| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
|
| {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ɣ(ʷ)
|
| kʼ kʷʼ → {ɣ,q} ɣʷ
|
| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
|
| ɢ(ʷ) → x(ʷ) / else
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {x,ɢ}(ʷ) → ∅ / at word boundaries
|
| xʷ ɢʷ → w ɣʷ
|
| kʷʼ → χʷ
|
| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | {xʷ,ɢʷ} → ∅ / at word boundaries
|
| {xʷ,ɢʷ} → w / else
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | Kʷ → K
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {k(ʷ)es,keθ} → sː
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | Cʷ → C / _ə{(C){p,kʷ},m,w}
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | ɡʷ → ɡ / _V[+round]
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | p pʷ {c,*j} k q → β βʷ s ɣ ∅
|
| βʷ bʷ mʷ → w kʷ ŋʷ
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | p pʷ k q → β w ɣ ∅
|
| b bʷ d ɡ → p kpʷ t k
|
| mʷ → ŋmʷ
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | p pʷ bʷ k ɡ → β w kpʷ ɣ k
|
| mʷ ɲ → ŋmʷ n
|
| kpʷ → k / _C (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.6.2 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Nagu | mʷ → m
|
| 10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügu | mʷ → m
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | p pʷ k → v vʷ ɣ
|
| b bʷ ɡ → p pʷ k
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | p(ʷ) k → v(ʷ) ɣ
|
| mʷ b(ʷ) vʷ → m p b
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | pʷ mʷ → w m
|
| 10.3.9.2 Proto-Utupua to Nebao | pʷ → vʷ
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | pʷ bw → p b
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | pʷ bw mʷ → p b m
|
| 10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanema | pʷ w → b ∅
|
| 10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vano | pʷ mʷ → p m
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | v(ʷ) → h
|
| b(ʷ) ɡ → p(ʷ) k
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | mʷ pʷ bʷ vʷ → m p b v
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | {vʷ,w} → kʷ
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| kʷ → {w,u}
|
| {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | kʷ → p / _#
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _u
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _a (rare)
|
| kʷ → {w,u}
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| {p(ʷ),v}Vh → fV
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| kʷ → ∅ / u_
|
| kʷ → ∅ / _u
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | p pʷ k q → β w ɣ ∅
|
| bʷ ɡ → kpʷ k
|
| mʷ → ŋmʷ
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | {qʷ,ku,qu} → kʷ (note that PAn might have had *qʷ *kʷ → q {k,w} instead; may be a change from POn-PAn, if it existed)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | k(ʷ) → h(ʷ)
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | {pʷ,pʲ} {p(ʲ)ː,bˤ} bʷ pʷʲ bʷʲ → p b f tsʲ dzʲ
|
| tʷː tʷʲ(ʼ) → d(w) tʷ(ʼ)
|
| sʷʲ zʲ → sʲ z
|
| tsʷː tsʷʲ → tsʷ (tʃ)
|
| zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| tʃʷ(ʼ) tʃʷː dʒʷ → tʃ(ʼ) zʷ dzʷ~zʷ
|
| ʃʷ ʃʷː ʒʷ → sʷ ʃ zʲ (this final change is marked as dubious)
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) tɕʷː → tʃ(ʼ) dʒ~ʒ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ ʃ ʒʷ
|
| ɬʲ(~ɬʲʷː) ɮʲ → ɕ ʑ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ tsʼ(ʷ) l
|
| ɬʷ(ː) → ʃ
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) → ʃ
|
| ɮʷʲ → ʒ
|
| kʷː → ɡʷ
|
| kʷʲʼ → kʷʼ
|
| xʷʲ ɣʷʲ → sʷ zʷ (*ɣʷʲ is marked as dubious)
|
| qʷ qʷː ɢʷ → ħʷ qʷ ɣʷ
|
| χʷ ʁʷ → ħʷ ʕʷ
|
| qʷʲ ɢʷʰ → ħ(ʷ) ɣ(ʷ)
|
| qʷʲʼ → ʕʷ (qʷʼ?)
|
| χʷʲ ʁʷʲ → ħ(ʷ) ʕ(ʷ)
|
| qˤʷ qˤʷː qˤʷʼ χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → ħʷ ʕʷ qʷ(ʼ) ħʷ (ħʷ?)
