| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | in → ŋ / #_C
|
| 6.2.2.1.3 Ancient Egyptian to Coptic | n → l / #_Vb
|
| n → l / #_(V){s,ʃ,h}V{m,b}#
|
| n → l / #_V{m,b}{s,ʃ,h}
|
| n → l / #_Vk
|
| n → l / mV_C
|
| n → l / CV_m
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | {l,n}j → jː
|
| nx → xː
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | nr → rː
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nθ nl → sː {sː,hl}
|
| nj → i / #_
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | θ h {s,m,n,r} → ʃ ∅ ʔ / _C
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | n → ∅ / _j
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | n → ∅ / _j
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | nr → s
|
| nθ hs → sːt sː
|
| nkw → ʔː
|
| {n,s} → x / _t
|
| ntʃ → ʔt
|
| ns sk → {x,s} {x,sː}
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| on → u / _iC
|
| tem {k,p}en → mː nː
|
| {me,ne} → ∅ / #_O “(followed by truncation of following x)”
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | {nθ,nl} → hl
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | n{θ,l} h{θ,ʃ} → ∅ s
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {n,r} → ∅ / _r
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | n → m / #_
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | m n(ʲ) → b j / #_
|
| {d,n} → j / #_ (?) (marked as to Pre-Proto-Turkic)
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | b…n → m…n
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | nj → jn
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | m n → b d (Only seems to have occurred with first-register tones)
|
| {n̥j,nj,ɲ̊j,ɲj} → ɲ j
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | {n̥j,nj,ɲ̊j,ɲj} → ɲ (Thompson appears to me to have hedged a bit on the last one; based on other evidence in the paper I’m sticking this one as a palatal nasal)
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | c ɲ t n → t n k ŋ / a_ (short /a/ only)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1.5 Proto-Polynesian to Luangiua | n → ŋ
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | l n → r l / #_ (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.3.1 Proto-Malayic to (Standard) Malay | n → ɲ / “in the environment of i (sporadic)”
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | n dz → l r
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | n → l / #_
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | {p,t} n → c̚ ɲ / {i,ɛ}_#
|
| {p,t} {m,n} → k ŋ / ɯ_#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | n → ɲ / “in the environment of i”
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | {nts,ns,nz,nɡʲ} {ts,z,ɡʲ} → ɡʲ s
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | ndr *R → d r
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | ndr → d
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | n n̥ → ɲ ɲ̊ / _E
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | n → ŋ / qV[- stress]_
|
| n → ŋ / _V[- stress]q
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | {n,ŋ} → ɲ / _E
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | nr → d
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | ndr *R → d r
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | {m,ɲ} n → {ɲ,∅} {ŋ,∅} / _# (first change marked “in progress?”)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | n → ŋ / _# (?)
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | n → ŋ / _# (?)
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | {ˀm,ˀn} → {∅,ʔ} (the former is more likely)
|
| 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj → m n l j
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | n nː rn → {n̲,r} n̲(ː) ɳ / V_V
|
| nr̀ → n̲r̲
|
| 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | nr̀ → nr
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | am an {aːm,aːn} → õ æ̃ ã / _#
|
| {om,on} {em,en} {oːm,oːn} {eːm,eːn} → ɔ̃ ɛ̃ õ ẽ
|
| n → ŋ / _{k,ɡ}
|
| tː nt → cː ɲc / {i,j}_
|
| n tː → n̪ t̪ː
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | n → t / #_ (except, maybe, “in exclamations”)
|
| nV1nV2 → nV2nV2
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / _#
|
| m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[-nasal]
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | m n ŋ → v t ɣ / _C[+nasal]
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | Vn → V[+nasal] / _C?
|
| n → ɲ (sometimes?)
