| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | a → o / #Cw_{(d)l,s3}
|
| 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic | a → o / #{z,dʒ}_P
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | u → o / _{ʕ,ɣ,x,r}
|
| u → o / {ʕ,ɣ,x,r}_
|
| a → {u,o} / P_
|
| a → {u,o} / _P
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | i u → e o / only when short, ! _#
|
| u → {o,u} / short only, _#
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | aj aw → e(ː,j) o(ː,w)
|
| 6.2.2.1.16 Classical Arabic to Sudanese Arabic | u(ː) → {ɵ,o}(ː)
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — i iː u uː → eə iːə oə uːə / _R
|
| — i u → e o / _C{$,#} (in verbs)
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | iw → o / _#
|
| oː aː eː iː → o ɔ̃ a i
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | iw → o / _#
|
| oː eː iː → o a i
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | we → o
|
| a(ː) → o(ː)
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {a,e,i} → o / _kʷ
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| a → o / _w
|
| {we,wiː} → o / #_
|
| oː → o
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | o a → e o
|
| w j → {v,o} {t,e}
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | we → o
|
| lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | we → o
|
| lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | we → o
|
| lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | we → o
|
| lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | we → o
|
| lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | ə → o / _h{p,kʷ,w,m}
|
| ə → o / _x{p,kʷ,V[+round]}
|
| ə → o / {p,m}_x
|
| ə → o / _ŋkʷ
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | we je → o i / _C
|
| we → o / #_
|
| a → o / $am_w
|
| wi(ː) → o(ː) / C_w
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | eːk → oχ / _w
|
| o(ː) waː eː iː → u o e i
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | we e → o i
|
| 7.16 Proto-Algonquian to Piscataway | e → o / unclear conditioning
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | we → o
|
| wa → o / #_
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | a → {a,o,u} / _Cu
|
| e o u æ ø y → {a,e} {o,u} {a,o,u a {a,o,u} {o,u,i} / _Ca
|
| a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
|
| a e u æ ø y → {a,e} {e,i} {y,ø} {i,e} {i,e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ci
|
| e → o / P_Cu
|
| e → o / C_Pu
|
| a e o i æ ø y → {a,i,e} {a,e} u {o,u} e {ø,y,o,u} {o,u} / _Co
|
| a e {o,u} æ ø y → {a,o,u} {e,a} {o,u} {a,o,u} {e,i,u} {i,o,u,y,ø} / _Cu
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | o → {o,u} / _CV
|
| {u,ø,y} æ → {o,u} ia / _Ca
|
| æ ø → i {o,u} / _Ce
|
| æ ø y → ia {o,u} i / _Ci
|
| {u,æ} ø → {o,u} i / _Co
|
| {u,æ,y} ø → {o,u} ia / _Cu
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
|
| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
|
| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | o oɡ ø øɡ iɡ → wo ɥø oː øː iː
|
| a{ɡ̌(ɯ),b} {o{ɡ̌,b},aɡ̌u} u{ɡ̌,b} → ɰa wo uː
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | — aj aw → ej ow / _#
|
| — aj aw → e ow / _#
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | ej ow → e o / _#
|
| u i → o e / sometimes
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | ə → o
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | u → o / _#
|
| uj iw → oj uj / _#
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {a,e} → o / _w#
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | i u → e o / _C{C,#}
|
| i u → e o / CC# (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | h → {o,h,w} / V_V
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| — əw əj → o e / _#
|
| — aw aj → o aj / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | aj aw uj → e o i
|
| ə → {e,o} / stressed; “(result of /e/ or /o/ unpredictable)”
|
| wa → o / #_ when unstressed
|
| {aw,əw} → o / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | i u → e o / _h#
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | u → o / _k#
|
| u → o / _ŋ# “(sporadically failed to occur)”
|
| a → o / _# “(not in all forms)”
|
| i u → e o / _CV[+close-mid](C)# “(iə is treated as close mid for this change)”
|
| i u → e o / _Cɯ#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | a → o / _(C…)#
|
| u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| — a → o / _p#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| aw → o / _#
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | o(C)V[+ high] o(C)V[+ mid] o(C)a → ɵ(C) o(C) ɔ(C)ə
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — uCV[- high] → oC
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | u i → o e / “in monosyllabic forms almost always”
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | u i → o e / in monosyllables
