| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | dz ʃ tʃ → ʒ s1 s2
|
| dʒ → tʃ → ʃ
|
| 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | dʼ → tʼ
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | dʼ → tʼ / #_
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | dʼ → t
|
| 6.2 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythrean | tʃ dʒ → ts dz
|
| 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi | z dz ɡ → ɡ {z,dz} ɡ(ʷ)
|
| 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin | {ts,tʃ} z dz → ʃ d dʒ
|
| 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney | {ts,tʃ} dz → ʃ dʒ
|
| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | ts tʃ dz → sʼ tʃʼ z
|
| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | ts dz {t,ts}ʼ tʃʼ → s z sʼ ʃʼ
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | ɬˤ → dɬˤ → dˤ
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | {ðˤ,dˤ} → ð
|
| dʒ → z
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | dˤ → zˤ (seems to be a sporadic change only affecting a few words, e.g. CA/MSA ˈdˤaːbitˤ → EA ˈzˤaːbitˤ)
|
| dʒ → ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.8 Classical Arabic to Coastal Hadhrami Arabic | dʒ → j, occasionally ɟ or dʒ in educated speech
|
| 6.2.2.1.9 Classical Arabic to Wādı̄ Hadhrami Arabic | dʒ → j, occasionally ɟ or dʒ in educated speech
|
| dˤ q → ðˤ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | dˤ q → ðˤ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | dˤ dʒ q → ðˤ ʒ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | q dʒ → ɡ ʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | dʒ → {d,ɡ} / if s or z occur somewhere else in the word
|
| dʒ → ʒ / else
|
| 6.2.2.1.16 Classical Arabic to Sudanese Arabic | dʒ q → ɡʲ ɢ
|
| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | dˤ q → ðˤ {ɡ,q}
|
| dʒ x ɣ → ʒ χ ʁ
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | p b t d k ɡ → b v θ ð x ɣ / non-intial singletons
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | tʃ dʒ → t d / #_
|
| dʒ → j
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {tʰ,d} {k,ɡ} → r {h,∅} / {C,V}_{C,V}
|
| d → t
|
| {tʃʰ,dʒ} → tʃ
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | t(ʰ) d → tʃ dʒ / _i
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | {ʒ,dʒ} → j / #_ (marked as to Pre-Proto-Turkic)
|
| {d,n} → j / #_ (?) (marked as to Pre-Proto-Turkic)
|
| d ɡ → t k (may have been part of a more sweeping merger; Firespeaker calls it “lenis-fortis”)
|
| {d,n}ʲ sʲ → j ʃ / #_
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | d ɣ → t x / _#
|
| d → t / #_ (“kind of”, something about evidence from borrowings)
|
| rd → dr (possibly sporadic and/or confined to Kazakh)
|
| {d,ɡ} → j / ø_
|
| d → ð → j / V_
|
| 8.5.1.1 Proto-Kypchak to Kazakh | dʒ → ʒ (did not occur in Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | d s {ʃ,z} → t ∅ s / V_V
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → b d j
|
| 9.1.2 Proto-Vietic to Middle Vietnamese | bʱ {tʰ,dʱ} {t*ʰ,d*ʱ} {kʰ,ɡʱ} → pʰ t tʰ kʰ (after *kʰ *ɡʱ, only first-register tones may occur)
|
| (h)ə{p,b} (h)ə{t,d} (h)ə{c,ɟ} (h)ə{k,ɡ} → β dʲ ɟ ɡ
|
| {pj,bj} {tj,dj} {cj,ɟj} → {β,w} dʲ ɟ
|
| ((h)ə)p d → b t / _l
|
| t*ʰ d ɡ → tʰ t k / _w
|
| 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | {β,w} {dʲ,ɟ} → v z
|
| 9.1.2.2 Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese | dʲ ɟ → z j
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | d → r / medial (Meno-mene and Mriak-mriku only)
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | *D d → l r / V_V
|
| 10.1.2.7 Proto-Philippine to Proto-Kalamian | d → r / V_V
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | {*D,*j} {d,z} → l r / V_V
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | d j → r ɭ (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | b dz → p ts
|
| d → ∅ / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | {l,d} z → r d
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | {p,t,k} b d ɡ → ʔ p t k / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | d → r
|
| n dz → l r
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | bː dː dzː ɡː → bʱ dʱ dzʱ ɡʱ (Whimemsz says these become “voiced stops with voiceless releases. . .treated as unit phonemes, not clusters)”
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | bʱ {dʱ,dzʱ} ɡʱ → f s k
|
| dz → d / #_ (though sometimes → {s,ɟ})
|
| b d → p t / _#
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | d → l / #_ (sporadic)
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | bʱ dʱ dzʱ ɡʱ → p t c k
|
| d → r / V_V “(irregular)”
|
| dz → ɟ / V_V
|
| b d dz ɡ → p t c k / N_
