| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | dz ʃ tʃ → ʒ s1 s2
|
| dʒ → tʃ → ʃ
|
| t → ∅ / _s#
|
| 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | tsʼ → ʒ / V_
|
| ts → tʃ / _i
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| {ts,ʒ} → tʃ / V_
|
| tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | ts tsː → s ts / V_
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| tsʼ → tʃʼ / #_
|
| tsʼ → s / V_
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | tsʼ → tʃʼ
|
| {s3,ts,ʒ} → s / _$#
|
| ts → ʃ / V_
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | tʃ ʒ → ʔj s
|
| ts → s / #_
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | tsʼ → sʼ
|
| tsː → ts / V_
|
| tsʼ → {tʃʼ,s}
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| 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari | tʃ → ts
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| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | tʃ → ts
|
| ts → ʃ / _i
|
| 6.2 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythrean | tʃ dʒ → ts dz
|
| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {ts,tʃ} z dz → ʃ d dʒ
|
| t → r / medially
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {ts,tʃ} dz → ʃ dʒ
|
| t → j / medially
|
| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | ts tʃ dz → sʼ tʃʼ z
|
| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | ts dz {t,ts}ʼ tʃʼ → s z sʼ ʃʼ
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| tlʼ → dl / #_Vħr
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | tlʼ → ɬ / _C[+sibilant]
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | tˤ sˤ → s t
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | t → t͜s / plain t only, distinguishable from the sequence ts
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | p b t d k ɡ → b v θ ð x ɣ / non-intial singletons
|
| at → aː / _# (in feminine noun endings)
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | sˤ tˤ ħ q → s t χ k
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | tʃ → ʃ / _p
|
| tʃ → θ
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ {θ,t} m k → s ts tʲ bʲ / _{i(ː),j,#}
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {θ,tʃ,ʃ,r} → t / unless adjacent to another consonant
|
| {ʃ,tʃ} → s / #_
|
| ntʃ → ʔt
|
| θp tʃp ʃp → {x,sː} ʔp sːp
|
| t → ts / _{i,e(ː),a}
|
| tem {k,p}en → mː nː
|
| ket → tː (→ sː?)
|
| tsi → ∅ / $_OO “(before a prefix; the first obstruent of the follow[ing] cluster then becomes ʔ)
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | p t k → {hp,∅} ht {hk,∅}
|
| {(t)l,θ} → t
|
| ʃ tʃ → {ʃ,x} s
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | tʃ → t / in nouns
|
| t s → tʃ ʃ / in diminutives
|
| {tʃ,ç} → h / _k
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | tʃ → t / in nominal suffixes
|
| t → tʃ / in diminutives
|
| {θ,ʃ,tʃ,ç,x,ʔ} → h / _C
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | tʃ → ʃ / ! C_
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | {h,s,tʃ,θ} → ʔ / _O
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | pʰ tʰ kʰ → p t k
|
| tʃʰ → t
|
| tʃ dʒ → t d / #_
|
| tʃ → s / maybe ! _#?
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {tʰ,d} {k,ɡ} → r {h,∅} / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| pʰ tʰ kʰ → p t {k,h}
|
| {tʃʰ,dʒ} → tʃ
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | tʰ → d / _#
|
| t(ʰ) d → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| tʰ → t / else
|
| tʃ → dʒ / #_i
|
| tʃ → d / #
|
| tʃʰ → tʃ
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | t → dʒ / #_{æ,ø,y}
|
| t → d / #_
|
| tʰ tʃʰ → t tʃ
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | tʰ → d / #_(V){lʲ,r(ʲ)}
|
| tʰ → t
|
| {t,tʃ} → d / #_
|
| 8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakh | tʃ → ʃ
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | tʰ → h (Only seems to have occurred with first-register tones)
|
| {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → b d j
|
| tɹ → tʰ
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | bʱ {tʰ,dʱ} {t*ʰ,d*ʱ} {kʰ,ɡʱ} → pʰ t tʰ kʰ (after *kʰ *ɡʱ, only first-register tones may occur)
|
| (h)ə{p,b} (h)ə{t,d} (h)ə{c,ɟ} (h)ə{k,ɡ} → β dʲ ɟ ɡ
|
| {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → {β,w} dʲ ɟ
|
| tʃ → Ω (This is my own notation. I don’t have a clue what the intermediate form was; became something else in different dialects)
|
| t → ∅ / _ɹ (only first-register tones can occur in this environment)
|
| t*ʰ d ɡ → tʰ t k / _w
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | {bl,tl} → ʈ (?)