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | u → o
|
| i → o / {u,w}_
|
| ua → ou
|
| au → {u,o} “sometimes”
|
| a → o / P_ “[tendency]”
|
| a → o / _P “[tendency]”
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | e → o / K_
|
| e → o / _K
|
| a → o / {w,m,ŋ}_
|
| ə → {o,e}
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | a → o / _{P,Cu}
|
| a → o / P_
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | u a ə → {u,o} {a,e} e
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | aw → o
|
| e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | i u → e o / _Ca
|
| aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
|
| i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / {m,v,p}_C̣
|
| — i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / _ɭ
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | ə → o / _(C)o
|
| 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | oi → oe
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — h1e h2e h3e → e a o
|
| — e → o / _w
|
| — u → o / _wO
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | — i u → e o / _C(…C){a(ː),e(ː),o(ː)}
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | i u → e o / _Ca
|
| 17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanic | i u → e o / _%{a,o}
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | {o(ː)ht,ɑːht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | eː oː → eɪ oʊ / ! _ɹ
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | eː oː → ie uo
|
| a → ɒ? (→ o) / _ɫ
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | iu → {yː,io} (outcome varies depending upon dialect; the former seems more typical)
|
| {uː,uw} u → ɔw o (except in the southeast)
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | uː yː iː → ou øy ei, except in certain unstressed endings and monosyllables, _C{C,V,#} (“especially before /xt/”), and Low German borrowings
|
| ou øy ei → au oy ai
|
| u y → o ø / _N (with some occasional exceptions)
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | (w)u(ː) i(ː) → (w)o(ː) e(ː) / _(C)(C)a ! CC = NC or one C = {ʀ,j}
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | a(ː) ae → o(ː) ɒø / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C)u
|
| u → o / _m#
|
| u → o / _m#
|
| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
|
| woː wøː jæː Vː → wo wøje V[- long] / _%
|
| uN yN iN VN → o øː eː Vː / _{s,f}
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | waː → wo
|
| u o a øː eː y i → ʏɪ oi ai øi ei yː iː / _j
|
| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | joː → {u,o,ø} (looks like being in the ultima or the penult may have had something to do with it, but it isn’t clear to me)
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | {u,o}(ː) a aː {ɒ,œ,y} e i(ː) → {o,ɔ}(i) æ(i) {ɔ,ɒ}(i) {o,ɔ}(i) {æ,e} / _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
|
| u → {o,ɒ} / _CC
|
| uː → {u,o,ɒ,ø} (conditioning unclear; it seems the presence of a velar consonant may have helped to retain the quality of /u/)
|
| {ɒ,ey} j{u,o,a}ː yː → o ø u / Ḱ_
|
| a → {o,ɔ} / _{K,r} (! K = w ?)
|
| aː → wo (dialectal)
|
| au → {o,ɔ,ɒ} / j_
|
| au → j{o,ɔ}
|
| e → {o,ɒ} / _w
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | e(ː) → o(ː) / _h3
|
| e(ː) → o(ː) / h3_
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| ah → o
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| ah → o
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| ah → o
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | {a,o,ə} → o
|
| e → o / _wV
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | aː ɔː ɛː → ɒ o e
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | or ol er el → oro olo ere ele / _$
|
| je → o / #_
|
| je → o / V_ (sporadic)
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | eu → ou
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | l̥ r̥ → ol {or,er} / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | e → o / _ɫ
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| {ew,ow} → ou → uː
|
| V → o / %(C)(C)V_% when unstressed
|
| e → o / _w
|
| e → o / w_
|
| l̩ l̩ː r̩ r̩ː → ol l or r
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {u,oː} → o
|
| ɛ ɔ → e o / when unstressed
|
| “In contrast, Romanian exhibits u, uː → u (and ultimately also ɔ, oː → o); and Sardinian and African Latin underwent a straight merger of the vowels by length without considering quality (e, eː → e; i, iː → i; u, uː → u; etc.)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {u,oː} o → o ɔ / stressed
|
| {u,o(ː)} → o / _%”V else
|
| ae au → e o / _%”V
|
| ∅ → {e,o} / CL_#
|
| ∅ → {e,o} / rː_#
|
| ɔ → o / _N$C
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — {o(ː),u} → o
|
| — iː oː → i o
|
| — u(ː) → o / except _V (?)
