| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | b → w / _$#
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | b → w / V_V
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | b → w / V_V
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | b → w / V_V
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | b → w / V_V
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | b → w / V_V
|
| 6.2.1 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-Cushitic | b → m / #_Vn
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | p b t d k ɡ → b v θ ð x ɣ / non-intial singletons
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | b → p / #_
|
| b → w / ! _{a,ə,Vj}
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | b → p / #_
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | b → h / medially, ! {r(ʲ),l(ʲ)}_ or _ɡ
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | b…n → m…n
|
| b → v / V_
|
| {e,æ}b ub → ew uw
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | b → m / V_V (sporadic?)
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | a{ɡ̌(ɯ),b} {o{ɡ̌,b},aɡ̌u} u{ɡ̌,b} → ɰa wo uː
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → b d j
|
| (h)ə{p,b} → t / _l
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | bʱ {tʰ,dʱ} {t*ʰ,d*ʱ} {kʰ,ɡʱ} → pʰ t tʰ kʰ (after *kʰ *ɡʱ, only first-register tones may occur)
|
| (h)ə{p,b} (h)ə{t,d} (h)ə{c,ɟ} (h)ə{k,ɡ} → β dʲ ɟ ɡ
|
| {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → {β,w} dʲ ɟ
|
| 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | bl → z
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | {bl,tl} → ʈ (?)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | b → ∅ / medial (sporadic)
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | b → β / V_V
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | b ɡ → β V / V_V
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | b dz → p ts
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | b → w / ! adjacent to another consonant
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | b → {w,∅} / #_
|
| {p,t,k} b d ɡ → ʔ p t k / _#
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | bː dː dzː ɡː → bʱ dʱ dzʱ ɡʱ (Whimemsz says these become “voiced stops with voiceless releases. . .treated as unit phonemes, not clusters)”
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | bʱ {dʱ,dzʱ} ɡʱ → f s k
|
| b d → p t / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | bʱ dʱ dzʱ ɡʱ → p t c k
|
| b d dz ɡ → p t c k / N_
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | mb → p
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | β b m → βʷ bʷ mʷ / typically near *u
|
| b d ɡ → p t k
|
| βʷ bʷ mʷ → w kʷ ŋʷ
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | b bʷ d ɡ → p kpʷ t k
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | p pʷ bʷ k ɡ → β w kpʷ ɣ k
|
| b β d → m p n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | bw mw → ɡ ŋ
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | bw mw → ɡ ŋ
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | bw mw → ɡw ŋw (→ ɡ ŋ / _V[+ rounded])
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | b bʷ ɡ → p pʷ k
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | m b → n̼ t̼ → n t / _{a,e,i}
|
| mʷ b(ʷ) vʷ → m p b
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | pʷ bw → p b
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | pʷ bw mʷ → p b m
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | m b → mʷ bʷ / _u
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | b(ʷ) ɡ → p(ʷ) k
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | mʷ pʷ bʷ vʷ → m p b v
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | b d ɡ → p t k / {#,C}_
|
| b d ɡ → m n ŋ / _#
|
| b d ɡ → mp nt ŋk
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | b d ɡ → m n ŋ / _C
|
| b d ɡ → p t k / _#
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | bʷ ɡ → kpʷ k
|
| b d → m n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | b → ∅ / #_{u,i}
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | b d2 → {v,b} z
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | b d → {b,v} z
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d} (but *b is “[p]rone to change to *m”)
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d}
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | {pʷ,pʲ} {p(ʲ)ː,bˤ} bʷ pʷʲ bʷʲ → p b f tsʲ dzʲ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | pʲ(ː) pʲʼ bʲ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| pʷ pʷʲ pʷʲʼ bʷ bʷʲ → p tʷ tʷʼ b d
|
| pˤ(ː) pˤ bˤ → p(ː) pʼ b
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | pʲ(ː) bʲ → t(ː) d
|
| {pʷ,bʷ} → f
|
| pʷʲ bʷʲ → tʷ dʷ
|
| pʷʲʼ pˤ pˤː pˤʼ bˤ → tʷʼ vˤ bˤ pˤʼ bˤ
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | p b t → f p {s,h} / #_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → b j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ / ! _#
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ → b d z
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
|
| mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ́ ɡ ɡʷ
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → β ð ɣ
|
| b d ɡ → p t k
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | mb ŋɡ → m ŋ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | b → ∅ / m_l
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | p b → ɸ β / {#,V}_ ! _C
|
| 17.7.2.1.15 North Frisian Lenition | p t k → b d ɡ → v r ɣ / Vː_{V,#}
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | b d ɡ → p t k
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | b d → p t / _C[-voice]
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | b {w,v} d ð ɡ → p f t θ k / _#
|
| b → ∅ / m_s
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | b d {ɡ,ɣ} → p t k / _S
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | b d ɡ → p t k / #_
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | b d → p t / N_
|
| b → v / #_ (sporadic?)
