| 8 Altaic | 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a ø → {a,ʌ} a / P_Ca
|
| a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| ø → ʌ / P_Ce
|
| æ → ʌ / P_Cu
|
| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
|
| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | oɡ → ʌu
|
| ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
|
| — uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
|
| — øː → (j){u,ʌ} / _{k,x} (outcome varies depending upon dialect)
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | u → ʊ → ɵ → ʌ
|
| o → ʌ / P_r
|
| ɔ{ɡ,j} → ʌu
|
| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | uː → ʌu (? conjectured based on the above diphthongization and on developments in Polder Dutch vowels)
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
|
| u → ʌ / _C{ː,CC}
|
| ɒ → ʌ / _r(ː)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ə → {a,ɒ,ɑ,ʌ} ?
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | ʊ ʌ ɛ → ʌ ɛ æ
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
|
| øː → (j){u,ʌ} / _{k,x} (outcome varies depending upon dialect)
|
| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
|