|
| ò → uo → uɛ / in U[+open] ! _N
|
| ó → ou → ɛu / in U[+open]
|
| ó → ou / in U[+closed]
|
| o → {ou,ɔ} “(the outcome fluctuates, but ɔ is often the result of analogy rather than strict sound change; always ou before another vowel)”
|
| {ei,ɔi} → oi / C[-nas]
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | au → o
|
| ɔ → uo / stressed ! j_ or _{dʒ,L}
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | au → o
|
| {u,oː} o → o ɔ / stressed
|
| {u,o(ː)} → o / _%”V
|
| {u(ː),o(ː)} → o → u / _#
|
| ɛ ɔ → e o / _(”u)#
|
| aɫ → o
|
| {ã,ãe,õe} → ão / _#
|
| e V → o ∅ / _? (irregular)
|
| e → o / _m”V (irregular)
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — ʊ → o (this change seems to have happened later, hence is listed separately)
|
| — ɔ → ɥo / _{u,P,k,ɡ,i} (in Languedoc)
|
| — ɔ → {ɥe,ɥo,ɔ} / _{u,P,k,ɡ,i} (in southern dialects)
|
| — å ɛ ɔ → a e o / _N (in Limousin and neighboring regions, the last two particularly in Limousin, Languedoc, and Gascon, though when _ɲ this change may have been blocked)
|
| — u → o
|
| — a → o in most dialects except Gascon and Languedoc; final -as remained in “Limousin and some others”
|
| — e u → e o / _nt#
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — iː o(ː) u(ː) → i o u
|
| — {o(ː),u} → o
|
| — {o(ː),uː} → o
|
| — u → o / ! V_
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | au ai → o e
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | Raising of e {ɛ,a} ɔ o → i e o u; near j, in particular environments:
|
| — ɛ ɔ u → e o u / _(C)j
|
| ”je.o ”je.a → {”i.o,”jo} ”i.a
|
| i u → e o / _(C)#
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | eu → ou
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | h3e o → o ɛ
|
| õ oː → o a
|
| ɛ → o / _$B
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}u əw → o u
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | ɔ ɛ → o e
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | u → o / _{p,b}i
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | u → o / _{p,b}i
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | a → {ɨ,o} / _N#
|
| a → o / ! Cw_
|
| {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ {u,ũ,õ} → i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ {õ,ũ} → ə e i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | õ → o
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | a → {∅,o,e} / _j#
|
| o u → {u,o} {u,o,i}
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | u → o / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| ɨ̃ ẽ õ → ∅ {ẽ,e} {o,õ,u,ũ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | u → o / _Ca
|
| 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | o a → {u,o} {a,e}
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | a → o / xʷ_#
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| 28.2.1 Proto-Western Muskogean to Chickasaw | aw → o
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| 28.2.2 Proto-Western Muskogean to Choctaw | a → o / _w
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | u ɑ ʊ → {o,u} ə u
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| 29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | ɑ ʊ → a o
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| 29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | u {ɑ,ʊ} → {o,u} ə
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| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ɑ ə ʊ u → a e o i
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| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | a u {ɑ,ə} ʊ → {i,e} ju a o
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| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | a ɑ ə ʊ → æ a {ə,ë} o
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| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | i e a u {ɑ,ʊ} → e a ɔ o ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.16 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Kuskokwim Kolchan | e a {ɑ,ʊ} → a o ŭ
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| 29.1.1.1.18 Proto-Athabaskan to Sekani | ʊ → o
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| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a ɛ o
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| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | ɑ ə ʊ → a e o
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| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
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| 29.1.1.1.40 Proto-Athabaskan to Tsetsaut | ʊ → o
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| 29.1.1.1.41 Proto-Athabaskan to Northern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
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| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | {ɑ,ə,ʊ} → {a,o}
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
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| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | awu → o
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| aɡu → o
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| 33 Penutian | 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | V → o / C”oC_
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | w → o / Cʲ_?w
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| {a(ta),a(ch)} → o / else
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| ? → o / _ŋ
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| e → o / w_ŋ
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| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | uʔ → oʔ (occasionally → uɛʔ?)