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | d → r
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | dr *r → d r
|
| b d ɡ → p t k
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | ndr *R → d r
|
| b bʷ d ɡ → p kpʷ t k
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | ndr → d
|
| d → r (sporadic)
|
| b β d → m p n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | ɣ s d → ∅ {j dr} / _#
|
| ɣ s d → ∅ {j dr} / “before a post-tonic vowel”
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | d ɡ → r k
|
| {z,dr} → ts
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | dr s l → {d,ɟ} {∅,s} {n,∅}
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | dr → ɟ / _i
|
| d c ɲ → ɟ {s,∅} n
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | dr → {d,r}
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | d {c,*j} → tʃ s
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | b d ɡ → p t k / {#,C}_
|
| b d ɡ → m n ŋ / _#
|
| b d ɡ → mp nt ŋk
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | b d ɡ → m n ŋ / _C
|
| b d ɡ → p t k / _#
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | d → t (often)
|
| d → k / _ŋ
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | d → r / _ŋ (occasionally elsewhere as well)
|
| b(ʷ) d → p(ʷ) t
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | ndr *R → d r
|
| b d → m n / _{C,#}
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | d → r / V_{V,#}
|
| ɡd ɡl → dː lː
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | t1 d1 d3 Z → t d ɖ ɟ
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| b d2 → {v,b} z
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| 10.7 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Rukai | {t1,c} {d1,z} d3 → t d ɖ
|
| S1 s d2 *C → s θ ð ts (not sure what *C stands for here)
|
| 10.8 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Tsouic | {*C,d} j *R → c z r
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | dz dʒ → {tsːʼ,z} {tsːʼ,dʒ}
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| tɬː dɮ → tɬ(ː) tɬː
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| 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | {ts,st} dz → s {tsːʼ,z}
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| dʒ → {tʃːʼ,dʒ}
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| tɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) dʒ → ɬ tɬ(ː) tɬ(ː)(ʼ) tɬː
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| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
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| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
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| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {tsʼ,tʃʼ} ʒ ts
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | b d → {b,v} z
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| {tsː,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → ts tsʼ
|
| {tʃ(ː),dʒ} → tʃʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → k {k,xʲ} {kʼ,ɡ} {kʼ,kː} kʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d} (but *b is “[p]rone to change to *m”)
|
| {tsː,stː} dz st → sː {tsː,z} ts
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬ(ː)ʼ dɮ → xʲ xː kʼ {kː,l}
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
|
| {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ x kʼ kː {,j,xʲ}
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | d → r / _#
|
| d → {d,tː}
|
| {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| tʃ(ː) dʒ → ʃ tʃ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → ɬ ɬ(ː) kʼ tɬʼ tɬː
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | b d → {pː,b} {tː,d}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} qʼ k(ʼ) {kː,ɣʲ}
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
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| {ts,st} tsːʼ dz → {s,ts} {d,t} z
|
| tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ qʼ q(ʼ) {w,xʲ,j}
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | b d → {b,w} {d,z}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → xʲ {ɣʲ,ɡ} k kː ɣʲ
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → {∅,s} tʃ {∅,tsʼ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} z
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃʼ tʃːʼ dʒ → {∅,ʃ} tʃ ∅ tʃʼ {dʒ,tʃ}
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ tɬːʼ dɮ → {∅,x} q {∅,qʼ} qʼ {ɣ,l}
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | {tsː,tʃː,dz,dʒ} → tː / _#
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | {ts,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → s ts
|