|
| c ɲ t n → t n k ŋ / a_ (short /a/ only)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | s ts lʲ → h t n
|
| 10.1.1.5 Proto-Polynesian to Luangiua | k t → ʔ k
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | t → s / _i
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | {t,k} q → ʔ k / _C
|
| t → s / _i
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | {t,k,q,s} → k / _C
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {ts,ʈ} {ɟ͡ʝ,ɖ} {lʲ,ɲ} {ʔ,x,s,h} ʀ → t d n ∅ r (velar fricative is conjectured; changes → d “unsure”)
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | {p,t,k} b d ɡ → ʔ p t k / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | t → ð / ! adjacent to S
|
| t → {s,ð} / “unpredictably, to eliminate sV(C)t and tV(C)s sequences”
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | pː tː cː kː → p t c k
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | {p,t} n → c̚ ɲ / {i,ɛ}_#
|
| {p,t} {m,n} → k ŋ / ɯ_#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — {p,t,k} s → ʔ h / _#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | {nts,ns,nz,nɡʲ} {ts,z,ɡʲ} → ɡʲ s
|
| 10.3.1 Proto-Oceanic to Hawai’ian | k t → ʔ k
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | t → ʔ “often”
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | pː pwː tː ʈː qː kː → pʰ pwʰ cʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| q {k,t} {s,ʈ} → k c t
|
| t c → l j / V_V
|
| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| t̪ → l / V_V
|
| t̪ t̪ʰ t tʰ → t tʰ c s
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | pː pwː tː t̪ː kː cː → f hʷ t̪ʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| t̪ → l / V_V
|
| t tʰ → c h / _E
|
| t̪ t̪ʰ → t tʰ
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | t → k
|
| t̪ → t
|
| pw p t ʈ k c → (v)w v r l ɣ j / V_V
|
| pwʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ → fw f rʰ x / in Nelemwa
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| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | k t s → j c t̪
|
| p pw t̪ ʈ c → v (v)w r l j / V_V
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| t̪ ʈ → r l / _#
|
| {t̪,ʈ} → t
|
| pː pwː tː qː cː → pʰ pwʰ tʰ h cʰ
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| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | q k t s → k j c t
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| pː pwː tː ʈ kː cː → f hʷ tʰ lʰ h s
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ xʷ t̪ʰ tʰ x s
|
| t̪(ʰ) t(ʰ) → cʰ tʰ
|
| p pw t {k,c} → {v,∅} w l ∅ / V_V
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | pː pwː t̪ː tː ʈː cː kː → pʰ pwʰ t̪ʰ tʰ ʈʰ jʰ h
|
| t(ʰ) → k(ʰ)
|
| p pw t̪ ʈ k c → v w ð l ∅ j / V_V
|
| 10.3.5.8.2 Proto-Yunaga to Yunaga 2 | {t̪,ʈ} → t
|
| 10.3.6.1 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Äiwoo | {t,k} → ∅ / V_V
|
| 10.3.6.2 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Nagu | t → l / V_V
|
| 10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügu | t → {t,l} / #_
|
| t → l / _{u,i}
|
| t k → l ∅ / V_V
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | v t l r → p dr n w / _#
|
| t → ts / _V[+ high]
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | m b → n̼ t̼ → n t / _{a,e,i}
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | t r l → {j,s} {j,∅} j / _u
|
| t → s / _i
|
| 10.3.9.2 Proto-Utupua to Nebao | t k → r ∅ / #_ (though *t seems to have occasionally survived?)
|
| t → {r,t} / _B
|
| t → {r,t} / V_V
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | p t {r,l} → ∅ s j / _u
|
| t → {t,r,kʷ} / #_ (I’m not kidding. That’s what’s listed as the reflexes.)
|
| t k → {t,r,kʷ,∅} ∅ / V_V
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | p t → ∅ {s,k} / _u
|
| 10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanema | t → {∅,t} / #_
|
| t → s / _u
|
| 10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vano | t → l / #_, in nouns
|
| t → s / _{u,i}
|
| t → l / V_V
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | t → c / _E
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | t → s / _#
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | {s,t} → h / _{n,l,r}
|
| t → r / ! at word boundaries
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | t → r
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | t → r
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | t → r
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | t → ʔ “often”
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | p {t,ts} c → pʲ tʲ rʲ
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | t1 d1 d3 Z → t d ɖ ɟ
|
| 10.7 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Rukai | {t1,c} {d1,z} d3 → t d ɖ
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | {ts,st} → tʃ
|
| tɬː dɮ → tɬ(ː) tɬː
|
| 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | {ts,st} dz → s {tsːʼ,z}
|
| stː → sː
|
| tɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) dʒ → ɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) tɬː
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| st(ː) → ts
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| tɬ tɬʼ tɬː tɬːʼ → ɬ tʼ tɬ tɬ(ː)ʼ
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {tsʼ,tʃʼ} ʒ ts
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ → k {xʲː,kː} kʰ {ɡ,q}(?)
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | {tsː,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → ts tsʼ
|
| {tʃ(ː),dʒ} → tʃʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → k {k,xʲ} {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː} kʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | {tsː,stː} dz st → sː {tsː,z} ts
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬ(ː)ʼ dɮ → xʲ xː kʼ {kː,l}
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| tʃːʼ → tʃː
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ x kʼ kː {,j,xʲ}
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| tʃ(ː) dʒ → ʃ tʃ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → ɬ ɬ(ː) kʼ tɬʼ tɬː
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ dz → {ʃ,tʃ} tʃ(ʼ) {tʃː,dʒ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} qʼ k(ʼ) {kː,ɣʲ}
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | {ts,st} tsːʼ dz → {s,ts} {d,t} z
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} ʃ tʃ
|
| tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ qʼ q(ʼ) {w,xʲ,j}
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ → {ʃ,tʃ} {tʃ,dʒ} {tʃː,tʃʼ}(?)
