| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | r → {r,lː} / V_
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | r → l / #_V(V)O[+labial]
|
| r → ʔ / C_{t,w,j}# ! C = {ɡ,m,n,r,w,ʃ,x}
|
| 6.2.2.1.3 Ancient Egyptian to Coptic | r → l / #(C)_c(C)# ?
|
| r → l / #o_#
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | r → ʁ
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | nr → rː
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | θ h {s,m,n,r} → ʃ ∅ ʔ / _C
|
| r → n / {#,V}_
|
| r → h / C_
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {θ,tʃ,ʃ,r} → t / unless adjacent to another consonant
|
| {ʔθ,ʔr} → {ʔ,j,∅}
|
| nr → s
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | {θ,l} → r → l
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | {s,r} → h / _O
|
| r → n
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {θ,l} → r → l / V_V
|
| {θ,l} → r → n / #_ (and possibly in other places as well)
|
| {θ,l} → r → l
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {ʔ,h}{s,r} → s
|
| {n,r} → ∅ / _r
|
| r → s / _k
|
| r → n
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | r → s / H_
|
| r → ∅ / n_
|
| r → ʃ / _O
|
| r → l
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | r → t / _{i,u}
|
| rʲ → {r,t}
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | rʲ → r
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | rʲ → r
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | rʲ lʲ → r l
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | {N,l,r,ʃ,z} → ∅ / #_
|
| rʲ → z
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | ɡm rɡ → mɡ ɡr (this second one is listed as → rɡ but it might be a typo)
|
| rd → dr (possibly sporadic and/or confined to Kazakh)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | r → {r,h} → {∅,h}
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | r → h / _# (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| 10.1.1.5 Proto-Polynesian to Luangiua | r → l
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | r → d / #_ (?)
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | r → l / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | rl → lː
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — {l,r} → ∅ / _# (retained across morpheme boundaries)
|
| 10.3.1 Proto-Oceanic to Hawai’ian | ŋ r v → n l w
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | dr *r → d r
|
| r → ɡʟ
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | ndr *R → d r
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | ndr → d
|
| r → j
|
| 10.3.5 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-New Caledonia | r → ʈ
|
| 10.3.6 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz | r → ∅ / d_
|
| r → l
|
| 10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügu | r → l / _{u,#}
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | v t l r → p dr n w / _#
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | {z,dr} → ts
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | dr s l → {d,ɟ} {∅,s} {n,∅}
|
| t r l → {j,s} {j,∅} j / _u
|
| r → {l,n,∅}
|
| 10.3.9.2 Proto-Utupua to Nebao | r → {l,∅} / _u
|
| r *R → l ∅
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | p t {r,l} → ∅ s j / _u
|
| dr → ɟ / _i
|
| {r,l} → l (occasionally → ∅?)