| tʃ {tʃː,dʒ} → ʃ tʃ (the change of *tʃːʼ is conjectured for Bezhta, as the change is only listed in Tsez, but given the development of *tsːʼ I don’t find it unreasonable to put it here)
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → dzʲ~zʲ tʃʼ dʒ~ʒ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → tsʲ(ʼ) dzʲ
|
| tʃʷ(ʼ) tʃʷː dʒʷ → tʃ(ʼ) zʷ dzʷ~zʷ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → x ts {x,tsʼ} l
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → xʲ ɕ ɣʲ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ tsʼ(ʷ) l
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| tʷ(ʼ) dʷ → {tʷ(ʼ),p(ʼ)} {dʷ,b}
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| tɕʷ(ʼ) dʑʷ → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃʷ(ʼ)} {dʑ(ʷ),dʒʷ}
|
| {tʷ(ʼ),dʷ} → {tɕ(ʷ)(ʼ),tʃ(ʷ)(ʼ)} {dʒ(ʷ),dʑ(ʷ)}
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → pʼ f v
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | tʷ(ː) tʷʼ dʷ → t(ː) tʼ d
|
| ts tsː dz → {s,c} tsː dz~z
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| tsʲʷ tsʲʷ dzʲʷ → tsʲ tsʲʼ dzʲ
|
| tʃ tʃʼ dʒ dʑ → s tsʲʼ(?) dz~z dʑ~ʑ
|
| tʃʷ(ː) tʃʷʼ dʒʷ → tɕ(ː) tɕʼ dʑ~ʑ
|
| ɬ(ː) tɬ(ː) tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ(ː) tɕ(ː) tɕʼ tħ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → tɕ tɬʼ ɣ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tʃ(ː) tʃʼ ħ
|
| tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ → x tɕː tɕʼ ɮ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | dɮ → ɣ
|
| dzʲ dzʷ → dʑ ʑʷ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | dɮ dzʲ dzʷ dʑ ɡʲ → ʒ ʑ {v,w} ʒ dʒ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| sʷʲ zʷʲ tsʷʲʼ dzʷʲ → tʃʷ ʒʷ tʃʲʼ dʒʲ
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| ʃʷ(ː) ʒʷ tʃʷ(ʼ) dʒ → ʃ ʒ tʃ(ʼ) dʒ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ (sʲ) tsʲʼ ɮ
|
| tɬʲ tɬʲʼ dɮʲ → ɕ tɬʼ ɕ ʁ(~zʲ)
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ ts(ʷ)ʼ w
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | dʒ → ð / i_ (in eastern and central dialects)
|
| dʒ → ð / u_a (in eastern dialects)
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | dʒ → ʁ / i_u
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | dʒ → tʃ → s / “in certain positions” (except for Thule Greenlandic, where dʒ → tʃ and stayed there, apparently)
|
| dʒ → tʃ / i_{u,i}
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | dʒ → ʁ / i_u
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | dʒ → ∅ / i_i
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | dʒ → ∅ / i_i
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | dʒ → ∅ / i_i
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | dʒ → ∅ / i_i
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | d → l / medially
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | d → l / medially
|
| 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | d → r / medially
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | d dʱ → ð / V_V
|
| d dʱ → ð / r_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| sd → θ / medial
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | d dʱ → ð / V_V
|
| d dʱ → ð / r_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́(ʱ) → b d dh
|
| sd → θ / medial
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | d → s / #_{i,j}
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | {d,l} → r “in Hieroglyphic Luwian, occasionally”
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | d → k / _w
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | d → tʃ / _{i,u}
|
| d → t / {#,N}_
|
| p d D → f ð T
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʷʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ / ! _#
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡ(ʷ)ʱ → p t j k / #_
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | b d ɡ(ʷ) → p t k
|
| bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → {w,v} d z ɡ ʒ
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ → b d z
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | p t k kʷ b d ɡ m n l r s → f θ x xʷ v ð ɣ M N L R h / V(#)_{R,V} (“We don’t know the exact values of lenited /m n l r/. We can guess that lenited m became a nasalized labial continuant of some sort, but beyond that, we don’t know.”)
|
| p t k kʷ b d ɡ ∅ → b d ɡ ɡʷ mb nd ŋɡ n / n#_”V
|
| — st zd → sː dː / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
|
| mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | bʱ dʱ ɡ́ʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ́ ɡ ɡʷ
|
| {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → β ð ɣ
|
| b d ɡ → p t k
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | tj sj dj zj → tʃ ʃ dʒ ʒ / ! _uː (perhaps only before stressed uː?)
