| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | sx → ʃ
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| {ʔ,hx} → ∅
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| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | sx → tʃ
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| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | sx → ʃ
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| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | sx → ʃ
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| 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
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| {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ɣ(ʷ)
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| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
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| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
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| x → ∅
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| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | {x,ɢ} → ∅
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| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | xw → ɣw → ħ
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| xV → k / _h
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| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | k x → c ç / _{j,E}
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| nx → xː
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| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | x → χ (conjectured based upon the following but not outright stated in the article)
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| 6.2.2.1.15 Classical Arabic to Sa‘idi Arabic | q x ɣ → ɡ χ ʁ
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| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | dʒ x ɣ → ʒ χ ʁ
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| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | x ɣ kˤ → ħ ʕ q
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| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | x ʕ → χ ʔ
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| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | {x,h}S → Sː
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| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | {x,h}S → Sː
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| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | x → sː / {i,#e,ja,ke}_
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| x → sː / e(ː)_s
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| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | θ ʃ x → x s h / _{p,k}
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| x → χʷ / o(ː)_{V,#}
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| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {θ,ʃ,tʃ,ç,x,ʔ} → h / _C
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| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | x → ∅ / _{p,k}
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| 8 Altaic | 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | x → q
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| 10 Austronesian | 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {ts,ʈ} {ɟ͡ʝ,ɖ} {lʲ,ɲ} {ʔ,x,s,h} ʀ → t d n ∅ r (velar fricative is conjectured; changes → d “unsure”)
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| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | {ç,s} x → tᵚ ∅
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| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | s sː ɬː x xː → {s,ʃ} x ɬ {x,h} x
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| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | ʃː ɬ ɬː x xː → ɣʲ j ʃ ɣ x
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| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x → s ʒ ʃ l ɬ ɣ
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| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | k kʼ ɡ x ɣ → kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ ɕ ɣ~ʁ
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | hx → ∅
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| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | xt → iθ
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| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | f θ s x → β ð z ɣ “(Except initially or following IE stress)”
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| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | {ɸ,x} → ∅ / _# (seems to be sporadic)
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | xw → ʍ
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| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
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| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | xs → sː
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| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | — x ɣ → {x,χ} {ɣ,x,χ} / in northern dialects
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| — x ɣ → ç ʝ / in southern dialects (the articles use velar phonemes here but describes them as “front velar”; based on the description and on representations in other articles, the palatal phonemes are used here)
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| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | x → k / _s
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| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | z x → ʀ h
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| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| ɡ x → j ç / _{ɛ,i}
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| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | {Hx,m̩,n̩} → a
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| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | k ɡ x → tʃ ʒ ʃ / _{e(ː)(i),i(ː)}
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| k ɡ x → ts dz s / _{æː,i}
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| k ɡ x → ts dz s / “After some syllables with front vowels”
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| kj ɡj xj → tʃ ʒ ʃ
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| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | sk x → ɕtɕ ɕ / _E
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| x → ɕ / E_
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| {xv,pv} → f
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| x → ∅ / _r “in the word ‘robak’”
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| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | x → h
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| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {k,ɡ} → x → j / _{t,s,n,l}
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| x → h
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| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | {ɡ́ʰ,x} {ɸ,θ,ɡʷʰ} → h f
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| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | !x → x
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| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | !x → !x~x
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| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | !x → x
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| 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | !x !̃n → x ŋɡj~!̃
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| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋ x
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| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋɡ x
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| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | !̃ !x → !̃(n) !x~x
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| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.1 Proto-Tacanan to Cavineña | x → k
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| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | ɕ x → ð h
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| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | x → h / #_
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| x → {h,∅}
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| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | ts x → s h / _C
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| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | V0xV0 → V0ː
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| x → w / a_o
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| x → h
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| 28.1.3 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Hitchiti | x → j / V0_V0
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| x → h
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| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | x → h
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| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | x → j / V0_V0
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| ʃ x → ts h
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| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | ʃ x → ts h
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| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | x → h
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | x xʷ → {xʲ,j} {ʂ,ʐ}
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| 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | {ʃ(ʷ),x} → s
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| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | {ʃ(ʷ),x {z,ʒ(ʷ),ɣ} → s j
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| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | t n x → d n h / in prefixes relating to word derivation
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| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | {xʲ,j}ʔ {x,ɣ}ʔ → ∅ h(ʔ) / _#
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| x ɣ → h ∅ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɣʔ → h ʔ ∅ ʔ / E_#
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| xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
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| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
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| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | {x,ɣ} → ∅ / _(ʔ)#
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| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | x ɣ → h ʔ / _#
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| {x,ɣ}ʔ → {ʔ,ɡ} (Hoijer notes a reflex “-g-”)
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| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | x(ʲ) {j,ɣ} → h ∅ / _#
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| {x,ɣ}ʔ → ɡ
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| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | x → ∅ / ʃ_
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| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | x(ʷ) → x
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| x → ∅ / {s,ʃ}_
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| 33 Penutian | 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | tʃʰ kʰ qʰ {x,χ} → tʃ k(ʰ) {kʰ,qʰ,χ} kʰ
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| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | x χ → s h
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| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | x → s
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | xɦ → ∅ / _j(w){?,ia,a(ta)}
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | x → ∅ / _k
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| x → h / _C ! C_C
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| x → k
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| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | x → ∅ / _{i,j}
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| x → e / #_r
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| x → j / _V
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| x → ∅
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| 37.2 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Siouan | x → ç / _{i,u}
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| 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | ç x → x ʃ
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| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
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| x → ʔ / ”Vk_
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| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | ç x → x {ʃ,ʒ}
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| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | x → ∅ / _k
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| x → ∅ / k_”V
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| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
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| xk → ɡ
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| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
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| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | x → ∅ / k_”V
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| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | sk kx → tsk hk / _”V
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| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | {ç,x} → z (sporadic)
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| xk → (ʃ)k / _”V
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| xk → ɡ / ”V_
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| x → ʔ / k_”V
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| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | x → ʒ (*)
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| 37.2.7.1 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Biloxi | kx → xk / ”V_
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| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | s {ç,x} → f s
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| x → s / _k
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| kx → sk / ”V_
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| kx → s
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | x → ∅ / _r
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| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | {ɡ,x} → kʰ
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| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | ɡ x → k kʰ
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| xr → kʰ{l,r}
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | xr x {x,ɣ}ʷ → r̥ h {w,v,h}
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| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | xr → h
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| x → kʰ
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | x {ɬ,tɬ} → h j
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | x → @ / _C
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| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ixi uxu → øː oː
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| xi → @ / else
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| x → w / {U,O}_C
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| x → j / {I,E}_C
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| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | xk → kː (even across word boundaries)
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| (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
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| {z,x(ː)} → h
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | {k,x} → ˟ / _#
|