| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | pʼ → b
|
| tsʼ → ʒ / V_
|
| dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | tsʼ → tʃʼ / #_
|
| tsʼ → s / V_
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | pʼ → p / V_
|
| pʼ → b
|
| tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | dʼ → tʼ / #_
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | pʼ → b
|
| kʼ → k / #
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| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| dʼ → t
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | pʼ → ʔp
|
| tsʼ → sʼ
|
| tsʼ → {tʃʼ,s}
|
| 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari | pʼ → {b,p}ʼ
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| kʼ → q
|
| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | kʼ → ɡʼ / #_
|
| 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi | kʼ kʷʼ → {ɣ,q} ɣʷ
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | kʼ → χʷ / #_
|
| kʷʼ → χʷ
|
| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | kʼ → {χʷ,qʷ} / #_
|
| kʼ → q / else
|
| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | ts dz {t,ts}ʼ tʃʼ → s z sʼ ʃʼ
|
| 6.2.2.1.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Boreafrasian | sʼ → s
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| pʼ → p
|
| tlʼ → dl / #_Vħr
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | tlʼ → ɬ / _C[+sibilant]
|
| kʼ(w) → k / #dlV_
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | tɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) dʒ → ɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) tɬː
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| tɬ tɬʼ tɬː tɬːʼ → ɬ tʼ tɬ tɬ(ː)ʼ
|
| q qːʼ ɢ → x {q(ː)ʼ,ɡh} qʼ (not sure if that last 〈gh〉 should be ɣ)
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ → k {xʲː,kː} kʰ {ɡ,q}(?)
|
| qːʼ → ʕ
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | {tsː,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → ts tsʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → k {k,xʲ} {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː} kʼ
|
| kː kʼ ɡ → k {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː}
|
| {qːʼ,ɢ} → qʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | tɬ tɬː tɬ(ː)ʼ dɮ → xʲ xː kʼ {kː,l}
|
| qʼ qʼː ɡ → {qʼ,j} qʼ {qː,ɣ}
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| tʃːʼ → tʃː
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ x kʼ kː {,j,xʲ}
|
| qːʼ → qː
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → ɬ ɬ(ː) kʼ tɬʼ tɬː
|
| q qːʼ → x q(ː)ʼ
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ dz → {ʃ,tʃ} tʃ(ʼ) {tʃː,dʒ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} qʼ k(ʼ) {kː,ɣʲ}
|
| qːʼ → q(ʼ)
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | {ts,st} tsːʼ dz → {s,ts} {d,t} z
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} ʃ tʃ
|
| tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ qʼ q(ʼ) {w,xʲ,j}
|
| qːʼ → q(ʼ)
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} {tʃ,dʒ} {tʃː,tʃʼ}(?)
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} k kː ɣʲ
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → {∅,s} tʃ {∅,tsʼ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} z
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃʼ tʃːʼ dʒ → {∅,ʃ} tʃ ∅ tʃʼ {dʒ,tʃ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → {∅,x} q {∅,qʼ} qʼ {ɣ,l}
|
| q qʼ qːʼ ɢ → ∅(?) ∅ qʼ ɣ
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | tsːʼ → tsː
|
| tɬ(ː) tɬʼ tɬːʼ → x qʼ ʕ
|
| kː qːʼ → xk(?) qʼ
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | {ts,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → s ts
|
| tɬ tɬːʼ → ɬ tɬ
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | kːʼ ɡ → k kʼ
|
| q qːʼ → x(?) q
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | tʷː tʷʲ(ʼ) → d(w) tʷ(ʼ)
|
| zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → tsʲ(ʼ) dzʲ
|
| tʃʷ(ʼ) tʃʷː dʒʷ → tʃ(ʼ) zʷ dzʷ~zʷ
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) tɕʷː → tʃ(ʼ) dʒ~ʒ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → x ts {x,tsʼ} l
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → xʲ ɕ ɣʲ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ tsʼ(ʷ) l
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| kʷʲʼ → kʷʼ
|
| qʷʲʼ → ʕʷ (qʷʼ?)
|
| qˤː qˤʼ → ʕ ħ (this latter is marked as dubious)
|
| qˤʲ qˤʲː qˤʲʼ → q ʔ ħ(?)
|
| qˤʷ qˤʷː qˤʷʼ χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → ħʷ ʕʷ qʷ(ʼ) ħʷ (ħʷ?)