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} k kː ɣʲ
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → {∅,s} tʃ {∅,tsʼ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} z
|
| t → ∅ / s_
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃʼ tʃːʼ dʒ → {∅,ʃ} tʃ ∅ tʃʼ {dʒ,tʃ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → {∅,x} q {∅,qʼ} qʼ {ɣ,l}
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | st stː → st(ʼ) st
|
| tsː tʃː → ts tʃ / #_
|
| tsːʼ → tsː
|
| {tsː,tʃː,dz,dʒ} → tː / _#
|
| tɬ(ː) tɬʼ tɬːʼ → x qʼ ʕ
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | {ts,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → s ts
|
| tʃ {tʃː,dʒ} → ʃ tʃ (the change of *tʃːʼ is conjectured for Bezhta, as the change is only listed in Tsez, but given the development of *tsːʼ I don’t find it unreasonable to put it here)
|
| tɬ tɬːʼ → ɬ tɬ
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | tsː tɬː → z l / V_V
|
| tsː tɬː → s ɬ
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | tʷː tʷʲ(ʼ) → d(w) tʷ(ʼ)
|
| tsʲː → dzʲ (marked as dubious in the source)
|
| tsʷː tsʷʲ → tsʷ (tʃ)
|
| zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → tsʲ(ʼ) dzʲ
|
| tɕː → dzʲ(~tɕ)
|
| tʃʷ(ʼ) tʃʷː dʒʷ → tʃ(ʼ) zʷ dzʷ~zʷ
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) tɕʷː → tʃ(ʼ) dʒ~ʒ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → x ts {x,tsʼ} l
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → xʲ ɕ ɣʲ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ tsʼ(ʷ) l
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| tʷ(ʼ) dʷ → {tʷ(ʼ),p(ʼ)} {dʷ,b}
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) dʑʷ → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃʷ(ʼ)} {dʑ(ʷ),dʒʷ}
|
| {tʷ(ʼ),dʷ} → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃ(ʷ)(ʼ)} {dʒ(ʷ),dʑ(ʷ)}
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → pʼ f v
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | tʷ(ː) tʷʼ dʷ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| ts tsː dz → {s,c} tsː dz~z
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| tsʲʷ tsʲʷ dzʲʷ → tsʲ tsʲʼ dzʲ
|
| tʃ tʃʼ dʒ dʑ → s tsʲʼ(?) dz~z dʑ~ʑ
|
| tʃʷ(ː) tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → tɕ(ː) tɕʼ dʑ~ʑ
|
| tcʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ
|
| ɬ(ː) tɬ(ː) tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ(ː) tɕ(ː) tɕʼ tħ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → tɕ tɬʼ ɣ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ → x tɕː tɕʼ ɮ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | tsʲ → tɕ
|
| tsʷ → tsʲʷ
|
| tʃ tɕ → ʃ ʂ
|
| tsʲʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) → tɕ
|
| tsʷ → tʃʷ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| tʃʼ tɬʼ → ʔaj~ʔ ɬʼ
|
| tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | tsʲ tsʲː → tɕ tɕː
|
| tsʷː → tsʲʷː
|
| tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬʼ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ tʃ tɕ → tɕ tʃʷ ʃ ʂ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| p(ʷ)ʼ t(ʷ)ʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → pˤ tˤ tsˤ ʂʷ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬˤ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ → tɕ tsʲʷ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tʃː tɕː → p t ts tsʷʲ ʃ tʃ tɕ
|
| tsʲʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| tɬʼ → ɬʼ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ {tʃ,tɕ} → ɕ f ʃ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː {tʃː,tɕː} kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → b d dz v ɕ ʒ dʒ ɡʷ qʼ~qχ qʷʼ~qχʷ
|
| tsʲʼ tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tɬʼ kʲʼ → ɕʼ fʼ ɕʼ {ɕʼ,cçʼ} ɬʼ tʃʼ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | t(ʷ)ː tʷʲʼ → t(ʷ) tʷʼ
|
| ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| ɕː tɕː → ɕ tɕ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| tɕʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tɕ tɕʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ (sʲ) tsʲʼ ɮ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → ɕ tɬʼ ɕ ʁ(~zʲ)
|
| tɬʼ → tsʲʼ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ ts(ʷ)ʼ w
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.3 Proto-Chumash to Inseño | tʼ qʼ → t q
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.1 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Proto-Dravidian | t → ∅ / #_VrC
|
| t → {t,ʈ} / V_V
|
| rt → ʈ / V_V
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | tː nt → cː ɲc / {i,j}_
|
| n tː → n̪ t̪ː
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | {t,ð} → n / _#
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | t → s / i_
|
| {p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / _N
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | t → s / i_
|
| dʒ → tʃ → s / “in certain positions” (except for Thule Greenlandic, where dʒ → tʃ and stayed there, apparently)
|
| m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / _#
|
| {p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / _N
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | {p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / _N
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | {p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / _N
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | s → ts → tʃ / in some dialects?
|
| t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | p b t → f p {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | st → ʃt / medial
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | st → ʃt / medial
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | t → z / j “(allophonic)”
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | t → ts / _i ! s_
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_ ! #_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | p t → h tʰ / #_ (?)
