13 Chumashan | 13.1 Proto-Chumash to Barbareño | R[- glottalized]VˀR → ˀRVR[- glottalized] / _$
|
13.3 Proto-Chumash to Inseño | ˀN ˀw → N w
|
13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | {ˀm,ˀn} → {∅,ʔ} (the former is more likely)
|
ˀw → w (may have remained glottalized)
|
ˀj → ∅
|
13.5 Proto-Chumash to Purisimeño | ˀj → ∅
|
13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj → m n l j
|
20 Khoisan | 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ! !ˀ !̬ !̃ → k ∅ ɡ ŋɡ
|
20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | ! !ˀ ! !̃ → k ∅ ɡ ŋɡ
|
20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | {ǀˀ,ǀxʼ} → ǀ
|
! !ˀ !̃n → !ɡ ~ !̃
|
ǂ {ǂ̃n,ǂˀ,ǂxʼ} → ǂɡ ǂ
|
{ǁˀ,ǁxʼ} → ǁ
|
20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ǁˀ → {ǁˀ,ǁ}
|
20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋ x
|
ǂ ǂ̃n ǂˀ → c ɲ ʔj
|
ǁˀ ǁxʼ → {ǁˀ,∅} ǁˀ
|
20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ! !ˀ !̬ !̃(n) !x → k ∅ ɡ ŋɡ x
|
29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.3 Proto-Athabaskan to Beaver | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | Vˀ → V[+low tone] → V[-tone]
|
29.1.1.1.16 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Kuskokwim Kolchan | Vˀ → V[-glottalized]
|
29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
29.1.1.1.18 Proto-Athabaskan to Sekani | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | Vnˀ → V[+ nas] / _#
|
29.1.1.1.34 Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish to Kaska | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.38 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Tanana | Vˀ → V[+low tone] (“since then partially neutralized in noun and verb stems, but ‘still clear in verbal prefixes’”)
|
29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | Vˀ → V[+low tone] (→ V[-tone] in “young speakers by 1980”)
|
29.1.1.1.41 Proto-Athabaskan to Northern Tutchone | Vˀ → V[+high tone]
|
29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | Vˀ → V[+low tone]
|
35 Salishan | 35.2.1 Proto-Interior Salish to Columbian and Okanagan Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | nˀ → aʔ / _# (all other Interior Salishan languages have /eʔ/ in this position)
|
35.3 Shuswap to Eastern Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | em emˀ → u uʔ / w_ in U[- stressed]
|
em emˀ → a aʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {p(’),m(ˀ)}_
|
en enˀ → i iʔ / {ts(’),s,j(ˀ)}_ in U[- stressed]
|
en enˀ → a ʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {t(’),lʲ,{n,l}(ˀ)}_
|
35.4 Shuswap to Spokane-Kalispel Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | n nˀ → i iʔ / C_s
|
n nˀ → i iʔ / _{i,ʃ} (sporadic)
|
37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | ˀt → tʔ / _ˀt
|
ˀt → ∅ / _t
|
ˀt → ʔ / _r
|
ˀt → ʔn / V_{V,w,j}
|
ˀt → n / {#,C}_{V,w,j}
|
ˀt → t
|