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| b d ɡ → v ð ɣ / V_V
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → p t k
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | bʱ → ɦ (very rare)
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| b {d,dʒ,ɡ} → v j / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | bzʱ → ps
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | bʱ dʱ {ɡʱ,ɡ́ʱ} ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ ɡʷ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | {b,p} → ∅ / _n “in verbs in -nąć”
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | mj pj bj → mlʲ plʲ blʲ
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | bʰ dʰ gʰ → pʰ tʰ dʰ → ɸ θ x
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | bʱ → h / #_ (in rustic dialects)
|
| {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʷʱ} → f / #_
|
| {p,b} {t,d} → m n / _{m,n}
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | p b t d k ɡ → β {β,w} ∅ {j,w} ɣ {j,∅,ɡ} / V_rV
|
| p b → b w / V_lV (the latter is irregular)
|
| {bj,vj} → wʒ / _%”V
|
| b → v / V̈%_j
|
| b → v / V_V
|
| {b,v} → w / V_#
|
| b → m → ∅ / Vm_V
|
| {b,v} → w / V_tV
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | {p,b} {t,d} → v ð / V_{V,r}
|
| — {b,v}j → dʒ
|
| {p,b} → ∅ / _{t,d}
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | b → v / V_
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | b → v / V_{V,r}
|
| pl bl p t → br {br,l} b d / V_V (bl → l is learned)
|
| pj {bj,vj} → jb jv / V_V
|
| b → v / VL_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / V_V
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| {p,b} → ∅ / R_s# (unless blocked by analogy)
|
| p k tʃ b ɡ β j → b ɡ i {b,u,u→y→i} ∅ {u,u→y→i} i / _r
|
| lvj → lbj → ubj
|
| mbj → {mbj,mdʒ,ndʒ}
|
| bk → pts / _a
|
| b → {∅,u} / _rɡ
|
| b → ∅ / _s{t,k}
|
| b → {∅,b} / _t
|
| b → ∅ / _ts
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | {b,v} → ∅ / V_{V,t}
|
| b → u / V_{l,r}
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | {b,v,w} → ∅ / V_V
|
| b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / “except in Nuorese”
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | b → β / V_V
|
| mb mn → mː nː
|
| bj → ʝː (sporadic)
|
| /b/ [b], /β/ [b~β] → /b/ [b~β]
|
| b → u / _C
|
| b ɡ → β ɣ / {l,ɾ}_
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | b → β / V_V
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | {ᵐb,ⁿd,ð} → t / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | ᵐb ŋʷ → p β / #_V[-nas]
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | b → ∅ / V_V
|
| bʷ → β / #_V[+nas]
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | k b r → {ŋ,∅} {w,m} {n,r,t} / _#
|
| b → w
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | b → ∅ / _#
|
| b → w / else
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | b → ∅ / u_#
|
| b → w / else
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | {b,k} r → ∅ {r,∅} / _#
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | b r → p t / _#
|
| b → w / else
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | b r → {b,∅} {r,t} / _#
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | {b,r} → ∅ / _#
|
| 18.4.9.1.4 Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró to Suruí | b → m / #_
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | j b → {j,i} ∅ / _#
|
| b → w / else
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | b → β~m / #_V[-high]
|
| b d ɡ → β~w ɾ~∅ ɣ / V_V
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | b → β~m / #_V[+ low]
|
| p b d k → p~f w ɾ ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | p b d k → ɸ β ɾ x~k / V_V
|
| b → β~m / #_V[+ low]
|
| 21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopi | b k → m~b ∅ / #_
|
| 21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iau | b k → m~b ∅ / #_
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | b C → ∅ d / _#
|
| 21.2.2.5 Proto-East Tariku to Obokuitai | b C → b̚ ɡ̚ / _#
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | b C → b~∅ {d,ɡ} / _#
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b → m / #_a
|
| b → b~ᵐb
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b → m / #_a
|
| b → b~ᵐb
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b → m / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | b → p / _Vkʷ
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| 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | b d → m n / _V[+ nasal] (I’m inferring this from the statement that “[t]here are also a series…of nasal vowels”)
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| b d → p l
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| 23.1.3 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Misumalpan | b d → m n / _V[+ nasal] (I’m inferring this from the statement that “[t]here are also a series…of nasal vowels”)
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| b d → {b,p} l
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| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | b d → ɓ ɗ
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| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | b d → ᵐb ⁿdz
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| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | kp ɡb → k ɡw
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| 26.4 Proto-Mande to Guro | kp {kpʼ,ɡb} → p b
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| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | {ɡ,w,kp} kpʼ ɡb → k kp b
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| 26.6 Proto-Mande to Southwest Mande | kp kpʼ ɡb → {k,B} kp B (it’s unclear what this 〈B〉 is)
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| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | {k,ɡ,kp} {kpʼ,ɡb} → s b
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| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | ɡb → b
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| 26.12 Proto-Mande to Soninka | kp ɡb → k b
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| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | kp ɡb → k b
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | w (→ b?) → m
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| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | w (→ b?) → m
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| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | m → {m,b} (→ b seems more common)
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
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| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
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| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
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| mp mb p b m → tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) ŋw / _{ʊ,o}V