|
| t → tʰ / {aw,ow}_
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | rt → š (Alex Fink says that the realization of /š/ “is unclear”)
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | tː → sː
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
|
| — {p,t} → ∅ / #s_r
|
| — {p,t} → ∅ / #s_ “(although it says that occasionally st > t / #_)”
|
| — st zd → sː dː / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | st → sː (with some exceptions)
|
| p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
|
| pː tː kː → f θ x
|
| p t k → f θ x / {r,l}_
|
| xt → iθ
|
| mp nt ŋk → m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | p t k → f θ x
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | {o(ː)ht,ɑːht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | tj sj dj zj → tʃ ʃ dʒ ʒ / ! _uː (perhaps only before stressed uː?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | {t,d} → ɾ / V_V[-stress]
|
| t → ∅ / f_n̩
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | t d → ɾ / V_V[-stress]
|
| tj dj → tʃ dʒ
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| j tʃ → ɡ k
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | t → ∅ / {p,k}_# (“except in some inflected forms” for *kt)
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | t → ∅ / p_
|
| t → d / r_
|
| t → ʈ / _r
|
| t → ʔ / V_V
|
| t → ʔ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.11 Scots to Falkirk Scots | pVn tVn kVn → ʔm̩ ʔn̩ ʔŋ̩ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | {ɑːht,o(ː)ht} → ow
|
| 17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to Yola | t d → θ ð (conditioning unclear)
|
| 17.7.2.1.15 North Frisian Lenition | p t k → b d ɡ → v r ɣ / Vː_{V,#}
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | t → {ts,k} / _w
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → fː zː xː / V_V
|
| p t k → f z x / _#
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / #_
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / {L,N}_
|
| pː tː kː → pf ts kx
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | t → ∅ / {ɡ,ɣ}_s
|
| t → ∅ / p_{ɡ,ɣ,n}
|
| t → ∅ / r_k
|
| t → ∅ / s_{k,l,n,s}
|
| {t,θ,d,ð} → ∅ / n_l
|
| {t,θ,d,ð} → ∅ / l_n
|
| (Vː)θt → (V)tː
|
| ht → tː
|
| {t(ː),ɡː}k → kː
|
| ts → sː / V_V
|
| t → θ / _{p,k}
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | t → ð / V_# “in some verbal endings”
|
| p t k → f θ x / _{S,F[- voice]}
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | p(ː) t(ː) k(ː) → b(ː) d(ː) ɡ(ː) / {V,R}_{V,R}
|
| {t,d}j → tʃ
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | p t k → b d ɡ / V_V (the second V at least can be a syllabic consonant)
|
| tr → rd
|
| pː tː kː → b d {ɡ,ɣ} / V_V
|
| tː → {tʲ,dʲ}
|
| tj → tʃ / _#
|
| tj → ʃ
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | tj → tsj
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| tʃ → t / #_
|
| tʃ → tː / medial
|
| pʰ tʰ kʰ → f θ x
|
| p t k → b d ɡ / N_
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| tʃ → t / #_
|
| tʃ → tː / medial
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| tʃ → s / #_
|
| tʃ → sː / medial
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| pʰ tʰ kʰ → f θ x
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | t → ts / _{i,e}
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | ptʃ → pʃ
|
| ttʃ ddʒʱ → t.ʃ d.ʒʱ
|
| t → ∅ / _ʃt
|
| tʃʃ → ʃː
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | t d(ʱ) n → ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / C̣_ ! _r
|
| s t d(ʱ) n → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / _C̣
|
| ls lt ld(ʱ) ln → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / “disputed”
|
| tʃ dʒ(ʱ) → tɕ dʑ(ʱ) → ɕ ɟ(ʱ)
|
| tst dzdʱ → tː dʱː
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | tv dv → p b
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | t.ʂ t.ɕ → kʂ cʰː
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | tsi ʐi → tɕ ʐ / V_
|
| tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ ɕ ʑ → ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ɖʐ ts ʒ
|
| t → r / tV_
|
| tɕts ʑr̝ → jts jr̝
|
| ɕtɕ → js / _{t͜s,s}
|
| t → ∅ / s_{ɫ,w}
|
| st ʂʈʂ → z ʐ / _b
|
| t → ∅ / ʈʂ_v in “czworo”
|
| trk → kr / in the name of the river “Skrwa”
|
| zdʲ stʲ → {ʑ,ɕ} {s,ɕ} / _n
|
| stʲ → ɕ / _l
|
| stʲkl → ɕtɕkl → {ɕ,s}kɫ → ʂkɫ
|
| dz ts → d͜z t͜s
|
| tʲ dʲ → t d / _{l,n,ɲ,r,ʐ}
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | {t,d} → ∅ / V_lV
|
| tj dj → tʃ, ʒ
|
| kt ɡd → _E
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | bʰ dʰ gʰ → pʰ tʰ dʰ → ɸ θ x
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | t → k / _l
|
| t → ∅ / C_#
|
| t → d / V_
|
| {t,d} → s / _s
|
| {p,b} {t,d} → m n / _{m,n}
|
| {t,d}t → tst → sː
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {m,n,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| p b t d k ɡ → β {β,w} ∅ {j,w} ɣ {j,∅,ɡ} / V_rV
|
| ɡn tj → ɲ ∅ / V_V
|
| stj → ʃ
|
| tj → s / C_
|
| p t → b d / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| t → ∅ / V_sV
|
| k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | j tj → dʒ ts / #_
|
| t → s / s_j
|
| t → s / _{n,m}
|
| {p,b} {t,d} → v ð / V_{V,r}
|
| (t)s → (d)z / V_V
|
| t → ∅ / {ʃ,s}
|
| t → ∅ / V_#
|
| {t,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | tVk → dʒ / unstressed
|
| kt → tː
|
| {t,d,k,m,n,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| taːte → ”ta / _#
|
| t k → d ɡ / V_r
|
| {skj,stj,sːj → ʃ
|
| tj ks w → ts sː ɡw
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | {olt,okt} → ujt → ut
|
| k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| kl → kʎ → tʃ → ʃ / #_
|
| pl bl p t → br {br,l} b d / V_V (bl → l is learned)
|
| p t k → b d ɡ / V_r
|
| ks ɡn tj → ʃ ɲ {z,s} / V_V (tj → s is learned)
|
| tj → s / C_V
|
| dj → dz → ts → s / r_V
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| kj → ts → s / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | tʃ → ts (sometimes)
|
| p t k s → b d ɡ z / V_V (this b → v?)
|
| Original z (/ts/?) → dj → j
|
| tʃ → ts → s / #_
|
| tʃs → {ts,tʃ} (varies)
|
| ts → s / _# (Provence, Limousin, some Languedoc and Gascon)
|
| tʃ → i / _C
|
| tʃ → i / C_
|
| tʃ → jdz → jz / V_V (in the south and northwest)
|
| tʃ → dz → z / V_V (otherwise)
|
| {t,d}l {k,ɡ}l → lː ʎ
|
| p k tʃ b ɡ β j → b ɡ i {b,u,u→y→i} ∅ {u,u→y→i} i / _r
|
| {t,d} → ð → i / _r
|
| βw tw → wː dw → ɡʷ ɡʷ → ɡ ɡ
|
| ktj klj → is ʎ
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| ptj → ts → s
|
| pj → ptʃ → tʃ (except in western and some southern dialects)
|
| rtʃj → rts (→ rs ?)
