| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | ə → i
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | {u,ə} → ∅ / ! C_C(C)#
|
| ə → a / near ħ ʕ
|
| ə → ɐ / near emphatics
|
| ə → ɪ / else
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | ə → a / near gutturals
|
| ə → ɛ / #R_C or when breaking up what would otherwise be a three-consonant cluster; in the case of two schwas, only the first one is dropped
|
| ə → ∅ / else
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | we → wə → oː / ! adjacent to {p,m,k}
|
| {a,ə} → ∅ / _{x,h} “in the odd-numbered of any sequence of one or more short-vowel open syllables”; such vowels are considered “weak”
|
| ə → o / _h{p,kʷ,w,m}
|
| ə → i / _hC
|
| ə → o / _x{p,kʷ,V[+round]}
|
| ə → o / {p,m}_x
|
| ə → a / _x “[i]n a nonrounding environment”
|
| ə → o / _ŋkʷ
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | (h)ə{p,b} → t / _l
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | (h)ə{p,b} (h)ə{t,d} (h)ə{c,ɟ} (h)ə{k,ɡ} → β dʲ ɟ ɡ
|
| ((h)ə)p d → b t / _l
|
| {əkʰ,əɡɦj} → ɟ (I think Thompson implied this was just a bit of a kludge)
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | ə → ∅ / {i,ɨ}_{p,m.w}
|
| ə → ∅ / ɨ_j
|
| ə → ∅ / u_{m,j}
|
| ə(ː) ɛ → ɨ ɛə / _K
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | HəS → (h)ə(N)S / #_
|
| 10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol | ə → a / V_V
|
| ə → u / _#
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | ə → u
|
| 10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon | ə → u
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | ə → a
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | ə → o
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | ə → i
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | ə → u
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | ə → u
|
| ə → ∅ / VC_CV
|
| 10.2.3.1 Proto-Malayic to (Standard) Malay | ə → a / _(C…)#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | ə → u / _h#
|
| — əw əj → i u / _#
|
| HəS → (h)əNS
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | HəS → (h)əNS / #_
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | — əw əj → o e / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | ə → ∅ / #_
|
| ə → {e,o} / stressed; “(result of /e/ or /o/ unpredictable)”
|
| {aw,əw} → o / _#
|
| wə → u / #_
|
| ə → ∅ / _j
|
| ə → ∅ / _#
|
| ə → ∅ “(sporadic)”
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | ə → ∅ / adjacent to a vowel
|
| ə → ∅ / _V
|
| ə → ∅ VC_CV
|
| ə → ∅ / #_UU(U…)# “(i.e., in word-initial position in prepenultimate syllables)
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ə → a / _ʔ#
|
| ə → ∅ / adjacent to a vowel
|
| əi̯ əu̯ → ai̯ au̯ / ! O[+voiced] earlier in the word
|
| ə → {ə,a} / _C# “(free variants)”
|
| ə → ∅ / #_
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | ə → ∅ / #_
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — ə → a / _(C…)# (eventually spread to everywhere)
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | ə → {o,e}
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | ə → i
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | ə → a / in U#
|
| ə → e / else
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | ə → a / in U#
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | u a ə → {u,o} {a,e} e
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | — eCə oCə → Ceː Coː / #_
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | ə → ∅ / #_, “under certain conditions not yet discovered”
|
| 15.2 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Eskimo | ə → ∅ / t_, “in certain positions”
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | ə → i / at word boundaries
|
| ə → u / u_
|
| ə → a / a_
|
| ə → ∅ / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | ə → u / u_
|
| ə → a / a_
|
| ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | ə → u / u_
|
| ə → a / a_
|
| ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | ə → u / u_
|
| ə → a / a_
|
| ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | ə → a / _#
|
| ə → ∅
|
| ə → i / u_
|
| ə → ∅ / _dʒ{a,u}, except in #U
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | ə → a / _#
|
| ə → ∅
|
| ə → i / {u,a}_ (though aə seems to have become i in some circumstances)
|
| ə → ∅ / _dʒ{a,u} except in #U
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | ə → a /
|
| ə → ∅ / #_
|
| ə → i / {u,a}_
|
| ə → ∅ / _dʒ{a,u} except in #U
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | ə → a / _#
|
| ə → ∅ / #_
|
| ə → i / {u,a}_ (though aə seems to have become i in some circumstances)
|
| ə → ∅ / _dʒ{a,u} except in #U
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| ə → e / _{C[+palatal],E}
|
| ə → æ / ! _{B,K,H}
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| ə → e / _{C[+palatal],E}
|
| ə → æ / ! _{B,K,H}
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| ə → e / _{C[+palatal],E}
|
| ə → æ / ! _{B,K,H}
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| ə → e / _{C[+palatal],E}
|
| ə → æ / ! _{B,K,H}
