| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | m → n / “in certain contexts, notably in the nunation”
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | θ h {s,m,n,r} → ʃ ∅ ʔ / _C
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | ʃ m → x w / _B
|
| ʃ m → x w / B_#
|
| ʃ m → x b / o(ː)_e(ː)
|
| ʃ k m → s tʃ b / _{E,j}
|
| ʃ k m → s tʃ b / E_#
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ θ m → θ t w / _o(ː)
|
| ʃ θ m k → θ t b tʃ / _e(ː)
|
| ʃ {θ,t} m k → s ts tʲ bʲ / _{i(ː),j,#}
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | m → ʔ / _p
|
| tem {k,p}en → mː nː
|
| {me,ne} → ∅ / #_O “(followed by truncation of following x)”
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | m → ∅ / near nasals
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | kw pw mw → kʷ pʷ mʷ
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | mV[-long] → ∅ / #_{ʰC,s,ʃ} (allophonic, “optional”)
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | m n(ʲ) → b j / #_
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | ɡm rɡ → mɡ ɡr (this second one is listed as → rɡ but it might be a typo)
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | m n → b d (Only seems to have occurred with first-register tones)
|
| m → ∅ / _l
|
| 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | ml → mɲ → ɲ (Thompson seems to indicate that this may have become [l] as well; only seems to have occurred with second-register tones)
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | m → ∅ / _l
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | m → ɲ / i_#
|
| {p,t} {m,n} → k ŋ / ɯ_#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — m p → n t / {u,i}_
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | mb → p
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | β b m → βʷ bʷ mʷ / typically near *u
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | bw mw → ɡ ŋ
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | bw mw → ɡ ŋ
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | bw mw → ɡw ŋw (→ ɡ ŋ / _V[+ rounded])
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | p v m → t θ n / _{a,e,i}
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | m b → n̼ t̼ → n t / _{a,e,i}
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | m b → mʷ bʷ / _u
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | m ɲ → mʲ nʲ
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | {m,ɲ} n → {ɲ,∅} {ŋ,∅} / _# (first change marked “in progress?”)
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | m → {m,n}
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | m l → {m,n} {l,∅}
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | m → {m,b}
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | m → {m,b}
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | m → {m,b}
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | {ˀm,ˀn} → {∅,ʔ} (the former is more likely)
|
| 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj → m n l j
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | mp → p(ː) / V_V
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | am an {aːm,aːn} → õ æ̃ ã / _#
|
| {om,on} {em,en} {oːm,oːn} {eːm,eːn} → ɔ̃ ɛ̃ õ ẽ
|
| um → ũ / _#
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | m → w / #_
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / _#
|
| m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[+nasal]
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | {m,n} → ʋ / _# “(that’s a Greek nu, I’m not sure what it’s supposed to represent)”
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| m → n / V_#; “[i]t is thought that the vowel needs to be unstressed, but this is not certain”
|
| — hn hm → nː mː / [anything]_ (“[t]his change is a bit speculative”)
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
|
| mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| mp nt ŋk → m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | m → β / C[- voiced]_n, when medial
|
| m → ɸ / C[+ voiced]_n, when medial
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | mb ŋɡ → m ŋ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | m → n / _f
|
| m → ∅ / _n
|
| m → n / _f
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | m → f / _{n,ŋ}
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | lm → ml (sporadic)
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | lm → ml
|
| ms → ŋ(k)s
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | m → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | Vm → Ṽ / _(#){s,ɕ}
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | Vm → Vv → V[+nas]v / _V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | Vm → Vv → V[+nas]v / _V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | Vm → Vv → V[+nas]v / _V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | Vm → Vv → V[+nas]v / _V
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | mj pj bj → mlʲ plʲ blʲ
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | m → n / _# “(in certain common monosyllabic words, as well as some common compounds of them)”
|
| m → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {m,n,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| mn → nː → ɲ
|
| mnj → {mni,ɲ} / V_V
|
| b → m → ∅ / Vm_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — {m,n} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| — m → n / _#
|
| — m{ɲ,j} → ndʒ
|
| {n,m} → ∅ / C_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | {t,d,k,m,n,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | sːj (m)nj lj rj → jʃ ɲʎ jr / V_V
|
| mj → jm (irregular)
|
| m → ∅ / _n
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | mn → mpn → nː (dialectal)
|
| ms ns → mps nts (sporadic?)