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | n → ∅ / V_C?
|
| n → ɲ (sometimes?)
|
| n → ɾ
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | {m,n} → ʋ / _# “(that’s a Greek nu, I’m not sure what it’s supposed to represent)”
|
| n → ∅ / _P “(leaves nasalization on the previous vowel)”
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| — n → ∅ / {i,o,u}_{p,t,k,s}
|
| — {a,e}n → eː / _{p t k s}
|
| — hn hm → nː mː / [anything]_ (“[t]his change is a bit speculative”)
|
| — {l,h}l {l,h}r l{p,s,n} r{p,s} ln → lː rː lː rː (lː?) / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| mp nt ŋk → m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | n → ∅ / _# when unstressed (not clear as to whether m → n beforehand in this position or not)
|
| hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | pVn tVn kVn → ʔm̩ ʔn̩ ʔŋ̩ / _#
|
| n → ∅ / V_C (in words of more than one syllable)
|
| n → ∅ / V_V# “in some disyllabic words”
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | m → n → ∅ / _# when unstressed
|
| hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | jan → en / CC_#
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | n → ŋ / _{k,ɡ}
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | n → ∅ / V{ː,V}_hV
|
| Vn → Vː / _hV
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | ʀn → nː
|
| waː naː → oː noː / %u in #U
|
| n → ∅ / f_{d,s,t}
|
| n → ∅ / l_b
|
| n → ∅ / m_{s,b}
|
| n → ∅ / ŋ_{s,w}
|
| n → ∅ / r_{s,t,w}
|
| n → ∅ / t_s
|
| l(ː)ʀ n(ː)ʀ → lː nː / ”Vː_ (or all V_ ?)
|
| {l(ː),n}{r,ʀ} → ∅ / V{ː,V}_
|
| ðl(ː) ðn(ː) → lː nː
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| lθ nθ → lː nː
|
| n → θ / _{m,ŋ}
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | n → ŋ / _{k,ɡ}
|
| {n̥n,nn̥ → tn̥ / V_
|
| nn̥,n̥n → n̥
|
| {r̥n,r̥n̥,rn̥ → tn̥
|
| rn → tn̥ / _#
|
| hr hn → r̥ n̥ / #_
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | ny → in
|
| n → ∅ / m_
|
| ɡn ɡl → nj lj
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | nd ld (→ nː lː ?) → ɲ ʎ
|
| n → ∅ / _m#
|
| n l → ɲ ʎ / _C
|
| rn {lː,rl} → ɲ ʎ
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| n → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | Vns → V(ː)s (Tucker says that “[i]n a few Doric dialects the lengthening did not occur”)
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | Vns → Vːs
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | n → ɳ / R(V)_
|
| t d(ʱ) n → ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / C̣_ ! _r
|
| s t d(ʱ) n → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / _C̣
|
| ls lt ld(ʱ) ln → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / “disputed”
|
| n → ɲ / ɟ_
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | Cn → CC / V_V ! C = dʒ
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | Cn → CC / V_V ! C = dʒ
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | Cn → CC / V_V ! C = dʒ
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | Cn → CC / V_V ! C = dʒ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | n → ŋ / _S[+velar] (regional)
|
| n → m / {b,p}{l,r,ʐ}V_
|
| n → s → ɕ / k_ɛ̃ where the vowel was from Proto-Slavic
|
| n → s / k_Vn
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {d,n,r} → l / _l
|
| n → r / _r
|
| n → l / l_
|
| {n,d}…r → r…r
|
| n → ∅ / V[+nas]_
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | n → ∅ / _s
|
| {m,n,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| ndj → ɲ
|
| mn → nː → ɲ
|
| ɡn tj → ɲ ∅ / V_V
|
| sj ssj jn → js jʃ ɲ / V_V
|
| mnj → {mni,ɲ} / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| n → r → br / m_
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — n → ∅ / _{f,v,s}
|
| — {m,n} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| {ɡn,nj} → ɲ
|
| nk → ɲ / _t
|
| n → r / {ɡ,p}_
|
| {n,m} → ∅ / C_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | {dj,ɡj} lj {nj,ɡn} → dʒ ʎ ɲ
|
| {t,d,k,m,n,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | n → ∅ / _s
|
| nɡi → ɲ
|
| ks ɡn tj → ʃ ɲ {z,s} / V_V (tj → s is learned)
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| sːj (m)nj lj rj → jʃ ɲʎ jr / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | n → ∅ / V_# (did not occur in extreme western areas, some northern areas, the southeast, and the east)
|
| n → ∅ / _s# (except for eastern and southeastern dialects)
|
| n → ∅ / r_(s)#?
