| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | oː aː eː iː → o ɔ̃ a i
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | aː → ɔ̃
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | ONV → SʰṼ / Pije and Fwai
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | VnV → ṼlṼ
|
| V → Ṽ / _N
|
| 10.3.5.8.1 Proto-Yunaga to Yunaga 1 | V → Ṽ / _N#
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | am an {aːm,aːn} → õ æ̃ ã / _#
|
| {om,on} {em,en} {oːm,oːn} {eːm,eːn} → ɔ̃ ɛ̃ õ ẽ
|
| um → ũ / _#
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | a → ɑ̃ / _N (short only)
|
| VN → Ṽː / _F
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | ɑ̃ː → õː
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | V → Ṽː / _nC “(works across word boundaries)”
|
| V → Ṽ / N_
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | VN → Ṽ / _# ! in #U
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | Vm → Ṽ / _(#){s,ɕ}
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {m̩,n̩} → {ẽ,õ} / _C$
|
| {e(ː),i(ː)} {a(ː),o(ː),u(ː)} → ẽ õ / _N$
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɛ ɛ̃ ɛː → ɔ ɔ̃ a / _C[-palatalized +dental] (also sporadically before plain non-dentals)
|
| {ɛ̃,ɔ̃} → ã
|
| a ɛ i ɔ u ɨ ã → aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɨː ãː / _{C/U}[+voiced][lost yer] (i.e., a voiced consonant or a cluster with one)
|
| {ɔjɔ̃,ɔ̃jɔ̃,ьjɔ̃} → ɔ̃ː
|
| ã → ɛ̃ / short only
|
| ãː → ã → ɔ̃
|
| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛ̃N ɔ̃N / _{S,A}
|
| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛɰ̃ ɔɰ̃ / _F[-palatal]
|
| ɔ̃ → ɔɰ̃ / _# (in standard registers/pronunciations)
|
| ɛ̃ ɔ̃ → ɛj̃ ɔj̃ / _F[+palatal]
|
| ȵ → j̃ / _F
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | ɛ̃ → ã
|
| {aı̃,eı̃} → ɛ̃
|
| ỹ → œ̃
|
| oı̃ → wɛ̃
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | ɔ̃ → õ
|
| {ã,ãe,õe} → ão / _#
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | oː(s,y) oːn → u {u,õ}
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.1 Pre-Bakairi to Eastern Bakairi | VNV → ṼṼ / ! _(C)#
|
| 18.1.2 Pre-Bakairi to Western Bakairi | V[- stress]NV → ṼṼ
|
| 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | Vm → Ṽ / _#
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | ɲV → jṼ
|
| ŋ → j̃ / #_ (not sure if this nasalizes the following vowel or not)
|
| ŋʷ hʷ → j̃ h
|
| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → e a ẽ
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | {{a/e},{e/a}} {ı̃,ẽ} → a ẽ
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → a e ı̃
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | ã → õ
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | u → ũ (? possibly backwards?)
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ ũ / _#
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | u → õ (? possibly backwards?)
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | eN → ı̃ / _#
|
| ẽ ı̃ ũ → {ẽ,e} {ı̃,i} {ũ,õ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ {ɨ̃,ĩ} õ / _#
|
| {ɨ̃,õ} ũ → {õ,ẽ} õ
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | i → ı̃ / ʔ_# (sporadic)
|
| 18.4.9.1.2 Proto-Monde to Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró | V → Ṽ / _h
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | aN iN uN → {aN,ã} ı̃ {uN,ũ} / _#
|
| ɨ̃ ẽ õ → ∅ {ẽ,e} {o,õ,u,ũ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| ! !̬ !̃ → !~k !̬~ɡ !̃(n)~ŋɡ
|
| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| !̃n → ŋɡj~!̃
|
| 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | !̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| !x !̃n → x ŋɡj~!̃
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ǀ̃(n) → {ǂ̃,ǂ}
|
| ! !ˀ !̃n → !ɡ ~ !̃
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| 20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃
|
| ! !̃n → ! !̃
|
| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | ǀ̃(n) → ǂ̃n
|
| !̃ !x → !̃(n) !x~x
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | ʋ̃ → l̃ / #_
|
| u ũ → i ı̃ / #R[-labial]_
|
| ʋ̃ ɪ̃ → ũ ı̃ / #N[-labial]_
|
| i ı̃ V[-round] → uɪ uɪ̃ V[+round] / Cʷ_
|
| ɠʷ → w̃ / #_V[+nas]
|
| ɪ̃ → ɛ̃ / #(C)V_C
|
| ɰ ɰ̃ → j j̃ / #C_
|
| ɪ ɪ̃ → i ı̃ / #(C)V[-high]C_
|
| 30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanic | ɰ ɰ̃ w̃ → h h̃ h̃ʷ / #_
|
| h → ɲı̃ / #_ã
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | l l̃ → j j̃ / #_
|
| f → j̃ / #_V[+nas]
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | ɛ ɛ̃ → e ẽ
|
| j{ã,ẽ} → {ɥ,ɥ̃} / _E
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
|
| ãi → ɛ̃ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | ɛ ɛ̃ → e ẽ
|
| 30.3.1.1.7 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Vhe | {ɛ,e} {~ɛ,ẽ} → ə ə̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | ɛ → ı̃ / S_#
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | ẽ → ı̃ / {t,h}_#
|
| ẽ → ı̃ / _ʔ#
|
| ẽ → ı̃ / ʔ_# “in one case”
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | {iHn,eHn,aHn} uHn → ã ũ
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | N̥V → hṼ
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | N̥V → hṼ
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | {r,s}N → N̥ → hṼ → hV
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | ã → ẽ
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → o(ː) ʌ̃(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | e(ː) → ẽ / _ẽ(ː)
|
| o(ː) → õ / _õ(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) o(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː) u(ː)
|
| ɛ̃(ː) → ã(ː) / w_
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | a(ː) o(ː) õ(ː) → æ(ː) e(ː) ẽ(ː) / r_
|
| õ(ː) → ũ(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ʌ̃(ː) ũ(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — wə̃ → ũ / {h,s}_
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | ã → ẽ / _rõː
|
| a(ː) → ẽ(ː) / adjacent to a nasal vowel
|
| a(ː) æ(ː) → õ(ː) ẽ(ː) / n_
|
| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]H_
|
| a(ː) → õ(ː) / V[+nas]({ʔ,s})w_
|
| ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ɛ̃(ː) ɔ̃(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | {ẽ(ː),õ(ː)} → ə̃(ː)
|
| ə̃(ː) → ɨ̃(ː) / ! “when both short and stressed”
|
| 37.1.2.6.2 Tuscarora to Eastern Tuscarora | ə̃(ː) a(ː) o(ː) → ɨ̃(ː) ɔ(ː) u(ː) (“in all positions”)
|
| 37.2 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Siouan | ẽ õ → ı̃ ũ
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | ũ → ã / stressed
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | ã → õ (*)
|
| ũ → ã / stressed (*)
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | ã → {an,õ}
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | Vn → Ṽ / _# (seems to have been reverted in most dialects, except for Souletin)
|
| Vn → Ṽ / _V (?)
|
| V → Ṽ / _N (Souletin, perhaps in other dialects?)
|
| n → h̃ / V_V
|
| u ũ → y ỹ / _r(p(ʰ),β,k(ʰ),ɣ,l,s̺,s̻,ʃ,h) (Souletin)
|
| u ũ → y ỹ / _{s̻,ts̺,ts̻} (but not _s̺) (Souletin)
|
| õ → ũ (Souletin)
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | en an → ẽ ã
|