|
| qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲʼ ʁˤʷʲ → qʷ ʕʷ ħʷ ʕʷ
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| ʕʷ → ɥ
|
| tʷ(ʼ) dʷ → {tʷ(ʼ),p(ʼ)} {dʷ,b}
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) dʑʷ → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃʷ(ʼ)} {dʑ(ʷ),dʒʷ}
|
| ʃʷ ʒʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → {ɕ(ʷ),ʃ(ʷ)} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒ(ʷ)} {ɕ(ʷ),ʃʷ} {ʑ(ʷ),ʒʷ}
|
| {tʷ(ʼ),dʷ} → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃ(ʷ)(ʼ)} {dʒ(ʷ),dʑ(ʷ)}
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → pʼ f v
|
| ʕʷ → ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χ χʷ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| ʕ ʕʷ → aː ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s {ʃʷ,ɕʷ} z {ʒʷ,ʑʷ}
|
| ʕʷ → ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χ χʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| ʕʷ → ɥ
|
| q qʷ → χˤ χʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | pʷ pʷʲ pʷʲʼ bʷ bʷʲ → p tʷ tʷʼ b d
|
| tʷ(ː) tʷʼ dʷ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| tsʲʷ tsʲʷ dzʲʷ → tsʲ tsʲʼ dzʲ
|
| sʲʷ zʲʷ → sʲ zʲ
|
| tʃʷ(ː) tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → tɕ(ː) tɕʼ dʑ~ʑ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ → ʃ(ː) ʒ
|
| tcʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → sʲ ʃː zʲ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| ɬʷ ɬʷː → x(ʷ) ɕː
|
| tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ → x tɕː tɕʼ ɮ
|
| ɬʲʷ(~ɬʷː) ɮʲʷ → x(ʷ) ɣʲ
|
| xʷ → x(ʷ)
|
| ɡʲʷ xʲʷ ɣʲʷ(?) → ɡʷ xʷ ʁʷ
|
| qʷ → qʷː / !_
|
| qʷʼ ɢʷ → qʷː ʁʷ
|
| qʲʷː qʲʷ ɢʲʷ,ʁʲʷ} χʲʷ → qʷː ʔʷ ʁʷ χʷ
|
| {qˤʷː,qˤʷʼ} χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → qʷː χʷ ʁʷ
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → ħ ʔʷ w~ʁʷ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | tsʷ → tsʲʷ
|
| ʔ(ʷ)~qʼ(ʷ) → ʔ(ʷ)
|
| dzʲ dzʷ → dʑ ʑʷ
|
| sʷ ɕ → ɕʷ~ʃʷ ɕ~ʃ
|
| xʷ χʲ → f~ɸ? ħ
|
| zʷ → ʑʷ~ʒʷ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | tsʷ → tʃʷ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | tsʷː → tsʲʷː
|
| qː~χ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ tʃ tɕ → tɕ tʃʷ ʃ ʂ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| p(ʷ)ʼ t(ʷ)ʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → pˤ tˤ tsˤ ʂʷ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ → tɕ tsʲʷ
|
| kʲ(ː) kʲʼ kʷː ɡʲ → tʃ tʃʼ kʷ dʑ
|
| q qʷ → qː qʷː / ! #_
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tʃː tɕː → p t ts tsʷʲ ʃ tʃ tɕ
|
| qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| tsʲʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → ɕʼ~ʃʼ ɕʷʼ~ʃʷʼ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ {tʃ,tɕ} → ɕ f ʃ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː {tʃː,tɕː} kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → b d dz v ɕ ʒ dʒ ɡʷ qʼ~qχ qʷʼ~qχʷ
|
| dɮ dzʲ dzʷ dʑ ɡʲ → ʒ ʑ {v,w} ʒ dʒ
|
| tsʲʼ tʃʷʼ~ʃʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tɬʼ kʲʼ → ɕʼ fʼ ɕʼ {ɕʼ,cçʼ} ɬʼ tʃʼ
|
| sʷ zʷ {ʃ,ʂ} {ʑ,ʐ,ɣʲ} ʑ χʲ → f v ɕ ʑ ʑ~ʒ χ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | {pʷ,bʷ} → f
|
| pʷʲ bʷʲ → tʷ dʷ
|
| pʷʲʼ pˤ pˤː pˤʼ bˤ → tʷʼ vˤ bˤ pˤʼ bˤ
|
| t(ʷ)ː tʷʲʼ → t(ʷ) tʷʼ
|
| ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| z(ʲ) zʷ → dz(ʲ)~z(ʲ) dzʷ~zʷ
|
| sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| tɕʷ(ː) tɕʷʼ → tɕ tɕʼ
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ sʷ ʒʷ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ ts(ʷ)ʼ w
|
| ɬʷ ɬʷː → sʷ s(ʷ)
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| ɬʷʲ(~ɬʷː) ɮʷʲ → ʃʷ ʒʷ
|
| kʷː xʷ → ɡʷ x
|
| kʲʷː xʲʷ ɣʲʷ(?) → ɡʲ kʲʼ xʲ ʁʲ
|
| qʷː ɢʷ → qʷ ʁʷ
|
| qʲʷ qʲʷː qʲʷʼ ɢʲʷ χʲʷ ʁʲʷ → xʲ qʲ qʲʼ ʁʲ χʲ ʁʲ
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → χʷ qʷʼ w
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| kʷ → c / _B?