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | {t,d} → ɾ / V_V[-stress]
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | tj dj → tʃ dʒ
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | d → ∅ / n_
|
| d → ∅ / l_#
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | d~ð → d / V_u
|
| d~ð → ð / V_V
|
| dʒ → tʃ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.13 Middle English to Yola | t d → θ ð (conditioning unclear)
|
| 17.7.2.1.15 North Frisian Lenition | p t k → b d ɡ → v r ɣ / Vː_{V,#}
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | b d ɡ → p t k
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | b d → p t / _C[-voice]
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | b {w,v} d ð ɡ → p f t θ k / _#
|
| d → ∅ / {l,m}_{b,ɡ,k,l,m,n,s}
|
| {t,θ,d,ð} → ∅ / n_l
|
| {t,θ,d,ð} → ∅ / l_n
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | b d {ɡ,ɣ} → p t k / _S
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | {t,d}j → tʃ
|
| d → ∅ / n_# (sometimes)
|
| b d ɡ → p t k / #_
|
| fd → dː
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | b d → p t / N_
|
| nd ld (→ nː lː ?) → ɲ ʎ
|
| dj → dʒ
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| b d ɡ → v ð ɣ / V_V
|
| dz → z
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → pʰ tʰ kʰ
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | bʱ dʱ ɡʱ → p t k
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | ttʃ ddʒʱ → t.ʃ d.ʒʱ
|
| d → ∅ / _ʒdʱ
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | t d(ʱ) n → ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / C̣_ ! _r
|
| s t d(ʱ) n → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / _C̣
|
| ls lt ld(ʱ) ln → ʂ ʈ ɖ(ʱ) ɳ / “disputed”
|
| tʃ dʒ(ʱ) → tɕ dʑ(ʱ) → ɕ ɟ(ʱ)
|
| tst dzdʱ → tː dʱː
|
| dʱ → ɦ / (unclear environment)
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| b {d,dʒ,ɡ} → v j / V_V
|
| dʒɲ → ɲː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʱ} {j,v} → h ∅ / V_V
|
| tv dv → p b
|
| dʒɲ → ɳː / V_V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | bʱ dʱ {ɡʱ,ɡ́ʱ} ɡʷʱ → b d ɡ ɡʷ
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ rʲ l lʲ → tɕ dʒ ɕ ʑ ȵ r ɫ l (this last probably not before /i/)
|
| ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ ɕ ʑ → ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ɖʐ ts ʒ
|
| d → ∅ / ɫ_ɲ
|
| d → ∅ / r_ts
|
| d → ∅ / _n “in arch. ‘jeno’”
|
| zdʲ stʲ → {ʑ,ɕ} {s,ɕ} / _n
|
| dʲ → ∅ / r_n
|
| dz ts → d͜z t͜s
|
| d → ɡ / _n
|
| tʲ dʲ → t d / _{l,n,ɲ,r,ʐ}
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | {t,d} → ∅ / V_lV
|
| tj dj → tʃ, ʒ
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | bʰ dʰ gʰ → pʰ tʰ dʰ → ɸ θ x
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {bʱ,dʱ,ɡʷʱ} → f / #_
|
| dw → b
|
| d → ∅ / Vː_#
|
| d → ∅ / C_
|
| d → l “in many dialects”
|
| dʱ → b / rV_
|
| dʱ → b / _Vr
|
| dʱ → b / _l
|
| dʱ → b / uː_
|
| dʱ → d
|
| {t,d} → s / _s
|
| {p,b} {t,d} → m n / _{m,n}
|
| {d,n,r} → l / _l
|
| {t,d}t → tst → sː
|
| {n,d}…r → r…r
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | ndj → ɲ
|
| dj → dʒ → ʒ
|
| p b t d k ɡ → β {β,w} ∅ {j,w} ɣ {j,∅,ɡ} / V_rV
|
| — d → z → ∅ / V_V
|
| — d → w / _V#
|
| d → t / _#
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | dj → dʒ / r_
|
| d → ∅ / _j
|
| {p,b} {t,d} → v ð / V_{V,r}
|
| d → ∅ / _{z,ʒ}
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | {dj,ɡj} lj {nj,ɡn} → dʒ ʎ ɲ
|
| {t,d,k,m,n,s} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | ɡ → ɡʲ → dʲ → dʒ → ʒ / #_{i,e}
|
| j → dʒ → ʒ / #_
|
| d → ∅ / V_V
|
| dj → dʒ → ʒ / V_V
|
| dj → dz → ts → s / r_V
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| d → ∅ / V_V (in Portugal)
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | d → ∅ / V_V (seems to have happened in the north and northeast at some point)
|
| b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / V_V
|
| {d,ɡ} → ∅ / _j
|
| Original z (/ts/?) → dj → j
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| tʃ → jdz → jz / V_V (in the south and northwest)
|
| tʃ → dz → z / V_V (otherwise)
|
| dʒ → j
|
| {t,d}l {k,ɡ}l → lː ʎ
|
| {t,d} → ð → i / _r
|
| βw tw → wː dw → ɡʷ ɡʷ → ɡ ɡ
|
| {d,k}w → ɡʷ → ɡ
|
| dVɡ (n)dVɡ → dʒ(?) ndʒ
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| lː{j,Vdʒ} lnj → ʎ ɲ
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| {ndj,ndʒj} ndʒ → ɲ {ɲ,ndʒ}
|
| rdj rVɡ → rdz rdʒ
|
| rdʒ → {rdʒ,rdz(→ rz)}
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| nt nd → {∅,n} ∅ / _# (in some Languedoc and Gascon areas)
|
| nd → n / _# (in western areas and for some speakers of Limousin)
|
| d → t / n_#
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| rdɡ → r{ɡ,dʒ} / _a
