| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | ʒ → {tʃ,ts}
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | z → ts / Vj_
|
| ts tsː → s ts / V_
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | z → ts / Vj_
|
| tsː → ts / V_
|
| 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.2 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythrean | tʃ dʒ → ts dz
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ {θ,t} m k → s ts tʲ bʲ / _{i(ː),j,#}
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | t → ts / _{i,e(ː),a}
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | tʃ → ts
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | tʃ → ts
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | b dz → p ts
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | t → ts / _V[+ high]
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | {z,dr} → ts
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | S1 s c → s t ts
|
| 10.7 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Rukai | S1 s d2 *C → s θ ð ts (not sure what *C stands for here)
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| st(ː) → ts
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {tsʼ,tʃʼ} ʒ ts
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | {tsː,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → ts tsʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | {tsː,stː} dz st → sː {tsː,z} ts
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | {ts,st} tsːʼ dz → {s,ts} {d,t} z
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | tsː tʃː → ts tʃ / #_
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | {ts,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → s ts
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → x ts {x,tsʼ} l
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tʃː tɕː → p t ts tsʷʲ ʃ tʃ tɕ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | s → ts → tʃ / in some dialects?
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | t → ts / _i ! s_
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | ḱ ɡ́ → ts dz
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | t → {ts,k} / _w
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → pf ts kx / #_
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / {L,N}_
|
| pː tː kː → pf ts kx
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | k → ts / _E (ɡ → dz here?)
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | s → ts / {l,n}ː_
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | tj → tsj
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | t → ts / _{i,e}
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | k ɡ x → ts dz s / _{æː,i}
|
| k ɡ x → ts dz s / “After some syllables with front vowels”
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ ɕ ʑ → ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ɖʐ ts ʒ
|
| tɕts ʑr̝ → jts jr̝
|
| ʈʂs → ts
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {t,d}t → tst → sː
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | j tj → dʒ ts / #_
|
| — (k)kj → ts
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | tj ks w → ts sː ɡw
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| dj → dz → ts → s / r_V
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| kj → ts → s / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | tʃ → ts (sometimes)
|
| tʃ → ts → s / #_
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| tʃs → {ts,tʃ} (varies)
|
| ms ns → mps nts (sporadic?)
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| ptj → ts → s
|
| rtʃj → rts (→ rs ?)
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rtVɡ → {rdʒ,rts(→ rs)}
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| tːj → ts → s
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| bk → pts / _a
|
| βtʃ → u{ts,dz} → u{s,z}
|
| ktʃ → its → is (else)
|
| dtʃ → ts (in Auvergne and some western areas)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | t d s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | k → ts / _i
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {tj,kj} {tːj,kːj,ptj,ktj,skj} → ts tːs
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| pː tː kː sː tːs ʝː → p t k s ts ʝ
|
| — tst dzd → ts dz
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | dz → ts
|
| {t,dʱ} → ts / _y
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ts (n)dz → {s,ts} s
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ʔ ts ŋ → ∅ {ts,tʃ} n
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | ʔ ts → {ʔ,∅} {ts,tʃ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | t → {ts,tʃ} / _{i,ı̃}
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.1 Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian | ʈʂ {ʈʂʼ,tɬʼ} → ts tsʼ
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ts dz kxʼ → {ts,s} d ∅
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ts dz → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} dz~ts
|
| 20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | ts → {ts~tsɦ,s}
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | s → {ts,ʃ} / _i
|
| s → {s,ts}
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | tʃ ɕ → ts ʃ
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | tʃ → ts / _E
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | tʲ(ʼ) → ts(ʼ)
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.3 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Hitchiti | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | ts tʃ → s ts
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1 Proto-Na-Dene to Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz s
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz {s,ʃ}
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | ts → ts : tɬ
|
| tʃ → {tʃ,ts} : tɬ
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
|
| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | k ɡ s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| t d → ts dz / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | {t,k} {d,ɡ} → ts dz / _i
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | c → ts
|
| tʃ → ts / a_
|
| ʃ → ts / _i, in monosyllables
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | ʈ → {ʈ,ts,tʃ} / _{j,ɾ}
|
| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ
|
| 33.3.2.2.6 Valley Yokuts to Yawelmani | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ (except in “lexicalized diminutives”, where these go to ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t ts k q
|
| ts(h) tʃ → tʃ ts
|
| tʃ → ts / _q
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | ʈʂʼ → ts
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | p(ʼ) m → ts(ʼ) ŋ / ! _u
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | b d dz ɡ → {p,pʼ} {t,tʼ} {ts,tsʼ} {k,kʼ}
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | NTS PTS KTS sTS çTS → {Ndz,mts} kts(ʰ) ptsʰ sts {sts,rj}
|
| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | çl → rts
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | Nkj ɡj sɡj → mj ts stʃj
|
| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | ɡj → cç ? (might be → tsç?)
|
| lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | dʒ → tsh
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | z → ts / r_
|
| ts dz NTS KTS sTS → tʃ ts {ts,m} ɡts sp
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | Np Nb Nt Nɡ Nç → sts mp mtʰ mk ntsʰdz
|
| NTS KTS lTS → mʈʂ {kts,ʈʂʰ} bɖʐ
|
| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | k kr kj ɡ → k. k.r ts. ɡ
|
| ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| tʰ → ts / _i
|
| r → ts / _i
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | k kʷ → ts k / _i
|
| ks → ts / _V
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| ths → tsh
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| hts → tsh / C_V
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ns → ts / _{t,k(ʷ)}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ths → tsh
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | {ths,tts} → tsh
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | k → ts / _i
|
| sk → tsk / _”V
|
| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | sn → tsV0rV0
|
| sk → tsuk / _”u
|
| sk kx → tsk hk / _”V
|
| sk → hts / ”V_
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| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | t → ts / _ʔ
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| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | t → ts / _E
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| t → ts / _ʔ
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| pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | nʲ tʲ tʃ kʲ → n t s ts k
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
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| tʃ → ts / _k, in South Estonian
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| t → ts / _i ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
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| tj → ts / ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | θ(ː) ð → ts d (this latter does have some highly sporadic exceptions; additionally, in some dialects these may become {t(ː),h~t} and {r,∅}, respectively)
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