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rtVɡ → {rdʒ,rts(→ rs)}
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| {sːj,stʃj,stj} → ʃ → is (except in the west or extreme east, where the outcome was some flavor of (i)(t)ʃ)
|
| tVɡ trj → dʒ ir
|
| tːj → ts → s
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| nt nd → {∅,n} ∅ / _# (in some Languedoc and Gascon areas)
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| t → ∅ / rd_
|
| t → ∅ / r_m (sometimes)
|
| stʃ → s (in some northern and northeastern dialects)
|
| stʃ → (i)(t)ʃ (for western and extreme eastern regions)
|
| stʃ → is (otherwise)
|
| {p,t} → ∅ / s_m (sporadic?)
|
| stɡ → s{ɡ,dʒ}
|
| βtʃ → u{ts,dz} → u{s,z}
|
| βt βd → pt bd (in the west)
|
| βt βd → ut ud (else)
|
| ktʃ → (i)tʃ (in western and extreme eastern dialects)
|
| ktʃ → its → is (else)
|
| tʃ k → {i,s} {∅,k} / _m
|
| kt ɡd → it id (in the north, northeast, and southwest)
|
| {tʃ,k}t ɡd → tʃ dʒ (else)
|
| dtʃ → ts (in Auvergne and some western areas)
|
| dtʃ → dʒ (for some southeastern and southwestern speakers)
|
| dtʃ → dz → z (else)
|
| ɡn{d,t} → ŋn{d,t} → ɲ{d,t} → {(i)nd,ɲd,ndʒ} or t(ʃ)
|
| pt → {ut,it} “in a few words”
|
| td → tː → t
|
| t → ∅ / _# ! “in the preterit of verbs”, though it tended to drop “in strong preterits”
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | {s,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| t d s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| {sc,st} → ʃt / _F
|
| {sj,stj,sːj} → ʃ
|
| {t,d} → ∅ / n_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | t → k / s_l (sporadic)
|
| t → d / V_rV
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {tj,kj} {tːj,kːj,ptj,ktj,skj} → ts tːs
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| {t,k} → ∅ / _#
|
| pt {ɾs,ps} → tː sː
|
| jt js → tʃ ʃ
|
| p t k s ts → b d ɡ z dz / V_V
|
| pː tː kː sː tːs ʝː → p t k s ts ʝ
|
| — t → ∅ / _m
|
| — tst dzd → ts dz
|
| — mpVt skVp spVt stVk → nt sp st sk
|
| t → ∅ / _#
|
| ts dz → s̪ z̪
|
| tɾ → {tɾ̥,tʃ,tʂ}
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | t → f
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| {t,dʱ} → tʲ / _E(ː)
|
| {t,dʱ} → ts / _y
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | t → r / _”V
|
| t → l / _V
|
| t → ∅ / else
|
| ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | t → r / _”V
|
| ts (n)dz → {s,ts} s
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | t → r / _V
|
| {(n)dz,ts} → s / _i
|
| {(n)dz,ts} → t / else
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | t → r / _”V
|
| p t → ∅ l / _V
|
| ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts ŋ → ∅ {ts,tʃ} n
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {tʃ,∅}
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts → {ʔ,∅} {ts,tʃ}
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {h,j,∅}
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | ts → {h,∅}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | t → {ts,tʃ} / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts → ∅ {s,ʃ}
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | t → tʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {s,ʃ}
|
| 18.4.9.1.2 Proto-Monde to Proto-Cinta Larga-Suruí-Zoró | tʃ → ʃ
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | t → ʃ / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ts → {s,h}
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.1 Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian | ʈʂ {ʈʂʼ,tɬʼ} → ts tsʼ
|
| 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | tʃ ʈʂ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ → {tʃk,ʃɡ} tʃ h {ʃkʼ,tʃʼkʼ} tʃʼ
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | tʃ ʈʂ {tɬʼ,ʈʂʼ} tʃʼʼ → tʃk tʃ tʃʼ {tsʼkʼ,tʃʼkʼ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | ts dz → {ç,tç} dʒ
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ts dz kxʼ → {ts,s} d ∅
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ts dz → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} dz~ts
|
| 20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | ts → {ts~tsɦ,s}
|
| 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | t d s → {c,tʃ} ɟ ʃ
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ts(ʼ) s → tʃ(ʼ) ʃ
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | ti → s / #_V
|
| t d → t~ɾ~n n / #_
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | ti → s / #_V
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | ti → s / #_V
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | ti di → s j / _V
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.1 Proto-Arawá to Arawá | tsʰ → s
|
| 22.2 Proto-Arawá to Banawá-Jamamadi | {tʰ,ɗ} → t
|
| {ts(ʰ),tʃ} dz → s ɟ
|
| 22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawara | p(ʰ) {tʰ,d} → ɸ t
|
| {ts(ʰ),tʃ} → s
|
| 22.5 Proto-Arawá to Kulína-Dení | tʃ → ʃ (?)