|
| qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲʼ ʁˤʷʲ → qʷ ʕʷ ħʷ ʕʷ
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| tʷ(ʼ) dʷ → {tʷ(ʼ),p(ʼ)} {dʷ,b}
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) dʑʷ → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃʷ(ʼ)} {dʑ(ʷ),dʒʷ}
|
| {tʷ(ʼ),dʷ} → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃ(ʷ)(ʼ)} {dʒ(ʷ),dʑ(ʷ)}
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → pʼ f v
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | pʲ(ː) pʲʼ bʲ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| pʷ pʷʲ pʷʲʼ bʷ bʷʲ → p tʷ tʷʼ b d
|
| tʷ(ː) tʷʼ dʷ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| tʃ tʃʼ dʒ dʑ → s tsʲʼ(?) dz~z dʑ~ʑ
|
| tʃʷ(ː) tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → tɕ(ː) tɕʼ dʑ~ʑ
|
| tcʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ
|
| ɬ(ː) tɬ(ː) tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ(ː) tɕ(ː) tɕʼ tħ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → tɕ tɬʼ ɣ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| k kʼ ɡ → kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ
|
| qʲʼ ʁʲ → ʔ ʁ
|
| qʷʼ ɢʷ → qʷː ʁʷ
|
| {qˤː,qˤʼ} χˤ ʁˤ → qː χ ʁ
|
| {qˤʷː,qˤʷʼ} χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → qʷː χʷ ʁʷ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | ʔ(ʷ)~qʼ(ʷ) → ʔ(ʷ)
|
| tsʲʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | tʃʼ tɬʼ → ʔaj~ʔ ɬʼ
|
| tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| kʲʼ → tʃʼ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | kʲ(ː) kʲʼ ɡʲ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ dʑ
|
| tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬʼ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | p(ʷ)ʼ t(ʷ)ʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → pˤ tˤ tsˤ ʂʷ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬˤ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → sˤ ʂ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | kʲ(ː) kʲʼ kʷː ɡʲ → tʃ tʃʼ kʷ dʑ
|
| tsʲʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬʼ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | ʔ~qʼ → ʔʷ
|
| tsʲʼ tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tɬʼ kʲʼ → ɕʼ fʼ ɕʼ {ɕʼ,cçʼ} ɬʼ tʃʼ
|
| sʼ(?) ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ɕʼ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | pʲʼ → tʷʼ
|
| pʷʲʼ pˤ pˤː pˤʼ bˤ → tʷʼ vˤ bˤ pˤʼ bˤ
|
| t(ʷ)ː tʷʲʼ → t(ʷ) tʷʼ
|
| sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| tɕʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tɕ tɕʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ (sʲ) tsʲʼ ɮ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → ɕ tɬʼ ɕ ʁ(~zʲ)
|
| ɬʲ(~ɬʲʼː) → ɬ
|
| tɬʼ → tsʲʼ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ ts(ʷ)ʼ w
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| k kʼ ɡ x ɣ → kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ ɕ ɣ~ʁ
|
| qʲː(ʼ) ɢʲ χʲ → qʲ(ʼ) ʁʲ xʲ
|
| qʲʷ qʲʷː qʲʷʼ ɢʲʷ χʲʷ ʁʲʷ → xʲ qʲ qʲʼ ʁʲ χʲ ʁʲ
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.1 Proto-Chumash to Barbareño | R[- glottalized]VOʼ → ˀRVO[- ejective] / _$
|
| 13.3 Proto-Chumash to Inseño | tʼ qʼ → t q
|
| 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | Sʼ → ʔ
|
| 13.5 Proto-Chumash to Purisimeño | qʼ → q
|
| 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | pʼ kʼ qʼ → p k q
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.1 Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian | ʈʂ {ʈʂʼ,tɬʼ} → ts tsʼ
|
| 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | k kʼ → {k,tʃ} {kʼ,tʃʼ}
|
| tʃ ʈʂ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ → {tʃk,ʃɡ} tʃ h {ʃkʼ,tʃʼkʼ} tʃʼ
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | q qʼ → x {kʼ,qʼ,ʔ}
|
| tʃ ʈʂ {tɬʼ,ʈʂʼ} tʃʼʼ → tʃk tʃ tʃʼ {tsʼkʼ,tʃʼkʼ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | {ǀˀ,ǀxʼ} → ǀ
|
| ǂ {ǂ̃n,ǂˀ,ǂxʼ} → ǂɡ ǂ
|
| {ǁˀ,ǁxʼ} → ǁ
|
| ts dz kxʼ → {ts,s} d ∅
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ǁˀ ǁxʼ → {ǁˀ,∅} ǁˀ
|
| ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ǀ̃(n) ǀxʼ → j ǀˀ
|
| ǂ̃n ǂxʼ → ɲ ǂˀ
|
| ǁxʼ → ǁˀ
|
| ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ} → t k
|
| 26.2 Proto-Mande to Busa | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kp kpʼ → {kp,k} ɡb
|
| 26.3 Proto-Mande to Dan | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kpʼ → ɡb
|
| 26.4 Proto-Mande to Guro | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kp {kpʼ,ɡb} → p b
|
| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | {ɡ,w,kp} kpʼ ɡb → k kp b
|
| tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.6 Proto-Mande to Southwest Mande | {tʼ,d} {kʼ,ɡ} → l k
|
| kp kpʼ ɡb → {k,B} kp B (it’s unclear what this 〈B〉 is)
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | {k,ɡ,kp} {kpʼ,ɡb} → s b
|
| tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.8 Proto-Mande to Mano | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kpʼ → ɡb
|
| 26.9 Proto-Mande to Mwa | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kpʼ → ɡb
|
| 26.10 Proto-Mande to San | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| kp kpʼ → k b
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ,w} → {t,d} k
|
| 26.12 Proto-Mande to Soninka | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ} → {t,d} k
|
| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | tʼ → t
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.2 Proto-Mayan to Chujean | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.3 Proto-Mayan to Huastecan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.6 Proto-Mayan to Core K’iche’ | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → ts(ʼ)
|
| 27.8 Proto-Mayan to Q’anjob’alan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.9 Proto-Mayan to Tzeltalan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1 Proto-Na-Dene to Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz s
|
| 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | k kʼ kʷ kʷʼ ɡ ɡʷ → kʲ kʲʼ tʂ tʂʼ ɡʲ ɖʐ
|
| 29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | {A,O’} → F / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | C’ → C / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | C’ → C / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | {qʷ,xʷ} qʷʼ ɢʷ ɣʷ → x(ʷ) q(ʷ)ʼ ɢ(ʷ) w
|
| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | C’ → C / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | C’ → C / _$
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
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| 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ {s,z} → {kʷ,p} f wˀ w
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| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → p pʰ pʼ f v
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| 29.1.1.1.33 Proto-Athabaskan to Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish | C’ → C / _$
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| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | S’ → S / _$
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| 29.1.1.1.38 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Tanana | S’ → S / _$
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| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | S’ → S / _$
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| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz {s,ʃ}
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| qʷ qʷʼ ɢʷ → q qʼ ɢ
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| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | tsʼ → {sʼ,tsʼ} : {ɬ,tɬʼ}