|
| 10.3.10 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Vanikoro | r → ∅ / d_
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | r → l / ! _#
|
| 10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanema | r → l / ! _#
|
| 10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vano | r → l / ! _{u,#}
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | dr → {d,r}
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | {r,h} → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | r → *L (some sort of lateral?) / occasionally
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | nr → d
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | r → {l,i}
|
| r → l / _Vl
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | r → l / _{o,E}
|
| r → i
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | r → l
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | r → {l,i}
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | ndr *R → d r
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | {w,r} → ∅ / {a,e}_#
|
| 10.6.3 Proto-Paiwan to Southern Paiwan | k r → ʔ ɣ
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | {l,r} → ∅ (sometimes, only from original *l)
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | r → n / _C
|
| r → {r,∅}
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | r → d / #_
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | r → {r,l,∅}
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | rʲ → r
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | r l → tː tħ / #_
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | {r,l} lʲ → d r / #_
|
| r rʲ → r~ʁ ɮ
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | rt → ʈ / V_V
|
| r̀ → r̲
|
| ŕ → r / V_V
|
| n nː rn → {n̲,r} n̲(ː) ɳ / V_V
|
| nr̀ → n̲r̲
|
| 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | r̀ → r / V_{V,C}
|
| ŕ → rː / V_V
|
| nr̀ → nr
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | r → ɾ “in most dialects”
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | l r → l(ː) r(ː)
|
| {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | l r → {l,ɫ} {ɾ,r}
|
| {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | r → ∅ / #_ (unclear)
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {sr,rs} → rː
|
| r → rː / _N
|
| m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar aɫ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | rt → š (Alex Fink says that the realization of /š/ “is unclear”)
|
| {l̩,r̩} → ər(ə(r))
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | r̩ l̩ → {ri,ra} {li,la} / _{S,R} (which vowel crops up is unpredictable)
|
| r̩ l̩ → {ra,ar} {la,al} / _{s,CC,V,#} (the results are unpredictable)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| — {l,h}l {l,h}r l{p,s,n} r{p,s} ln → lː rː lː rː (lː?) / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | l r → ɬ r̥ / #_
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | hn {wl,hl} hr → w l r
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | {ol,al} {ar,er} or → ɔu aːr oːr / _C[+dental]
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | r → ∅ / {ð,f}_{ɡ,ɣ}
|
| r → ∅ / k_{n,s}
|
| r → ∅ / m_m
|
| r → ∅ / t_{k,s}
|
| rː{r,ʀ} sʀ → rː sː
|
| {l(ː),n}{r,ʀ} → ∅ / V{ː,V}_
|
| nː lː rː sː → n l r s / C_
|
| r → ∅ / {p,t,k}_Vr
|
| rː lː → r l / {p,t,k,f,s}_
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | {l(ː),rl} → ɬ / v_#
|
| {l(ː),rl} C → ɬ C[- voice] / _{S[- voice],s}
|
| r → r̥ / S[- voice] / _#
|
| {l(ː),rl} C → ɬ C[- voice] / S_ ! Sː_
|
| {l(ː),rl} rː → dɬ r̥ / _#
|
| {r̥n,r̥n̥,rn̥ → tn̥
|
| rn → tn̥ / _#
|
| r → t / _n
|
| {r,r̥,l}ɬ → tɬ
|
| r̥l → tɬ
|
| {lː,rl} → tɬ / _#
|
| {lː,rl} → tl
|
| hr hn → r̥ n̥ / #_
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | tr → rd
|
| rn {lː,rl} → ɲ ʎ
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩ → am an ar al
|
| — r → ∅ / #_
|
| — r → ∅ / _# “sometimes??”
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | r → l
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | l̩ r̩ → {ьl,ъl} {ьr,ъr}
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɔl ɔr ɛl ɛr → lɔ rɔ lɛ rɛ / T_T
|
| ɔr ɔl → ra la / #_T “in syllables with long vowels”
|
| ɔr ɔl → rɔ lɔ / #_T
|
| ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
|
| tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| r̝ → ʂ / C[-voiced]_
|
| r̝ → ʂ / _C[+voiced]
|
| ŕ → ʐ / else
|
| tɕts ʑr̝ → jts jr̝
|
| v r̝ → f r̥ / C[-voiced]_
|
| v r̝ → f r̥ / _{C[-voiced],#}
|
| r̝̊ r̝ → ʂ ʐ
|
| r̝ → r / {ɕ,ʑ}_
|
| ʐr → ʑr
|
| ɕr̝ ʑr̝ → ʂr ʐr / “‘szron’ and ‘żreć’”, respectively
|
| trk → kr / in the name of the river “Skrwa”
|
| rʲ → r / _{s,t͜s,l,w,n,ɲ}
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | or ol er el → oro olo ere ele / _$
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | l̥ r̥ → ol {or,er} / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | l̩ l̩ː r̩ r̩ː → ol l or r
|
| {d,n,r} → l / _l
|
| l → r → _Vl
|
| r…r → r…∅
|
| {n,d}…r → r…r
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| n → r → br / m_
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — r → s / _s
|
| sːj zj rj → jsː jz jr
|
| ʎ r → j ʁ
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | r → ∅ / a_ju#
|
| r → ∅ / _# (in polysyllables only)
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | rs → sː
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | rs → sː
|
| {l,r}w {n,ŋk,ŋɡ}w → lɡʷ ŋɡʷ → lɡ ŋɡ
|
| rtʃj → rts (→ rs ?)