|
| 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | {tʰ,ɗ → t
|
| ts(ʰ) → s
|
| 22.7 Proto-Arawá to Paumarí | pʰ t → ɸ ʔ / medial
|
| ts(ʰ) → s
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | ts h → s ∅
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | ts → {s,z}
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | ts tʃ → tʃ s
|
| 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | {s,ts} → tsʼ
|
| 23.1.3 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Misumalpan | ts → s
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.1 Proto-Tacanan to Cavineña | {ɕ,tɕ} → h
|
| 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | t k → k kʷ
|
| tʃ → s / _i
|
| tɕ → ʃ
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | ts → tʃ / #_
|
| tʃ ɕ → ts ʃ
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | tɕ → dʑ
|
| tʃ → ts / _E
|
| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ} → t k
|
| 26.2 Proto-Mande to Busa | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.3 Proto-Mande to Dan | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.4 Proto-Mande to Guro | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.6 Proto-Mande to Southwest Mande | {tʼ,d} {kʼ,ɡ} → l k
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.8 Proto-Mande to Mano | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.9 Proto-Mande to Mwa | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.10 Proto-Mande to San | tʼ kʼ → t k
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ,w} → {t,d} k
|
| 26.12 Proto-Mande to Soninka | tʼ {kʼ,ɡ} → {t,d} k
|
| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | tʼ → t
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.2 Proto-Mayan to Chujean | tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| 27.4 Proto-Mayan to Ixilean | t → tʃ
|
| tʃ → ʈʂ
|
| 27.5 Proto-Mayan to Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.6 Proto-Mayan to Core K’iche’ | tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | t → tʃ
|
| tʃ → ʈʂ
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → t(ʼ)
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → ts(ʼ)
|
| r t tʃ ʃ → t tʃ ʈʂ ʂ
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | t → tʃ / _#
|
| tʲ(ʼ) → tʃ(ʼ)
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | ts x → s h / _C
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | ts → s / _C
|
| nt → tː
|
| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | tʃ → s / _C ! _k
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | tl → tː
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | ts tʃ → s ts
|
| tl st → lː tː
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | t → k (not for all speakers)
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
|
| 29.1.1.1.19 Proto-Athabaskan to Proto-Southern Athabaskan | t n x → d n h / in prefixes relating to word derivation
|
| 29.1.1.1.20 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan | t → k
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ʍ w
|
| 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | tɬʰ tʃ(ʷ)ʰ kʰ → ɬ s ʃ
|
| ts tsʰ tsʼ {s,z} → {kʷ,p} f wˀ w
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | ts tsʰ tsʼ s z → p pʰ pʼ f v
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | ts → ts : tɬ
|
| tsʼ → {sʼ,tsʼ} : {ɬ,tɬʼ}
|
| tʃ → {tʃ,ts} : tɬ
|
| tʃʼ → {sʼ,tʃʼ} : tɬʼ
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | t d l → {ʈ,tʲ} {ɖ,dʲ} {ɭ,lʲ,ʎ} (The paper is a bit unclear as to which is meant, as the transcription and the textual aspects of the paper seem to disagree here)
|
| p t d c ɟ k ɡ → ɸ ɹ {d,l} tʰ ∅ h {∅,ɡ}
|
| 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
|
| mp nt ɲtʃ nk mp nd ɲdʒ nɡ → pʰ tʰ tɬʰ qʰ p t tɬ k
|
| p t tʃ k {dʒ,ɡ} ɲ → h r tɬʰ χ ∅ n
|
| 30.1.1.3.1 Proto-Sam to Amu | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.2 Proto-Sam to Bajuni | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.3 Proto-Sam to Mwiini | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| 30.1.1.3.4 Proto-Sam to Siu-Pate | ntç tç → (n̪)t̪ʰ t̪
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’p ’t ’d/d2 c {’ɟ} ’k ɡ → f l ɟ s ∅ {w,∅} {k,w} / in C1 position
|
| p t ’t {’d,d2} c k ’k → b d l {l,∅} ɟ ɡ ∅ / in C2 position
|
| 30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanic | t → c / #_V[-nas]
|
| 30.3.1.1.2 Proto-Ajá to Hwe | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
|
| {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | ts dz → s z
|
| {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
|
| tʰ dʱ → t d
|
| 30.3.1.1.5 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Phla-Pherá | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.6 Proto-Phla-Pherá to Alada | t d → ʃ ʒ / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.8 Proto-Vhe to Adángbe | ts dz → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| t d → ts dz / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
|
| s {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → ʃ tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | {t,k} {d,ɡ} → ts dz / _i
|
| t d → tʃ dʒ / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.14 Proto-Vhe to Wacı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | t → ɾ / _{u,ẽ} when unstressed
|
| t → ɾ / _”a
|
| t → tʃ / _”{e,iʔ}
|
| t → ʃ / i_i
|
| t → s / ! “in cluster with š” (presumably [ʃ])
|
| tʲ → s / _u
|
| tʲ → tʃ / else
|
| {c,tʃ} → ʃ
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | t → tʲ / _õ (…again…lolwut)
|
| t → tʃ / #_iç
|
| tʲ → tʃ / _i[-long -stress]
|
| tʲ → t / _a
|
| tʃ → c
|
| et el en → itʲ elʲ enʲ
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | tʲ → tj
|
| ts → tʃ / #_{a,õ}ʔ
|
| ts → tʃ / V[+high]_
|
| ts → ʃ / #_ẽ
|
| tʃ → ts / a_
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | Yt Ynt Ys → tʃ dʒ ʃ
|
| {ns,nt} nkʷ nj nw → (n)d (m)b r m
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | tʃ → ʂ / _#
|
| 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | tʲ ʂ → j ʃ
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | tʲ → tʃ
|
| 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | tʃʰ kʰ qʰ {x,χ} → tʃ k(ʰ) {kʰ,qʰ,χ} kʰ
|
| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
