,j,r}
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| t → h / _t
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| ths → tsh
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| ∅ → h / {t,k}_n
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| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | n hn sC → t th Ch / s_
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| k → h / _{t,ts,s,ʃ}
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| r → h / ʃ_
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| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ts → hs / V_V ! _i
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| jh → hj
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| hs → sh / C_
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| hts → tsh / C_V
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| k → h / _k
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| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ts → hs / V_{t,k(ʷ)}
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| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | jh → hj
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| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ths → tsh
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| hs → sh / _{n,w}
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| ʔ → h / _C “in post-tonic syllables”
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| — ʔ → h / _C#
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| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | r → h / s_
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| t → h / _{n,t}
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| {ths,tts} → tsh
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| ∅ → h / k_n
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| 37.2.2.1 Dakota to Santee Dakota | kr → hd / #_
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| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | k → h / _m
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| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | km → hp
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| sk kx → tsk hk / _”V
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| sk → hts / ”V_
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| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | sn mt → hn d
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | ŋ̊ → h
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | mw f → f {f,v,w,h}
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| xr x {x,ɣ}ʷ → r̥ h {w,v,h}
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| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | xr → h
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| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | r̥ → h
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| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | r̥ → h
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| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | r̥ → h
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| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | r̥ → h
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| ŋ ɡ ɣ → {h,ʃ} kʰ ɡ
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| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | r̥ → h
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| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | r̥ → h
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| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | k(ʷ)ʰ kʷ(ʼ) ɡ ɡʷ → h ɡ k kʷ
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | x {ɬ,tɬ} → h j
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | t k ŋ → {l,t} {h,k} n / #_
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| p k ⁿd → β {h,k} nj / V_V
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| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | k ᵐb ⁿd → {k,h} b {s,t} / #_
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | {z,x(ː)} → h
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| {p,k} → h / _t
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | Vh → hV / {j,v,n,r,l}_# (also some double-metathesis triggered by the condition of being m_ ?)
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| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.1 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Comanche | p t ts s → v r ∅ h
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| ∅ → h / Vu_k
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| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | (h)k → (h)q / _{o,a} ! ɨ_
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| (h)kʷ → hq(ʷ) / _{o,a}
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| m → h / _p
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| nː → h
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| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | s ŋ → h n
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | Sʰ → F → h (→ ∅) / #_
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| h̃ → h (not Souletin)
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| h…h → ∅…h (“affect[s] both the oral /h/ and the nasalized aspiration”)
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| *-ɾ → -h stuff in compounds
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | ŋ → {x,h} (various Mayan languages)
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