|
| rdj rVɡ → rdz rdʒ
|
| rdʒ → {rdʒ,rdz(→ rz)}
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rːVɡ rːj → rdʒ ir
|
| rtVɡ → {rdʒ,rts(→ rs)}
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rj → rʲ → ir / V_V
|
| rj → rʲ → r / _#
|
| tVɡ trj → dʒ ir
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| rdɡ → r{ɡ,dʒ} / _a
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | r → s / _s
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | r → l / _C (sporadic)
|
| r → urː / #_e / Logudorese
|
| r → arː / #_(j)B / Logudorese
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | r → {ʐ,χ}
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | r̥ → er / _#
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | r → l / V[+nas]_V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | r ŋʷ → n β / V[+nas]_V[+nas]
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | k b r → {ŋ,∅} {w,m} {n,r,t} / _#
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | {b,k} r → ∅ {r,∅} / _#
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | b r → p t / _#
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | b r → {b,∅} {r,t} / _#
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.1 Proto-Tacanan to Cavineña | *ŕ → r
|
| 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | {r,*ŕ} → {∅,w,j}
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | *ŕ → ∅
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | *ŕ → ∅
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | r → j
|
| 27.2 Proto-Mayan to Chujean | r → j
|
| 27.4 Proto-Mayan to Ixilean | r → {t,j}
|
| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | r → {t,j}
|
| r t tʃ ʃ → t tʃ ʈʂ ʂ
|
| 27.8 Proto-Mayan to Q’anjob’alan | r → j
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | VrV → {Vː,M}
|
| r → j / _#
|
| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | r → {r,j}
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | (C-)r- → l-
|
| s(-)r → ʂ-
|
| r → ∅ / C_-
|
| r-T- → Ṭ
|
| w → r → ∅ / P_-
|
| 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | #r…î# → #î…r
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | r → ʐ (Apparently there was some situation where this went to ∅, and then something happened with the output syllable being [ɚ])
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {r,s}p(ʰ) {r,s}{Np,(m)b} → f v / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
|
| {r,s}k {r,s}Nk → f w / _V
|
| {r,s}l {r,s}n → l̥ N̥ / %_V
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}{(N)p,(m)b} → pʰ p b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| {r,s}k {r,s}Nk → k ʁ / _V
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}(N)p {r,s}b {r,s}mb → pʰ p b mb / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
|
| {r,s}(N)k → k / _V
|
| {r,s} → ∅ / %_V
|
| {r,s}N → N̥ → hṼ → hV
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | p b çp çb sP rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} bj → pʰ p ʝb çp sp rpʰ mpʰ mb br pʰj pj
|
| t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
|
| k sk kr ɡ Pɡ sɡ Nɡ (s)ɡr çK rK Kç → kʰ zɡw dr Nɡ pk sk mk (s)kr çk rɡj ɡçkr
|
| çr Nç → dr mkʰj
|
| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
|
| rnj → rɲ ?