|
| kʷ → k / else?
|
| ɡʷ(ʱ) → {ɡ,z}
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| kʷ → c / _B?
|
| kʷ → k / else?
|
| ɡʷ(ʱ) → {ɡ,z}
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | kʷ → w
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | kʷ → t / _E
|
| kʷ → k / _E, in Milyan
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | Kʷ → K / _V[+round]
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | ɡʷ → hʷ / medially
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| ɡʷʱ → ɡʱ / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → b j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ / ! _#
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | kʷ → tʃʰ / _{e,i}
|
| t k(ʷ) → d ɡ / {N,L}_
|
| p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| ɡʷʱ → dʒ / #_{e,i}
|
| bʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → b j ɡ / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | k(ʷ) ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → tʃ dʒ / _E
|
| k kʷ ɡ(ʷ)(ʱ) → x k ɡ / else
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — ɡʷ → b
|
| — p…kʷ → kʷ…kʷ
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | Kʷ → K
|
| ɡʷ → b / #_V ! _u(ː)
|
| ɡʷ → b / #_N
|
| ɡʷ → b / C_V
|
| ɡʷ → ɡ
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
|
| Kʷ → K
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | kʷ → p
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ́ ɡ ɡʷ
|
| {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → k ɡ / else
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → t tʰ d / _E
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → p pʰ b / _{a,o,C}
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / _u
|
| kʷ kʰʷ ɡʷ → k kʰ ɡ / u_
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | kʷ ɡʷ ɡʷʱ → ku ɡu ku
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | Kʷ → K
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | bʱ dʱ {ɡʱ,ɡ́ʱ} ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ ɡʷ
|
| Kʷ ḱ ɡ́ → K s z
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | ǵʰ gʷʰ → ɡʰ xʷ
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | ɡʷ → w
|
| xʷ → f
|
| xʷ → {w,ɡʷ}
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʷʱ} → f / #_
|
| kʷ → ∅ / C_C
|
| kʷ → k / _{o,i,C}
|
| ɡʷ(ʱ) → ɡu / ŋ_
|
| ɡʷ → v
|
| ɡʷʱ → f / _r
|
| ɡʷʱ → v / V_V
|
| p…kʷ → kʷ…kʷ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / C_V
|
| kʷ → ɡ / V_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / #_a%”V
|
| kʷ → ɡw / V_a
|
| kʷ → kw / #_”a
|
| ɡʷ → ɡw / #_a
|
| ɡʷ → ɡ / C_{i,e}
|
| ɡʷ → ɡw / C_a
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | kʷ → {v,u} / V_E
|
| kʷ → j{v,u} / V_a
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | kʷ → kw / #_”a
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / #_{i,e,o}
|
| kʷ → ɡ / V_{i,e}
|
| kʷ → k / VC_{a,i,e}
|
| kʷ → ɡw / V_a
|
| ɡʷ → ɡw / #_
|
| ɡʷ → ɡw / C_a
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ / _B
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → kw ɡw (in western dialects)
|
| kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ (else)
|
| βw tw → wː dw → ɡʷ ɡʷ → ɡ ɡ
|
| {d,k}w → ɡʷ → ɡ
|
| (kʷ → ɡʷ → ɡ ?)
