| 8 Altaic | 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a ø → {a,ʌ} a / P_Ca
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| a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
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| ø → ʌ / P_Ce
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| æ → ʌ / P_Cu
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| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
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| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
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| 17 Indo-European | 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | oɡ → ʌu
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| ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
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| — uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
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| — øː → (j){u,ʌ} / _{k,x} (outcome varies depending upon dialect)
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| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| — a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
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| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | u → ʊ → ɵ → ʌ
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| o → ʌ / P_r
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| ɔ{ɡ,j} → ʌu
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| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | uː → ʌu (? conjectured based on the above diphthongization and on developments in Polder Dutch vowels)
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| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
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| u → ʌ / _C{ː,CC}
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| ɒ → ʌ / _r(ː)
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → o(ː) ʌ̃(ː)
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| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ẽ(ː) õ(ː) → ʌ̃(ː) ũ(ː)
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | ə → {a,ɒ,ɑ,ʌ} ?
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | ʊ ʌ ɛ → ʌ ɛ æ
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| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
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| øː → (j){u,ʌ} / _{k,x} (outcome varies depending upon dialect)
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| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
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