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | p çp (ç)b rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} → p. ç.w (ç)p rp. kj m.p n.br p.j
|
| t st tr d sd (ç)dr Nt çT KT → t. s.d tr. t s.t (ç.)tr m.t. n.dr ɡ.t
|
| r → ∅ / _t
|
| sk rK → j sɡ
|
| kr (s)ɡr → n.br (s)kr
|
| ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
|
| rm rn → mj rw
|
| rnj → r.mj
|
| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | or → ro
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | p b pr br çp → p.j p br pj ʃb
|
| d(r) → t
|
| r → s / _k
|
| sɡr → skr
|
| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)p Nb sP çp çb pr br {p,b}j → (m)pʰ (m)p sp ʝb çp br pʰj pʰj
|
| (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
|
| (P)ɡ sɡ çK Nɡ k sk rk (s)ɡj (ʔ)kj → (p)k sk çk mk kʰ zɡ Nɡ (s)kj (ʔ)kʰj
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| Nkj (s)ɡr Kç kr skr ɡr → mɡj (s)kr ɡçkr kʰr zɡr Nɡr
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| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | {p,b} Np pr {s,r}P çb Nb → p mp mbr sp ʃp p.s
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| Nt tr d KT çT → mt. tʂ t kt ʃt
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| kr rk {rK,Pɡ} ɡ Pɡ sɡ → k.r rk. pk k sk
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| rs → sr
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| lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
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| es er → or ər
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| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | kr → dz
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | d(r) çT → t ʃt
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| k {sɡ,çK} Nɡ rK → k. sk mɡ nk
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| nj rnj → nj rɲ
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| ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | dr çdr → ʈ ʂʈdz
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| k rk kr kj Nkj ɡr → kʰdz nɡ kʰr tʃh dʒ nkʰr
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| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
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| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | pr b → br p
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| k kr kj ɡ → k. k.r ts. ɡ
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | {d,ɡ,s,l,r} → {h,r} / #_
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| k(ʰ){r,j} ɡ{r,j} → tɕ(ʰ) dʑ
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| sr → ʂ / #_
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | r → ts / _i
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| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | {n,r} → ∅ / _j
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| r → l
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| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | r → n / _(h)j
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| r → w / {o(ː),õ(ː)}_{a(ː),e(ː),ẽ(ː),i(ː)}
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| r → j / {e(ː),ẽ(ː),i(ː)}_{a(ː),o(ː),õ(ː)}
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| r → ∅ / VH_
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| r → ∅ / _H
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| r → ∅ / w_
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| r → ∅ / V_V
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| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | {r,w} → ∅ / _j
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| r → h / ʃ_
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| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ara → aː / “unaccented syllables only”
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| Vr → Vː / _C
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| rV → Vː / C_
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| r → j / {e(ː),ẽ(ː),i(ː)}_V
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| r → w / {o(ː),õ(ː)}_V
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| r → ∅
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| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — r → l
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| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | r → l
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| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | r → n / _(h)j
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| r → ∅ / Vh_
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| r → j / C[-glottal](h)_{o(ː),õ(ː)
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| r → h / s_
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| r → j / i(ː)_V
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| r → w / {o(ː),õ(ː)}_V
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| r → ∅
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| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | n r w j → n̥ r̥ w̥ j̊ / _{#,O}
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| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | r̥ w̥ j̊ → s f ʃ
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| 37.1.2.6.2 Tuscarora to Eastern Tuscarora | r → ∅ / st_
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| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | r → d / s_
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| tʲr → {st,ʃt}