|
| mn → mpn → nː (dialectal)
|
| ms ns → mps nts (sporadic?)
|
| {l,r}w {n,ŋk,ŋɡ}w → lɡʷ ŋɡʷ → lɡ ŋɡ
|
| dVɡ (n)dVɡ → dʒ(?) ndʒ
|
| lː{j,Vdʒ} lnj → ʎ ɲ
|
| nj → ɲ
|
| mnj → ɲ (Limousin, as well as extreme eastern and southwest dialects)
|
| mnj → ndʒ (else)
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| {ndj,ndʒj} ndʒ → ɲ {ɲ,ndʒ}
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| nt nd → {∅,n} ∅ / _# (in some Languedoc and Gascon areas)
|
| nd → n / _# (in western areas and for some speakers of Limousin)
|
| ɡn{d,t} → ŋn{d,t} → ɲ{d,t} → {(i)nd,ɲd,ndʒ} or t(ʃ)
|
| ɡn → ŋn → ɲ
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | n → ∅ / _{f,v,s}
|
| {m,n,s} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
|
| {n,l} → ∅ / _j
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | nd {lː,ld} → ɳɖ ɖː / V_V
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| ɡn → nː
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | ns → s (with a few exceptions)
|
| mb mn → mː nː
|
| {jl,lj} {jn,nj} {jɡ,ɡj} → ʎ ɲ ʝː
|
| — mn → ɲ (sometimes)
|
| — ndzVɡ → nɡ
|
| — n → {l,ɾ} / _m
|
| — n → {ɾ,l} / nɡ_
|
| — n → ɾ / nd_
|
| — dn dl → nd ld
|
| — ml nɾ → lm ɾn (sometimes)
|
| — mn ml → mbɾ mbl
|
| n → ŋ / _#
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| oː(s,y) oːn → u {u,õ}
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | n → j / V_sV ! E_
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | mn → nm / V_V
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| ð nŋʷ → c β / #_V[-nas]
|
| j ŋʷ m n → ɲ m {m,p} {∅,t} / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ts (n)dz → {s,ts} s
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | {(n)dz,ts} → s / _i
|
| {(n)dz,ts} → t / else
|
| n → ∅ / ! #_V[-nas]
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | {Vm,Vŋ} Vn → V[+nas] {Vr,V[+nas]} / _#
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | Vn → V[+nas] (sometimes)
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | V{m,n} → V[+nas] / _#
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | Vn → V[+nas] / _# (sometimes)
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| !̃(n) → ŋ
|
| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| !̃n → ŋɡj~!̃
|
| 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | !̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| !x !̃n → x ŋɡj~!̃
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ǀ̃(n) → {ǂ̃,ǂ}
|
| ! !ˀ !̃n → !ɡ ~ !̃
|
| ǂ {ǂ̃n,ǂˀ,ǂxʼ} → ǂɡ ǂ
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| 20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| ! !̃n → ! !̃
|
| ǂ̃n → ǂ
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ǀ̃(n) → j
|
| ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋ x
|
| ǂ ǂ̃n ǂˀ → c ɲ ʔj
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ǀ̃(n) ǀxʼ → j ǀˀ
|
| ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋɡ x
|
| ǂ̃n ǂxʼ → ɲ ǂˀ
|
| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | Vn ŋ → V[+nas] ∅ / _#
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | n → {n,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | nVs dVs → n(V(s)) ʒ(Vʒ)
|
| n j → {n,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | {d(V)s,n(V)j} n(V)s → r {VsV,r}
|
| m n h j → b {n,r,∅} {h,∅} {j,∅}
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | n → ɲ / i_{o,a} (the former is conjectured)
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | nt → tː
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.3 Proto-Athabaskan to Beaver | {n,ɲ} → d / $_V[-nas] (→ dʒ in the British Columbian dialect)
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | {n,ɲ} → ⁿdʒ / _E[-nas]
|
| {n,ɲ} → ⁿd / _V[-nas]
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | n → (ⁿ)d / $_V[-nas]
|
| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | VnC → V[+ nas]C / _#, unless C = ʔ
|
| t n x → d n h / in prefixes relating to word derivation
|
| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | n → d
|
| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | n → ⁿd
|
| Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas]C / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | Vnʔ VnC → V[+ nas] V[+ nas] / _#