|
| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → t tʰ tʼ
|
| 33.2.4 Proto-Wintuan to Wintu | tʃʰ → tʃ
|
| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| tʰ → s / #_u
|
| 33.3.2 Buena Vista Yokuts to Proto-Nim-Yokuts | ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ
|
| 33.3.2.1 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Proto-Tule-Kaweah | t tʰ tʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 33.3.2.2.1 Northern Yokuts to Gashowu | p t ʈ k → b d ɖ ɡ
|
| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ
|
| 33.3.2.2.6 Valley Yokuts to Yawelmani | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ (except in “lexicalized diminutives”, where these go to ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| ts tsʰ tsʼ → tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ / _i
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| ts(h) tʃh → tʃ s
|
| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | ph th kh qh → pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
|
| ts {tsh,tʃh} → tʃ tʃʰ
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | ts tsh → tʃ tʃʰ
|
| tʃ → s / _q
|
| tʃh → s / _E
|
| {tʃh,tʃʼ} → tʃ
|
| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t ts k q
|
| tʰ → t
|
| ts(h) tʃ → tʃ ts
|
| tʃ → ts / _q
|
| 34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayo | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| t(ʰ) → d / n_
|
| tʰ → t
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | t(ʰ) → d / n_
|
| tʼ → tʰ / #_i
|
| tʼ → t
|
| ts → dz / ! #_
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| t(ʰ) → d / n_
|
| tʼ → tʰ / #_i
|
| k ts → ɡ dz / n_
|
| tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| ts(h) → tʃ
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _q
|
| 34.9 Proto-Quechumaran to Tena | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| t(ʰ) → d / n_
|
| tʰ → t
|
| tʃ → ʃ / _C
|
| tʃh → ʃ
|
| tʃʼ → tʃ
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | ts(ʼ) → θ(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | tʃ → ts
|
| tʃʼ → tsʼ / medially
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| tʃ → s
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | ts ts’ → {θ,s} θ’
|
| tʃ → s
|
| tʃ’ → θ’ / medially
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| tʃ → s
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | ts ts’ → s ts’
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | {o,a} {a(ta),a(ch)} → e a / _ŋ
|
| {a(ta),a(ch)} → o / else
|
| {p,t} → ∅ / V_
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
|
| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | t st tr d sd (ç)dr Nt çT KT → t. s.d tr. t s.t (ç.)tr m.t. n.dr ɡ.t
|
| Kts → ɡ.tsʰ.
|
| ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
|
| ut uk → ud oɡ
|
| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
|
| et ej → o e.i
|
| ip it → ib o
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | p k ts → p. k. tʃ.
|
| an {at.is} → o ie
|
| t → ∅ / i_
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
|
| at → {at,ɛ,ed}
|
| et → o
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
|
| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | ts dʒ NTS → {s,tʃ.} tʃ. m
|
| im it ik is ij → em u e es e
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | Nt tr d KT çT → mt. tʂ t kt ʃt
|
| lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
|
| ts dʒ → tʃ. tʃ
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | it → u
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ts dz NTS KTS sTS → tʃ ts {ts,m} ɡts sp
|
| ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
|
| a(t) → ɛ / _#
|
| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | P t → pdz tʃ / r_
|
| Np Nb Nt Nɡ Nç → sts mp mtʰ mk ntsʰdz
|
| {d,KT} st → tʃ zdʒ
|
| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
|
| t → ŋ / a_
|
| it ik → o ek
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
|
| t → ∅ / a_
|
| it ik → o i
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | t → l / _# (further development in bLa-brang)
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| tʰ → ts / _i
|
| tʰ → n / else
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | tsn → hst
|
| t → ∅ / _{k,n}
|
| t → ∅ / n_
|
| ts → s / h_
|
| t ts k kʷ → d dz ɡ ɡʷ / _V
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | t → ∅ / n_V
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ts → hs / V_ ! _{h,i,j,r}
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j,r}
|
| t → h / _t
|
| ths → tsh
|
| 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | ts → s / _(h)r
|
| t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | ts → t / _(h)r
|
| t → k / _j
|
| tʔ tsʔ kʔ kʷʔ → tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ
|
| t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R} ! _V[-voiced]
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | ts → ʃ / _r
|
| ts → s / ! _{i,j}
|
| t → k / _(h)w
|
| t → ∅ / _k(ʷ)
|
| t → k / _r
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | t → k / _j
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ts → hs / V_V ! _i
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j}
|
| hts → tsh / C_V
|
| ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ts → hs / V_{t,k(ʷ)}
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j}
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — t → k / _j
|
| — t → tʃ / _(h)j
|
| — ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| — t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ths → tsh
|
| ts → tʃ / _{(h)i,(h)j}
|
| t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | ts → s / ! _{i,j}
|
| t → h / _{n,t}
|
| t → ∅ / k_#
|
| {ths,tts} → tsh
|
| — t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | ts → tʃ / _{h,i,j}
|
| ths → tʃ
|
| t → ˀt
|
| ts → θ
|
| ˀt → tʔ / _ˀt
|
| ˀt → ∅ / _t
|
| ˀt → ʔ / _r
|
| ˀt → ʔn / V_{V,w,j}
|
| ˀt → n / {#,C}_{V,w,j}
|
| ˀt → t
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.2 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Siouan | {t,h} → ∅ / s_
|
| 37.2.1 Proto-Siouan to Catawba | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| t → ∅ / _k, when medial
