| 7 Algonquian | 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {k(ʷ)es,keθ} → sː
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | kʷ → {w,u}
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | kʷ → p / _#
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _u
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _a (rare)
|
| kʷ → {w,u}
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | kʷ → ∅ / u_
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _u
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | {qʷ,ku,qu} → kʷ (note that PAn might have had *qʷ *kʷ → q {k,w} instead; may be a change from POn-PAn, if it existed)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | k(ʷ) → h(ʷ)
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| kʷ → c / _B?
|
| kʷ → k / else?
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| kʷ → c / _B?
|
| kʷ → k / else?
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | kʷ → w
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | kʷ → t / _E
|
| kʷ → k / _E, in Milyan
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | k(ʷ) ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| k kʷ ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → x k ɡ / else
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — p…kʷ → kʷ…kʷ
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | kʷ → p
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → k ɡ / else
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | kʷ ɡʷ ɡʷʱ → ku ɡu ku
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | kʷ → ∅ / C_C
|
| kʷ → k / _{o,i,C}
|
| p…kʷ → kʷ…kʷ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / C_V
|
| kʷ → ɡ / V_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / #_a%”V
|
| kʷ → ɡw / V_a
|
| kʷ → kw / #_”a
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | kʷ → {v,u} / V_E
|
| kʷ → j{v,u} / V_a
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | kʷ → kw / #_”a
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e,o}
|
| kʷ → ɡ / V_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / VC_{a,i,e}
|
| kʷ → ɡw / V_a
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / _B
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → kw ɡw (in western dialects)
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ (else)
|
| (kʷ → ɡʷ → ɡ ?)
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | kʷ ɡʷ → p b / V_a
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | ḱ ɡ́ kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ p b
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {kʷ,kw} → k
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | ŋʷ {kʷ,hʷ} → m p
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | k(ʷ) → ʔ / _#
|
| kʷ → k
|
| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | kʷ → ∅
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | kʷ ɡ → ∅ k
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → b
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | k kʼ kʷ kʷʼ ɡ ɡʷ → kʲ kʲʼ tʂ tʂʼ ɡʲ ɖʐ
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | kʷ → ɾ / #_ek
|
| kʷ → b / else
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | kʷ → w / _eːj
|
| kʷ → w / _ek
|
| kʷ → ʍ / ku_ (medial)
|
| kʷ → kw / else
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | kʷ → p
|
| {ns,nt} nkʷ nj nw → (n)d (m)b r m
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → w / else
|
| 33.1.1.2 Proto-Utian to Proto-Miwok | kʷ ʃ → w ʂ
|
| 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → {k,w} / else
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → {k,w} / else
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | k kʷ → ts k / _i
|
| t ts k kʷ → d dz ɡ ɡʷ / _V
|
| 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | tʔ tsʔ kʔ kʷʔ → tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ
|
| t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R} ! _V[-voiced]
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | kʷ → xʷ / V_V
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | — t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | k(ʷ)ʰ kʷ(ʼ) ɡ ɡʷ → h ɡ k kʷ
|
| 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ɡʷ → k kʰ kʼ ɡ
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | hkʷ hʔ (h)S Sː → w ʔ S[+ voiced] S[- voiced - long] / V_V
|
| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | (h)kʷ → hq(ʷ) / _{o,a}
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | kʷ → b
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | kʷ → k / _#
|
| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | kʷ xʷ → k x / _#
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | kʷ xʷ → q χ / _# (the paper calls these “back velars”)
|