|
| {l,r}w {n,ŋk,ŋɡ}w → lɡʷ ŋɡʷ → lɡ ŋɡ
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | kʷ ɡʷ → p b / V_a
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | ḱ ɡ́ kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ p b
|
| {ɡ́ʰ,x} {ɸ,θ,ɡʷʰ} → h f
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | Kʷ → K / _{C,o,a} ! C = syllabic
|
| Kʷ → ɕ / _e(ː)
|
| Kʷy → ɕ
|
| p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {kʷ,kw} → k
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.2.1 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Proto-Jê | ŋʷ {kʷ,hʷ} → m p
|
| 18.2.2 Proto-Ofaié-Jê to Ofaié-Xavante | k(ʷ) → ʔ / _#
|
| kʷ → k
|
| ŋʷ hʷ → j̃ h
|
| 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | kʷ → ∅
|
| ɡʷ → β / _V[-nas]
|
| ð nŋʷ → c β / #_V[-nas]
|
| j ŋʷ m n → ɲ m {m,p} {∅,t} / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ɡʷ → k / _o
|
| ɡʷ ŋɡ → kʷ k / _V[-nas]
|
| ɡʷ → kʷ / #_V[+nas]
|
| ŋ ŋʷ → k m / _V[+nas]
|
| ŋʷ → kʷ / #_V[-nas]
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | kʷ ɡ → ∅ k
|
| ɡʷ → ∅ / _o
|
| ɡʷ ŋɡ → β k / _V[-nas]
|
| ᵐb ŋʷ → p β / #_V[-nas]
|
| ŋʷ → m / V[+nas]_V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | ɡʷ → ɡ / _o
|
| bʷ → β / #_V[+nas]
|
| r ŋʷ → n β / V[+nas]_V[+nas]
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | ɡ ɡʷ → ∅ b
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Eastern Muskogean | xʷ → f
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → b
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | xʷ → h / %_{o,i}(C)#
|
| 28.2.1 Proto-Western Muskogean to Chickasaw | xʷɬ → ɬː
|
| 28.2.2 Proto-Western Muskogean to Choctaw | xʷ → h / V_V
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | k kʼ kʷ kʷʼ ɡ ɡʷ → kʲ kʲʼ tʂ tʂʼ ɡʲ ɖʐ
|
| x xʷ → {xʲ,j} {ʂ,ʐ}
|
| Qʷ → Qʷ → Q ?
|
| χ(ʷ) → {χ,ʁ}
|
| 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TS
|
| {ʃ(ʷ),x} → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.3 Proto-Athabaskan to Beaver | {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K → TS TŠ
|
| 29.1.1.1.5 Proto-Athabaskan to Chipewyan | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TH TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | TŠʷ → TṢ (→ TS in Kuskokwim dialect)
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TŠ (→ TS in Upper Inlet dialect)
|
| {ʃ(ʷ),x {z,ʒ(ʷ),ɣ} → s j
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | TŠ TŠʷ Q → TS TṢ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.11 Proto-Athabaskan to Han | TS TŠ TŠʷ K Q → TH TS TṢ TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TŁ TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | {qʷ,xʷ} qʷʼ ɢʷ ɣʷ → x(ʷ) q(ʷ)ʼ ɢ(ʷ) w
|
| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TŁ TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TŁ TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.16 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Kuskokwim Kolchan | TŠ TŠʷ K Q → TS TṢ TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.18 Proto-Athabaskan to Sekani | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ Q
|
| 29.1.1.1.29 Proto-Athabaskan to Bearlake Slavey-Hare | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | tɬʰ tʃ(ʷ)ʰ kʰ → ɬ s ʃ
|
| {TŠ,TŠʷ} K → TS TŠ (with exceptions)
|
| 29.1.1.1.31 Proto-Athabaskan to Mountain Slavey-Hare | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.32 Proto-Athabaskan to Slavey Slavey-Hare | {TŠ,TŠʷ} K Q → TS TŠ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.34 Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish to Kaska | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TH TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.35 Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish to Tagish | {TŠ,TŠʷ} TS → TS TSʲ
|
| 29.1.1.1.36 Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish to Tahltan | {TŠʷ,K} → TŠ (although /xʲ/ stays as such in a few dialects)
|
| 29.1.1.1.37 Proto-Athabaskan to Tanacross | TS TŠ TŠʷ Q → TH TS TṢ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | TS TŠ TŠʷ Q → TH TS TṢ K
|