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| tʃʼ → {sʼ,tʃʼ} : tɬʼ
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| kʲ kʲʼ → {k,ʃ} kʼ
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| k(ʷ)ʼ → {x,k}(ʷ)ʼ
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| qʼ qʷʼ → χ(ʷ)ʼ {χʼ,q(ʷ)ʼ}
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’p ’t ’d/d2 c {’ɟ} ’k ɡ → f l ɟ s ∅ {w,∅} {k,w} / in C1 position
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| p t ’t {’d,d2} c k ’k → b d l {l,∅} ɟ ɡ ∅ / in C2 position
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| ’m m ’n n {’ɲ,ɲ} ŋ → m {ᵐb,m} n {ⁿd,n} ɲ {ᵑɡ,ŋ} / in C2 position
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| 33 Penutian | 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
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| k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(h) tʃʼ kʰ kʼ
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| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
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| k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(ʰ) tʃʼ k(ʰ) kʼ
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| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
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| 33.3.2 Buena Vista Yokuts to Proto-Nim-Yokuts | ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
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| 33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweah | t tʰ tʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
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| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
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| tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ
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| 33.3.2.2.5 Valley Yokuts to Tachi | ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ → ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ “(ʈʼ remains unchanged in careful speech)”
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| 33.3.2.2.6 Valley Yokuts to Yawelmani | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ (except in “lexicalized diminutives”, where these go to ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ)
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| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
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| ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / _i
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| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
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| ʈʂʼ → tʃʼ
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| ɸ(ʼ,ʰ) → p
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| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | tʃʼ → tʃ
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| ʈʂʼ → tʃʼ
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| ɸ(ʼ) ɸh → p(ʼ) pʰ
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| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | pʼ → p/ #_C[+sibilant]
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| {tʃh,tʃʼ} → tʃ
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| ʈʂʼ → tʃ / n_
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| ʈʂʼ → tʃʼ
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| ɸ(ʼ) ɸh → p(ʼ) pʰ
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| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t ts k q
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| ɸ(ʼ,ʰ) → p
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| 34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayo | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
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| tʃʼ → tʃ
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| ɸ(ʼ,ʰ) → p
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| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | pʼ kʼ qʼ → p k q
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| tʼ → tʰ / #_i
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| tʼ → t
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| kʼ → h / j_
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| tʃʼ → tʃ
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| {ɸʼ,ɸh} → ɸ
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| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
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| tʼ → tʰ / #_i
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| tʃʼ → tʃ
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| ʈʂʼ → ts
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| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
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| ɸ(ʼ,ʰ) → p
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| 34.9 Proto-Quechumaran to Tena | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
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| tʃʼ → tʃ
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| ʈʂʼ → tʃ
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| ɸ(ʼ,ʰ) → p
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| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | ts(ʼ) → θ(ʼ)
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| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
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| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
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| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
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| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | p(ʼ) m → ts(ʼ) ŋ / ! _u
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| tʃʼ → tsʼ / medially
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| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
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| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
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| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
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| ts ts’ → {θ,s} θ’
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| tʃ’ → θ’ / medially
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| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
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| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
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| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | p(’) m → tʃ(’) ŋ / ! _u
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| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
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| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | ts ts’ → s ts’
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| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | tsʼ → tʼ
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| k(ʷ)ʰ kʷ(ʼ) ɡ ɡʷ → h ɡ k kʷ
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| 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → t tʰ tʼ d
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| kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ɡʷ → k kʰ kʼ ɡ
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| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → tʃ s tʃʼ j
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