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| uŋ → oŋ (in one source?)
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| juŋ → uŋ (→ oŋ dialectally?)
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| yʔ → oʔ (eventually → {ʊʔ,(i)uʔ?) / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_, in “QYS -k-types”
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| yʔ → ioʔ (→ iʊʔ dialectally?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}_, in -k-types
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| yʔ → oʔ (→ ʊʔ?) / C̣_, in -k-types
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| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | B → o / {qʰ,(N)q}_
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| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | a aS → ɑ {ɑ,o} / _%
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| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | ut uk → ud oɡ
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| oj → oi
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| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
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| et ej → o e.i
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| iw → jo
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| ip it → ib o
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| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | or → ro
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| an {at.is} → o ie
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| 36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhug | aŋ → o / _#
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| a → o / _m#
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | u → o / _k
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| uj → os
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| aj → oi
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| et → o
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| i → o / _m
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| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | om → {o,a}m
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| ew iw → i jo
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| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | uk → o
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | u → o / _p
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| a → o / _r
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| es er → or ər
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
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| om → {on,am}
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | uk uŋ → {u,o} e
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| it ik → o ek
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| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | uk → o
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| it ik → o i
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → o(ː) ʌ̃(ː)
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| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | o(ː) u(ː) → a(ː) o(ː)
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| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | — ∅ → o / C_wV(H)#
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | i iː u → ə ei oʊ̯
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | u̯o i̯o → u o
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| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | i̯o → o
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| e → o / _{m,p}%
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| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | i → {i,oi} / _%
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| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
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| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
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| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | {u̯o,u̯ɨ} u̯ɔ → o ɔː
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| e → o / _{m,p}%
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| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
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| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | ɨ ɔ → ə o
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | a → {a,o}
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| 41.4 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kaeti | u a → {u,o,y} {a,o}
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| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | u i → {u,o} {i,e}
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| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | u o a e → {u,ɔ} {o,ɔ} {a,ɔ} {e,o}
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | Aw → o / unstressed (possibly analogical)
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| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ê ô → e o / _(X)Ci
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| ɑ → o / ”{a,e,i}(X)C_j
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| uw ij → ow ej / _C
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| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | oi → o / unstressed
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| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | eː øː oː → ie yø uo
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | eː øː oː ɤ(ː) → iːe yːø uːo ɨ(ː)
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| eː oː → je wo
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| ɔ(ː) → o(ː)
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| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseño | o ɨ → e o
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| 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | a → o / P_
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | e → o / _(C…)o (eastern dialects, Bermeo Biscayan)
|
| e → o / o(C…)_ (eastern dialects)
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| u i → o e / _r{C,#}
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| ʊa → o “especially after a velar stop”
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | aw aj → o e
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| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | u → o / _K
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
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| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | aː ɔː → ɛː oː → eː ow → ej (əw)
|
| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ie yø uo
|
| ei oi øi → eː oe øe
|
| eu → eo
|
| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | a aː → o a
|
| u → ŭ [ɤ?] → {e,o,ɤ,a} (strong)/∅ (weak) “in modern languages”
|
| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | e o → je wo / _#
|
| {ɨ,ə} → o
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| {u,ɨ}i {,a,i {ɨi,i{a,ə}} u{ɨ,a,ə} → wi e je wo
|
| 46.17 Proto-Maidun to Nisenian Vowel Shift | u i e a → y e a o
|