| 29.1.1.1.41 Proto-Athabaskan to Northern Tutchone | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TH TS
|
| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | TS {TŠ,TŠʷ} → TH TS
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | Kʷ → K
|
| qʷ qʷʼ ɢʷ → q qʼ ɢ
|
| $ → xʷ → {x,s}
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | k(ʷ)ʼ → {x,k}(ʷ)ʼ
|
| x(ʷ) → x
|
| qʼ qʷʼ → χ(ʷ)ʼ {χʼ,q(ʷ)ʼ}
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | ɠʷ → w / #_V[-nas]
|
| ɠʷ → w̃ / #_V[+nas]
|
| 30.2 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Potou-Akanic | ɟ ʄ j c ɠʷ → c ɟ ʄ t ɠ̥p
|
| 30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanic | h̃ hʷ → ɕ ɕʷ
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | χʷ hʷ → w p
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | hʷ → ʁʷ
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | χʷ → p
|
| hʷ → {w,ʁʷ}
|
| 30.3.1.1.5 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Phla-Pherá | hʷ → ʁʷ
|
| 30.3.1.1.7 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Vhe | χʷ ʁʷ → ɸ β
|
| hʷ → w
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | kʷ → ɾ / #_ek
|
| kʷ → b / else
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | kʷ → w / _eːj
|
| kʷ → w / _ek
|
| kʷ → ʍ / ku_ (medial)
|
| kʷ → kw / else
|
| hʷ → ʍ
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | kʷ → p
|
| {ns,nt} nkʷ nj nw → (n)d (m)b r m
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1.1 Proto-Costanoan to Chochenyo | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → w / else
|
| 33.1.1.2 Proto-Utian to Proto-Miwok | kʷ ʃ → w ʂ
|
| 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → {k,w} / else
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | kʷ → k / #_
|
| kʷ → {k,w} / else
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | k kʷ → ts k / _i
|
| t ts k kʷ → d dz ɡ ɡʷ / _V
|
| 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | tʔ tsʔ kʔ kʷʔ → tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ
|
| t k kʷ → d ɡ ɡʷ / _{V,R} ! _V[-voiced]
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | kʷ → xʷ / V_V
|
| 37.1.2.2.1 Huron to Wyandot | xʷ → w
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.1 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Mohawk | — t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | t tʃ k(ʷ) → d dʒ ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | — t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | t k(ʷ) → d ɡ(ʷ) / _{V,R}
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | xʷ Kʷ → {kʰ,x} K(ʷ)
|
| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | xʷ ɣʷ → kʷʰ {v,w}
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {pʰ,b} ɓ {tʰ,d} ɗ {kʰ,ɡ} {kʷʰ,ɡ} → p b t d k kʷ
|
| xr x {x,ɣ}ʷ → r̥ h {w,v,h}
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | Cʷə → Cɔ
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | ɡʷ → kʷʰ
|
| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | xʷ ɣʷ → kʷ ɡʷ
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | kʷʰ ɣʷ → xʷ x(ʷ)
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | xʷ → kʷ
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | xʷ ɣʷ → kʷ ɡʷ
|
| 38.1.1.5.5 Southwest Tai to Black Tai | xʷ ɣʷ → kʷ ɡʷ
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | kʷʰ ɣʷ → xʷ x(ʷ)
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | k(ʷ)ʰ kʷ(ʼ) ɡ ɡʷ → h ɡ k kʷ
|
| 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | kʷ kʷʰ kʷʼ ɡʷ → k kʰ kʼ ɡ
|
| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | kʰ kʰʷ ɡ ɡʷ → x xʷ k w
|
| 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | kʰ kʷʰ ɡʷ → x xʷ w
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | hkʷ hʔ (h)S Sː → w ʔ S[+ voiced] S[- voiced - long] / V_V
|
| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | (h)kʷ → hq(ʷ) / _{o,a}
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | kʷ → b
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | kʷ → k / _#
|
| 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | xʷ → w / tʃ_
|
| kʷ xʷ → k x / _#
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | kʷ xʷ → q χ / _# (the paper calls these “back velars”)
|