|
| mbj → {mbj,mdʒ,ndʒ}
|
| mnj → ɲ (Limousin, as well as extreme eastern and southwest dialects)
|
| mnj → ndʒ (else)
|
| mj → {mj,ɲ}
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | {m,n,s} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| m s → n i / _#
|
| m → u / a_nV
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | m → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | mb mn → mː nː
|
| — mn → ɲ (sometimes)
|
| — mpVt skVp spVt stVk → nt sp st sk
|
| — ml nɾ → lm ɾn (sometimes)
|
| — mn ml → mbɾ mbl
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | mn → nm / V_V
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | Vm → Ṽ / _#
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | m → w / _#
|
| m → {w,p}
|
| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | j ŋʷ m n → ɲ m {m,p} {∅,t} / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | m p → ŋ k / _w
|
| V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | m p → ŋ k / _w
|
| {Vm,Vŋ} Vn → V[+nas] {Vr,V[+nas]} / _#
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ʕm → {b,ɓ}
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | {w,m} → b
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | m n h j → b {n,r,∅} {h,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | m → ŋ / _k
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | m → {m,b} (→ b seems more common)
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
|
| mp mb p b m → tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) ŋw / _{ʊ,o}V
|
| mp nt ɲtʃ nk mp nd ɲdʒ nɡ → pʰ tʰ tɬʰ qʰ p t tɬ k
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’m m ’n n {’ɲ,ɲ} ŋ → m {ᵐb,m} n {ⁿd,n} ɲ {ᵑɡ,ŋ} / in C2 position
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | mʔn → nʔ
|
| p(ʼ) m → ts(ʼ) ŋ / ! _u
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | mʔn → d
|
| m n → b d
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| mʔ → ∅ / _n
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
|
| mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | m n → b d
|
| 35.3 Shuswap to Eastern Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | em emˀ → u uʔ / w_ in U[- stressed]
|
| em emˀ → a aʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {p(’),m(ˀ)}_
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | {m,ŋ}l- → dʑ-
|
| 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | m → n / V_
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | m → n
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| am → an
|
| {jam,jan} → iɛn
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {Np,mb} → b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
|
| {r,s}p(ʰ) {r,s}{Np,(m)b} → f v / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | {Np,mb} → b / _V
|
| {r,s}pʰ {r,s}{(N)p,(m)b} → pʰ p b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}(N)p {r,s}b {r,s}mb → pʰ p b mb / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | rm rn → mj rw
|
| çm çnj → ç.n
|
| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | m → mt.
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | om → {o,a}m
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | im it ik is ij → em u e es e
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | om → {on,am}
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | im iŋ → wa ie
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | m → w / _ã
|
| m → n
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| km → kV0mV0
|
| 37.2.2.1 Dakota to Santee Dakota | {pr,mt} → md
|
| 37.2.2.2 Dakota to Teton Dakota | {pr,mt} kr → bl ɡl
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| mn → mV0nV0 / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| km → kV0pV0
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | m → ∅ / _n ! _n#
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
|
| mt → r
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | m → w (Crow seems to have gained a phonemic /m/ after this, however)
|
| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | mn → w / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| km → hp
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | mn → bl / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| mt → d
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| mn → bθ / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| mt → n
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | m → ∅ / #_n
|
| mn → bð / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| sn mt → hn d
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | m → ∅ / #_n (in morphemes) (*)
|
| 37.2.7 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Ohio-Valley | m → ∅ / {C,V}_n{C,V}
|
| {w,m} → ∅ / _t
|
| 37.2.7.1 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Biloxi | m → w / #_
|
| m → ∅ / #_n
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | m → w / #_
|
| m → ∅ / #_n
|
| 37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelo | mn → mV0nV0 / #_ (in morphemes)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | {f,v} {m,b} → pʰ b
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | {m,w} → v
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | mw f → f {f,v,w,h}
|
| {w,m} → v
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | m → w / ! _w
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.5.1.2 Proto-Gorokan to North Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
|
| 41.5.1.3 Proto-Gorokan to South Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
|
| m n → mb nd / #_
|
| 41.5.1.5 Proto-Gorokan to Gimi | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr → t p k v
|
| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.1.10 Proto-Gorokan to Yagaria | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | m → n / _{t,tsʲ,#}
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | {p,t,k}({p,t,k})n {p,t,k}({p,t,k})m → nː mː
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | m → n / _#
|
| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | m → h / _p
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
|
| -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | mb nd → ʙ dr (Nias)
|
| 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | m → n / _i (Tsakonian)
|