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | əɪ əʊ → ɑi æʊ / “in some parts of South-Eastern England”
|
| əɪ əʊ → aɪ aʊ / “in most of Britain”
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | eə → eː
|
| iə → ɪ (ongoing)
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | uː → ʊə → uː / _ɫ ! in Queensland and New South Wales
|
| ə → ɪ / _{k,ɡ,tʃ,dʒ,ʃ,ʒ,v}
|
| ɔə → ɔː
|
| ɛə ʊə → ɛː ɔː (ongoing)
|
| ʊə → oː / ! {j,dʒ}_
|
| ʊə → ʉːwə / “almost always otherwise, but see [above vowel changes after /ɫ/ is formed]”
|
| oə → oː
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#, when unstressed (it appears this sound may also have gone to /ɪ/)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | y(ː) yə ø(ː) øy → i(ː) iə e(ː) ei (intermittent)
|
| uə yə iə → uː yː iː
|
| ə → ∅ / unstressed, but not in every case
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | ə → ∅ / #_
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | ə → i
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {a,o,ə} → e / j_
|
| {a,o,ə} → o
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | V[-high] → ə → ∅ / _V “(except that a is kept before o)”
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | n̩ → ə → ∅ / C_#
|
| ”ɨ ”ə ɨ[- stress] ə[- stress] → ɨ a a ə
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}i əj → e i
|
| {a,ɛ}u əw → o u
|
| ə → ∅ / _%
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}u əw → au u
|
| {a,ɛ}i əj → ai i
|
| ə → ∅ / _%, when unstressed
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | ə → ∅ / C_CV (not sure if this happened all the time or not)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
|
| 29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | e {ɑ,ə} → i {e,ɪ}
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | e a u {ə,ʊ} → a u i ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ɑ ə ʊ u → a e o i
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | a u {ɑ,ə} ʊ → {i,e} ju a o
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | a ɑ ə ʊ → æ a {ə,ë} o
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | ə → ∅ / {R,F}_#
|
| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | ə → ∅ / {R,F}_#
|
| 29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | {e,ə} ʊ → ɑ u
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a ɛ o
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
|
| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
|
| 29.1.1.1.33 Proto-Athabaskan to Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish | ɑ ə ʊ → a {i,e} u
|
| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | ɑ ə ʊ → {æ̆,ă} æ̆ ŏ
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | ə → {a,ɨ} (→ ø in the Northway dialect)
|
| 29.1.1.1.41 Proto-Athabaskan to Northern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
|
| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | ə → e / _{i,j}
|
| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | {o,ɔ} ə → u i / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | ə ə̃ → ɛ ɛ̃
|
| 30.3.1.1.13 Proto-Vhe to TẸ́wun | ə → e / _{i,j}
|
| 30.3.1.1.14 Proto-Vhe to Wacı́ | ə → e / _{i,j}
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.3.1.3 Buena Vista Yokuts to Tulamni | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| 33.3.2.2 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Northern Yokuts | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | Kwə- → Kʷɨ-
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | {long-tail vowel thingʔ,əʔ} → ɛʔ
|
| əjʔ əw {əm,ən} → eʔ ɛu ɛn
|
| əjŋ → ɛn (varies with ɛn?)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | iə → ı̆ / _C%
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | ɨə → ɨ̆ / _C%
|
| uə → ŭ
|
| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
|
| əi → ai
|
| u̯əi → oːi
|
| {o,ə} → a / _ɨ
|
| i̯əu → au
|
| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | iə → ı̆ / _C%
|
| uɨ̯ ua̯ → ɨə uɔ̯ → ɨː ɔː
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ɨ̆ə → ɨ̆ / _C%
|
| uə → ŭ
|
| Cʷə → Cɔ
|
| ə → {a,ɒ,ɑ,ʌ} ?
|
| ua~uə → uː
|
| ɨ̯a~ɨə → ɨː
|
| {əi,ɛi,ei} → ai
|
| u̯əi ɔi → (w)iː oːi
|
| ə → a / _{u,ɨ}
|
| i̯əu → uː
|
| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | ɨə → ɨː
|
| iə → ı̆ / _C% (not in all languages)
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | u{o,ə} ɨu → uː ɨː
|
| {u̯əi,ɔi} → ɔːi
|
| əɨ → ai
|
| {o,ə} ɛ → a ɛː / _u
|
| ɨ̯əu au → au aːu
|
| uəi → uai
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | əi → ai
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | {ə,ɔ} {ə̰,ɔ̰} → a a̰
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ə → ∅ / _#
|
| ə → ∅ / VC_CV
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | iː uː → əj əw → ɑj ɑw
|
| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | uə yə → ɔ œ / _{n,t}
|
| ə → ∅ / i_{ŋ,k}
|
| ə → a
|
| ə → a / _{i,u}
|
| iəu → au
|
| a → ə → ∅ / i_u
|
| ə → ∅ / W_
|
| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | {ɨ,ə} → o
|
| {u,ɨ}i {,a,i {ɨi,i{a,ə}} u{ɨ,a,ə} → wi e je wo
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
|