|
| n → ⁿd
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
| n → ⁿd
|
| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | Vnʔ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
| n → ⁿd
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | n → ⁿd
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| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | {n,ɲ} → ⁿd
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| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {n,ɲ} → ⁿd
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
|
| nk k → kʰ h / _u
|
| mp nt ɲtʃ nk mp nd ɲdʒ nɡ → pʰ tʰ tɬʰ qʰ p t tɬ k
|
| 30.1.1.3.1 Proto-Sam to Amu | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| {ndj,nz} → n̪d̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.2 Proto-Sam to Bajuni | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| {ndj,nz} ɲz → n̪d̪ n̪ ð
|
| 30.1.1.3.3 Proto-Sam to Mwiini | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| ndj → n̪d̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.4 Proto-Sam to Siu-Pate | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| {ndj,nz} z → n̪d̪ ð
|
| 30.1.1.3.5 Proto-Sam to Proto-Aweera | nz z c → ɲd̪ ʃ
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’m m ’n n {’ɲ,ɲ} ŋ → m {ᵐb,m} n {ⁿd,n} ɲ {ᵑɡ,ŋ} / in C2 position
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | n → ŋ / #(C)V_
|
| 30.3.1.1.13 Proto-Vhe to TẸ́wun | n → ŋ / _ũ
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | n → nʲ
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | l n → lʲ nʲ / e_ in U[-long -stress]
|
| et el en → itʲ elʲ enʲ
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | n → {n,ɲ} (the latter “under obscure conditions”)
|
| Yt Ynt Ys → tʃ dʒ ʃ
|
| {ns,nt} nkʷ nj nw → (n)d (m)b r m
|
| nk → {ɡ,ŋ} (the latter “under obscure conditions”)
|
| {in,en} an → a u
|
| {iHn,eHn,aHn} uHn → ã ũ
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | n → l
|
| ʔn → ∅ / m_
|
| lʔn → lː / V3_V
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ʔn → ∅ / m_
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | mʔn → d
|
| m n → b d
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | n → ∅ / mʔ_
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | mʔn → nʔ
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | n → ∅ / mʔ_
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | m n → b d
|
| 35.3 Shuswap to Eastern Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | en enˀ → i iʔ / {ts(’),s,j(ˀ)}_ in U[- stressed]
|
| en enˀ → a ʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {t(’),lʲ,{n,l}(ˀ)}_
|
| 35.4 Shuswap to Spokane-Kalispel Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | n nˀ → i iʔ / C_s
|
| n nˀ → i iʔ / _{i,ʃ} (sporadic)
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | un → uɛn / ! {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| uɛn → ɛn / ʋ_
|
| yn → un / C̣_ (may have stayed yn or → ɥn in at least one area?)
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| yen → uɛn / C̣_
|
| yen → yɛn
|
| ɔn → an; “[t]his final occurs exclusively after SR gutturals”
|
| wɔn ja wa → uɔn ia ua
|
| {jam,jan} → iɛn
|
| wan → an / C[+labiodental]_
|
| wan → uan / else
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {r,s}l {r,s}n → l̥ N̥ / %_V
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | rnj → rɲ ?
|
| n → ∅ / a_
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | rm rn → mj rw
|
| Nn → m / _j
|
| rnj → r.mj
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | an {at.is} → o ie
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | ŋ(w) N{ŋ,nj} → ȵ mɳ
|
| an → ia
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | n → ∅ / a_
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | nj → ɲ / #(r)_
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | un → ial
|
| an → a(i)
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | Nnj → mɲ
|
| nj rnj → nj rɲ
|
| ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
|
| an → ɿɛ
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | Nnj → mɲ ?
