| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | p → f / V_
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | p → f / V_
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | p → f
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | p → f
|
| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | p → f
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | p → f
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | pʰ → f
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | pʰ → f
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | p c q → f s ʔ
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | bʱ {dʱ,dzʱ} ɡʱ → f s k
|
| v ɡ ɟ → f k c / V_V
|
| v ɟ → f c / #_
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | p → f / #_
|
| p k → f ɣ / V_V ! ”ə_V
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | pː pwː tː t̪ː kː cː → f hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | pwʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ → fw f rʰ x / in Nelemwa
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | pː pwː tː ʈ kː cː → f hʷ tʰ lʰ h s
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | p ŋ → f ∅ / ”V_V
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | v → f / C[+ sibilant]%
|
| v → f / %C[+ sibilant]
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | β → f / #_ (usually)
|
| β → f / else (rarely)
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | {pʷ,pʲ} {p(ʲ)ː,bˤ} bʷ pʷʲ bʷʲ → p b f tsʲ dzʲ
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → pʼ f v
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | xʷ χʲ → f~ɸ? ħ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ {tʃ,tɕ} → ɕ f ʃ
|
| tsʲʼ tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tɬʼ kʲʼ → ɕʼ fʼ ɕʼ {ɕʼ,cçʼ} ɬʼ tʃʼ
|
| sʷ zʷ {ʃ,ʂ} {ʑ,ʐ,ɣʲ} ʑ χʲ → f v ɕ ʑ ʑ~ʒ χ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | {pʷ,bʷ} → f
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | v ʁ → f χ / S_
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | v → ft / _s
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | p b t → f p {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | sp → f / medial
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | sp → f / medial
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | p d D → f ð T
|
| w (→ v?) → f / s_
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — p → f
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p → f / {V,#}_
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| w → f / #_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | pː tː kː → f θ x
|
| p t k → f θ x / {r,l}_
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | p t k → f θ x
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | θ → f / {V,r}_# (sometimes blocked)
|
| 17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to Yola | ʍ → f (at least one instance of → w, before a high front vowel)
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → fː zː xː / V_V
|
| p t k → f z x / _#
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / #_
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / {L,N}_
|
| pː tː kː → pf ts kx
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | v → f / _C ! _d
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | θ → f / _l
|
| b {w,v} d ð ɡ → p f t θ k / _#
|
| β ð ɣ → f θ k / _{p,t,k,s}
|
| β ɣ → f h / _%
|
| p → f / _{t,k}
|
| m → f / _{n,ŋ}
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | p t k → f θ x / _{S,F[- voice]}
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | pʰ tʰ kʰ → f θ x
|
| p k → f x / _t
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | pʰ tʰ kʰ → f θ x
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | pʲ mʲ fʲ → p m f / _#
|
| v r̝ → f r̥ / C[-voiced]_
|
| v r̝ → f r̥ / _{C[-voiced],#}
|
| Lv → L[-voiced]f / O[-voiced]_ “for many speakers”
|
| {xv,pv} → f
|
| plv → pf
|
| pv → f
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | ɡʰ → f / #_
|
| {ɸ,θ} → f / #_
|
| xʷ → f
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʷʱ} → f / #_
|
| ɡʷʱ → f / _r
|
| s → θ → f / #_r
|
| S → f / _f
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | fl → {ʃ,fr} / #_
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | pʰ → f
|
| β → {∅,f} / C_(s)# (the latter is rare)
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | t → f
|
| {ɡ́ʰ,x} {ɸ,θ,ɡʷʰ} → h f
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | p d → p~f n / #_
|
| p b d k → p~f w ɾ ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.1 Proto-Arawá to Arawá | p → f
|
| 22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawara | ɓ → f / medially
|
| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | p → f
|
| 26.4 Proto-Mande to Guro | p f → f v
|
| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | p → f
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | p → f
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | p → f
|
| 26.12 Proto-Mande to Soninka | p → f
|
| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | p → f
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Eastern Muskogean | xʷ → f
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ {s,z} → {kʷ,p} f wˀ w
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → p pʰ pʼ f v
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’p ’t ’d/d2 c {’ɟ} ’k ɡ → f l ɟ s ∅ {w,∅} {k,w} / in C1 position
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | {p,ʋ̃} c k͜p → f s p / #_
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | v ʋ → f v
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | {r,s}p(ʰ) {r,s}{Np,(m)b} → f v / _V (the paper implies similar developments occurred at other POAs)
|
| {r,s}k {r,s}Nk → f w / _V
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | s → f / h_r
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — wh → f
|
| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | r̥ w̥ j̊ → s f ʃ
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | s {ç,x} → f s
|
| sr kr → ft kV0lV0
|
| sk → f / ”V_
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | v → f
|
| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | v → f
|
| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | v → f
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | v → f
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | mw f → f {f,v,w,h}
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | v → f
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | pʰ tʰ tsʰ → f θ s
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | p → f / #_ (?)
|
| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.1.10 Proto-Gorokan to Yagaria | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | p → f
|
| 41.10 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Telefol | {p,ᵐb} → f / #_
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | {w,β}h → f
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | w → f (Common Celtic; I’m not sure of the conditions)
|
| 47.3 List 3: Vowels | i u → s̩ f̩ (Ōgami) (http://amritas.com/101023.htm#10192359)
|