|
| βtʃ → u{ts,dz} → u{s,z}
|
| βt βd → pt bd (in the west)
|
| βt βd → ut ud (else)
|
| kt ɡd → it id (in the north, northeast, and southwest)
|
| {tʃ,k}t ɡd → tʃ dʒ (else)
|
| dtʃ → ts (in Auvergne and some western areas)
|
| dtʃ → dʒ (for some southeastern and southwestern speakers)
|
| dtʃ → dz → z (else)
|
| ɡn{d,t} → ŋn{d,t} → ɲ{d,t} → {(i)nd,ɲd,ndʒ} or t(ʃ)
|
| td → tː → t
|
| jd → {dʒ,id}
|
| {d,l} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | t d s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| dj → ʒ / _”B
|
| dj → z / V_V
|
| d → ∅ / _z
|
| {t,d} → ∅ / n_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | nd {lː,ld} → ɳɖ ɖː / V_V
|
| d → ∅ / V_{i,j}
|
| d → r / V_V (“[s]ome Campidanese”)
|
| b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / “except in Nuorese”
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| d → {∅,ð} / V_V
|
| d ɡ → ð ɣ / V_V
|
| — d → ∅ / _n (sometimes)
|
| — tst dzd → ts dz
|
| — Vdz → ∅ / {nts,ndz,rdz_
|
| — ndzVɡ → nɡ
|
| — dn dl → nd ld
|
| ts dz → s̪ z̪
|
| /dɾ/ [ðɾ] → ɾ / V_V
|
| d → ð / ɾ_
|
| 17.12.2.2 Proto-Sibellian to Umbrian | d → rs / V_V
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | d → ∅ / _N
|
| dz → ∅ / B_
|
| dz → ts
|
| {t,dʱ} → tʲ / _E(ː)
|
| {t,dʱ} → ts / _y
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| ⁿd ŋ → t {ɡ,k} / _V[-nas]
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ts (n)dz → {s,ts} s
|
| {ᵐb,ⁿd,ð} → t / _V[+nas]
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | {(n)dz,ts} → s / _i
|
| {(n)dz,ts} → t / else
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | ts (n)dz → t nd
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | dz dʒ ɖʐ → {dz,z} {dʒɡ,sɡ} {dʒ,ʒ}
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | dʒ ɖʐ → {dʒɡ,dzɡ} dʒ
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.4 Proto-Khoe to Kxoe | ts dz → {ç,tç} dʒ
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ts dz kxʼ → {ts,s} d ∅
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ts dz → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} dz~ts
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | t d s → {c,tʃ} ɟ ʃ
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | d → ɾ / V_V
|
| 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | b d ɡ → β~w ɾ~∅ ɣ / V_V
|
| t d → t~ɾ~n n / #_
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βe
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | p d → p~f n / #_
|
| p b d k → p~f w ɾ ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → dzɛ ɾɛ
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | p b d k → ɸ β ɾ x~k / V_V
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βie
|
| 21.2 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Tariku | p d → ɸ ɾ / V_V
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | d → ɾ~d / V_V
|
| 21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopi | d → d~n~l / #_a
|
| d → dz / _i
|
| 21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iau | d → d~l~n / #_a
|
| 21.2.2.2 Proto-East Tariku to Doutai | di → dz / _V
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | diV → dz
|
| ∅ → dz → î_V
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | diV → dz
|
| 21.2.2.7 Proto-East Tariku to Waritai | p d → p~ɸs d~t
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | b d k → b~β ɾ~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| ti di → s j / _V
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | b d k → b~β ɾ~l~∅ k~x~ɡ~ɣ / V_V
|
| b d → m n / #_a
|
| b d → b~ᵐb d~ⁿd
|
| ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.1 Proto-Arawá to Arawá | dz → s / medially
|
| 22.2 Proto-Arawá to Banawá-Jamamadi | {ts(ʰ),tʃ} dz → s ɟ
|
| 22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substrate | dz → s
|
| 22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawara | p(ʰ) {tʰ,d} → ɸ t
|
| dz → ɟ
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | s d → z r / _(V)j
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | nVs dVs → n(V(s)) ʒ(Vʒ)
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | d(V)j s(V)j → lʲ dʒ
|
| d → l
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | s(V)d → dʲ
|
| d → ∅ / V_s
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | {d(V)s,n(V)j} n(V)s → r {VsV,r}
|
| d(V)j → r(V)
|
| d → r
|
| 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | b d → m n / _V[+ nasal] (I’m inferring this from the statement that “[t]here are also a series…of nasal vowels”)
|
| b d → p l
|
| 23.1.3 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Misumalpan | b d → m n / _V[+ nasal] (I’m inferring this from the statement that “[t]here are also a series…of nasal vowels”)