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ → ʒ / else
|
| tʲr → {st,ʃt}
|
| t → ∅ / _k, when medial
|
| 37.2.2.1 Dakota to Santee Dakota | {pr,mt} → md
|
| 37.2.2.2 Dakota to Teton Dakota | {pr,mt} kr → bl ɡl
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | t → ∅ / _s
|
| tʲ → s / _ʔV
|
| tʲr → sV0rV0
|
| t → ∅ / _k, when medial
|
| 37.2.4 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago | t → tʃ / _”E
|
| t → dʒ / _E[-stress]
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tʲ s → ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| 37.2.4.1 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Čiwere | t → tʃ / _ʔ
|
| tʲr → ʃV0rV0
|
| tk → ɡ / when medial
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | t → {tʃ,dʒ}
|
| tʲ → x / _ʔ
|
| mt → r
|
| tk → {tʃk,tʃɡ} / #_
|
| t → ∅ / _k, when medial
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
|
| wt → wV0tV0
|
| t → ∅ / _k, when medial
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | t → ʃ / _E
|
| t → s / _V
|
| t → ʃ / _ʔ
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | t tʲ s → d ʒ z / in U[-stress]
|
| tʲ → ʃ / in ”U
|
| tk → ɡ / when medial
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | t → ts / _ʔ
|
| tʲr kr → ʃt l
|
| mt → d
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | pr sr tʲr kr → bθ sn ʃn ɡθ
|
| mt → n
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | t → ts / _E
|
| t → ts / _ʔ
|
| pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
|
| sn mt → hn d
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | tʲ → ʃ
|
| 37.2.7 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Ohio-Valley | tʲ Lʲ → tʃ j
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | tʰ → ∅ / _r
|
| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | t → {p,t} / _r
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | tr → tʰ(r)_
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | {r,s,z} tʃʰ dʒ → ɬ ʃ tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | tʃ tʃʰ dʒ → ʃ tsʰ {ʃ,tʃ}
|
| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | tʃ dʒ → {x,t} tʃ
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {pʰ,b} ɓ {tʰ,d} ɗ {kʰ,ɡ} {kʷʰ,ɡ} → p b t d k kʷ
|
| t{l,r} → r̥
|
| {tʃ(ʰ),dʒ} → ʃ
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | tʰl tʰr → tʰ r̥
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | ts → sʲ
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | ts dz → s z
|
| {tʰ,tsʰ} → ʃ
|
| tsʼ → tʼ
|
| 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → t tʰ tʼ d
|
| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → tʃ s tʃʼ j
|
| 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | pʰ tʰ tsʰ → f θ s
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | nʲ tʲ tʃ kʲ → n t s ts k
|
| x {ɬ,tɬ} → h j
|
| 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | nʲ tʲ kʲ k → l tʃ k q
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | t k ŋ → {l,t} {h,k} n / #_
|
| {p,t} → ∅ / _#
|
| 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | t → s / #_i
|
| p t nj → {t,r} {r,s,t} s / _#
|
| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | t → j / #_i
|
| t → {r,s} / V_i
|
| 41.6 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kalam | t → {t,∅} / _#
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t k ᵐb → {s,t} {ɡ,∅} {b,p} / #_
|
| t ᵐb ⁿd {k,ᵑɡ} nj → {r,t} p {d,t} ɡ r / V_V
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | t ᵐb nj s → r {b,p} ⁿd {s,d} / V_V
|
| t → t / _# (?)
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | tʃ tsʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_
|
| ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
|
| tʃ → ts / _k, in South Estonian
|
| tk → k / in Pre-Livonian (?)
|
| tʃ tʃː → t tʃ
|
| t → ts / _i ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
|
| tj → ts / ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | pː tː tsː kː → pˑ tˑ tsˑ kˑ
|
| p t ts s k → b d s z ɡ
|
| {kt,pt} {kts,pts} → tː tːs
|
| (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
|
| {p,t,k}({p,t,k})n {p,t,k}({p,t,k})m → nː mː
|
| {p,t,k} → ∅ / _st
|
| {ks,nts} nt → s t / _#
|
| ts tsˑ tsː → s θˑ θː
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | pˑ tˑ θˑ kˑ → p t θ k
|
| t → ∅ / s_r
|
| t → z → U / _r{A,O}
|
| t → z → @ / _r{i,e}
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i
|
| ts(ʲ) → s(ʲ) / ! n_
|
| p t(ʲ) s(ʲ) k → b d(ʲ) z(ʲ) ɡ / ! #_ or adjacent to C[-voice]
|
| sʲ tsʲ zʲ dzʲ → ʃʲ tʃʲ ʒʲ dʒʲ
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.1 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Comanche | p t ts s → v r ∅ h
|
| 43.3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Luiseño | t → l / medially
|
| ts → tʃ
|
| 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | t → tɬ / _{a,u}
|
| s ts → ʃ tʃ / _i
|
| 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | ts → z / V_V
|
| hts → z / V_i
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | t → tʃ / _V[+high]
|
| ts → s / _i
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | s̻ ts̻ → ʃ tʃ / {E,j}_ (mostly Biscayan)
|
| t → c / {E,j}_ (“some areas”)
|
| t → tʃ / {E,j}_ (partially spread amongst Biscayan and Guipuscoan)
|
| s̻ ts̺ → s̺ ts̻ (Biscayan, partially in Guipuscoan, Donostia, San Sebastián, though these latter two may be varieties of Guipuscoan)
|
| its̺ → tʃ / _# (Biscayan)
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | tʃ → ʃ / _{w,i}
|
| tʃ → ∅ / _xʷ
|
| tʃ → s
|
| t → tʃ / ! n_
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | t → ∅ / n_
|
| tʃ → ∅ / _xʷ
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
|
| -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | ts → t (unconditional; some Samoyedic langs)
|
| t → k (general Polynesian)
|
| tš → t (general Baltic-Finnic; may not be unconditional but was certainly the most common outcome)
|
| 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | {t,k} → ∅ / V_V (Marathi) probably with voiced stops as intermediates, since they also became silent
|
| t → k / _s̩ (Ōgami) (NB: The article doesn’t have an underscore indicating whether this occurs before or after the /s̩/, but the linked page indicates where this change occurred) (http://amritas.com/101023.htm#10192359)
|