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| r → d / x_
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| 37.2.2.1 Dakota to Santee Dakota | {pr,mt} → md
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| kr → hd / #_
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| kr → ɡj / medial
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| 37.2.2.2 Dakota to Teton Dakota | {pr,mt} kr → bl ɡl
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| 37.2.2.3 Dakota to Yankton Dakota | r → d / k_
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| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | tʲr → sV0rV0
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| r → ∅ / k_
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| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | kr → kV0rV0
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| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | pr → bl
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| sr → {θl,ʃl}
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| tʲr → ʃV0rV0
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| kr → ɡl
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| r → l / x_
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| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
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| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | kr → kV0rV0 / #_
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| r → ∅ / {C,V}k_{C,V}
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| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | r L(ʲ) → d j / #_ (*)
|
| tʲr kr → ʃt l
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| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | pr sr tʲr kr → bθ sn ʃn ɡθ
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
|
| r → ð / x_
|
| 37.2.7.1 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Biloxi | r → {d,n}
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| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | sr kr → ft kV0lV0
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | pl b{l,r} → v pj
|
| {l,r} → ∅ / {d,ɗ}_
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| r → l / K_
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| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | pr b{l,r} vr → v bj d
|
| {l,r} → ∅ / {n,ɗ}_
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | {l,r} → ∅ / n,ɗ_
|
| b{l,r} → pj
|
| tr → tʰ(r)_
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| kl kr → {kj,tʃ} kʰj
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| {l,r} → ∅ / ŋ_
|
| xr → kʰ{l,r}
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | pr → pʰ / _{ɯ,e,i}
|
| pr → pʰj
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| {r,s,z} tʃʰ dʒ → ɬ ʃ tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | pr → pʰ / _{ɯ,e,i}
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| pr → pʰj
|
| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | pr → tʰ
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | pr → tʰ
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | pr → tʰ
|
| r → r̥
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {kʰ,ɡ}{l,r} → tʃ
|
| k{l,r} → {kj,tʃ}
|
| {l,r} → ∅ / ɗ_
|
| t{l,r} → r̥
|
| xr x {x,ɣ}ʷ → r̥ h {w,v,h}
|
| 38.1.1.4.1 North Tai to Dioi | {r,r̥} → ð
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | {r,r̥} → l
|
| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | r̥ → r
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | pr → t
|
| {l,r} → ∅ / t,ɗ_
|
| tʰl tʰr → tʰ r̥
|
| z r → s r̥
|
| xr → h
|
| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | bl br → p pʰ
|
| r̥ → h
|
| ɡ{l,r} → kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | bl br → p pʰ
|
| r̥ → r̥ / “literary”
|
| r̥ → h
|
| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | bl br → p pʰ
|
| r̥ → h
|
| ɡl ɡr → k kʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | r̥ → h
|
| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | bl br → p pʰ
|
| r̥ → h
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | bl br → p pʰ
|
| r̥ → h
|
| {kʰ,ɣ} ɡ ɡ{l,r} → x k tʃ
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.5.1.4 Proto-Gorokan to Gende | r → ʔ / _O
|
| 41.5.1.5 Proto-Gorokan to Gimi | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr → t p k v
|
| 41.5.1.6 Proto-Gorokan to Hua | {N,r} → ʔ / _{#,C}
|
| 41.5.1.7 Proto-Gorokan to Kamano | r → ʔ / _#
|
| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.1.9 Proto-Gorokan to Siane | {N,r} → ʔ / _C
|
| 41.5.1.10 Proto-Gorokan to Yagaria | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.2.1 Proto-Kainantu to Auyana | N{w,d,r} nj → ŋk nt (not sure if *nj is supposed to be *ɲɟ)
|
| r → ʔ / _{N,#}
|
| r → ∅ / _S[- voice]
|
| 41.5.2.3 Proto-Kainantu to Gadsup | nw nr → mb nd
|
| 41.5.2.4 Proto-Kainantu to Usarufa | N{w,r} Nj → ʔk ʔt
|
| r → ʔ / _C
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | lð rð → lː rː
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i
|
| dj lj rj ɡj → dʲ lːʲ rːʲ jɡ
|
| lʋ rʋ jʋ → lː rː jː
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanian | r[+ fortis] → ɾ / _#
|
| r[+ fortis] → r
|
| 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | {ɾ,r} → ∅ / #_
|
| r → ɾ / _#
|
| Cr → Cɾ → CVɾ (perhaps not a sound change per se, just a historical tendency)
|
| {ɾ,r} → ʎ / {i,j}_ (eastern dialects)
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | r → ɡʟ → ɣ (Hiw) (http://is.gd/jCDLO1)
|