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| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | ubu aba → uː aː / when stressed
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| ib → ∅ / _i, when unstressed
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| b → w / a_u
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| i(ː)b ik → iw ij / _a
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | b d dz ɡ → {p,pʼ} {t,tʼ} {ts,tsʼ} {k,kʼ}
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| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {Np,mb} → b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
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| {r,s}p(ʰ) {r,s}{Np,(m)b} → f v / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
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| S{b,ɡ} Sk → v h / _V
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| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | {Np,mb} → b / _V
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| {r,s}pʰ {r,s}{(N)p,(m)b} → pʰ p b / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
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| S{b,ɡ} Sk → ∅ h
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| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | {r,s}pʰ {r,s}(N)p {r,s}b {r,s}mb → pʰ p b mb / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred with stops at other POAs)
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| Sb Sk Sɡ → b ? ɡ / _V
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| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | p b çp çb sP rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} bj → pʰ p ʝb çp sp rpʰ mpʰ mb br pʰj pj
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| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | b → m / _j
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| p çp (ç)b rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} → p. ç.w (ç)p rp. kj m.p n.br p.j
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| 36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhug | b → w / #{z,r}_
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | p b pr br çp → p.j p br pj ʃb
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| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)p Nb sP çp çb pr br {p,b}j → (m)pʰ (m)p sp ʝb çp br pʰj pʰj
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | {p,b} Np pr {s,r}P çb Nb → p mp mbr sp ʃp p.s
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | çb → ʂp
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| Nb → p.
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | Np Nb Nt Nɡ Nç → sts mp mtʰ mk ntsʰdz
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| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | pr b → br p
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | pʰ b → h w
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | {f,v} {m,b} → pʰ b
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| pl b{l,r} → v pj
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| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | pr b{l,r} vr → v bj d
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| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | b{l,r} → pj
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {pʰ,b} ɓ {tʰ,d} ɗ {kʰ,ɡ} {kʷʰ,ɡ} → p b t d k kʷ
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| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | bl br → p pʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | bl br → p pʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | bl br → p pʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | b → pʰ / _{l,r}
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| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | bl br → p pʰ
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| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | bl br → p pʰ
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| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | p b → ɸ ɱ
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| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | b → m
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| 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | b → m
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | ᵐb ᵑɡ → p k / V_V
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| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ nj → {p,ᵐb} {ⁿd,z} k z / V_V
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| 41.4 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kaeti | {p,ᵐb} ŋɡ → b ɡ / #_
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| 41.5.2.2 Proto-Kainantu to Awa | ʔw ʔb ʔd ʔɡ → m p t k
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| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | k ᵐb ⁿd → {k,h} b {s,t} / #_
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| ᵐb ⁿd → {ᵐb,p} s / V_V
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| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t k ᵐb → {s,t} {ɡ,∅} {b,p} / #_
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| t ᵐb ⁿd {k,ᵑɡ} nj → {r,t} p {d,t} ɡ r / V_V
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| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | ᵐb ⁿd s → b {s,t} {t,s} / #_
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| t ᵐb nj s → r {b,p} ⁿd {s,d} / V_V
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| 41.10 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Telefol | {p,ᵐb} → f / #_
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| ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ → b n k / V_V
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / ! N_
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | nb → mː → m
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| b → m / _VN
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| b → ∅ / #_B (a few exceptions, mostly before _u)
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| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | b → p
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| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | b → β
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| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | b → p
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | b → #c, -nc- (Sundanese)
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| mb nd → ʙ dr (Nias)
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| 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | b d ɡ → bː dː ɡː / V_V (some dialects of Italian; there may be more to it than this, since words like “repubblica” are in standard Italian and not just dialects)
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