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | Nnj çnj → mn ʃn
|
| an ap → ai ie
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | tsn → hst
|
| n → h / _st
|
| {n,r} → ∅ / _j
|
| nh → hn
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | n → ∅ / _ti
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | n → t / _k(ʷ)
|
| ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | n → ∅ / t(h)_
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| n → ∅ / _i “(in pronominal prefixes only)”
|
| n hn sC → t th Ch / s_
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | n → t / _h
|
| n → ⁿd / _{V[-nas],r}
|
| n → ŋ / _{j,w}
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| n → t / _k(ʷ)
|
| n → ∅ / h_r
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ns → ts / _{t,k(ʷ)}
|
| n → ∅ / _s
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | n → ∅ / _s
|
| n → t / _k(ʷ)
|
| n → t / ʔ_#
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | n → t / ! _{h,kʷ,V[+nas]}
|
| n → t / _kʷ
|
| n r w j → n̥ r̥ w̥ j̊ / _{#,O}
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| mn → mV0nV0 / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| sn → {ʃV0nV0,sV0rV0}
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | n → r / ! at word boundaries
|
| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | n → r
|
| mn → w / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| sn → tsV0rV0
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | mn → bl / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | n → θ / _{ã,ẽ,õ}
|
| mn → mV0nV0 / #_
|
| mn → bθ / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | n → ð / _{ã,ẽ,õ}
|
| mn → bð / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| sn mt → hn d
|
| 37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelo | mn → mV0nV0 / #_ (in morphemes)
|
| sn → sV0nV0
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | n → ∅ / _r
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | p t nj → {t,r} {r,s,t} s / _#
|
| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | nj → s / #_ (?)
|
| ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ nj → {p,ᵐb} {ⁿd,z} k z / V_V
|
| 41.5.1.2 Proto-Gorokan to North Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
|
| 41.5.1.3 Proto-Gorokan to South Fore | Nw Nm N{n,j} → ŋk mp nt
|
| m n → mb nd / #_
|
| 41.5.2.1 Proto-Kainantu to Auyana | N{w,d,r} nj → ŋk nt (not sure if *nj is supposed to be *ɲɟ)
|
| 41.5.2.3 Proto-Kainantu to Gadsup | nw nr → mb nd
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t ᵐb ⁿd {k,ᵑɡ} nj → {r,t} p {d,t} ɡ r / V_V
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | t ᵐb nj s → r {b,p} ⁿd {s,d} / V_V
|
| 41.11 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Middle Wahgi | n ŋ → m n / #_
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | n → ∅ / _tː
|
| n → ∅ / _{s,ts}
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
|
| {p,t,k}({p,t,k})n {p,t,k}({p,t,k})m → nː mː
|
| {ks,nts} nt → s t / _#
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| sn → ns
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | n → ∅ / _#
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i
|
| Vn → Vː / _s
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | n → ɲ / _V[+high]
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | Vn → Ṽ / _# (seems to have been reverted in most dialects, except for Souletin)
|
| Vn → Ṽ / _V (?)
|
| n →m / u_V
|
| n → ɲ / {i,ɪ}_V
|
| n → h̃ / V_V
|
| nb → mː → m
|
| l n →ʎ ɲ / E_
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | n → ∅ / _t
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
|
| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | en an → ẽ ã
|
| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
|
| -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | n → ŋ (Samoan, but only in colloquial speech)
|
| mb nd → ʙ dr (Nias)
|
| 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | n → i / _s and sometimes other fricatives (Montana Salish)
|