|
| b d → {b,p} l
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | b d → ɓ ɗ
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | b d → ᵐb ⁿdz
|
| 26 Mande | 26.2 Proto-Mande to Busa | d → l
|
| 26.3 Proto-Mande to Dan | d → l
|
| 26.4 Proto-Mande to Guro | d → l
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| 26.6 Proto-Mande to Southwest Mande | {tʼ,d} {kʼ,ɡ} → l k
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| 26.8 Proto-Mande to Mano | d → l
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| 26.9 Proto-Mande to Mwa | d → l
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| 26.10 Proto-Mande to San | d → l
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| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | {s,dz} → {s,z}
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| 29.1.1.1.21 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Kiowa Apache | d → ∅ / _#
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| {d,j} → j / ∅ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | d → ʔ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | d → ∅ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | d → ∅ / _#
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| 29.1.1.1.26 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Mescalero | d → ∅
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| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | d2 → d / in C2 position
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| 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | t d l → {ʈ,tʲ} {ɖ,dʲ} {ɭ,lʲ,ʎ} (The paper is a bit unclear as to which is meant, as the transcription and the textual aspects of the paper seem to disagree here)
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| p t d c ɟ k ɡ → ɸ ɹ {d,l} tʰ ∅ h {∅,ɡ}
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| 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
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| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
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| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
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| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
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| mp nt ɲtʃ nk mp nd ɲdʒ nɡ → pʰ tʰ tɬʰ qʰ p t tɬ k
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| p t tʃ k {dʒ,ɡ} ɲ → h r tɬʰ χ ∅ n
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| 30.1.1.3.1 Proto-Sam to Amu | {ndj,nz} → n̪d̪
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| 30.1.1.3.2 Proto-Sam to Bajuni | {ndj,nz} ɲz → n̪d̪ n̪ ð
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| 30.1.1.3.3 Proto-Sam to Mwiini | ndj → n̪d̪
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| 30.1.1.3.4 Proto-Sam to Siu-Pate | {ndj,nz} z → n̪d̪ ð
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| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’p ’t ’d/d2 c {’ɟ} ’k ɡ → f l ɟ s ∅ {w,∅} {k,w} / in C1 position
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| p t ’t {’d,d2} c k ’k → b d l {l,∅} ɟ ɡ ∅ / in C2 position
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| 30.3.1.1.2 Proto-Ajá to Hwe | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
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| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
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| {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
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| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | ts dz → s z
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| {t,k}j {d,ɡ}j → tʃ dʒ
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| tʰ dʱ → t d
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| 30.3.1.1.5 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Phla-Pherá | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
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| 30.3.1.1.6 Proto-Phla-Pherá to Alada | t d → ʃ ʒ / _j
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| 30.3.1.1.8 Proto-Vhe to Adángbe | ts dz → s z
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| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
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| t d → ts dz / _j
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| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | t d → tʃ dʒ / _{u,i}
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| s {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → ʃ tʃ dʒ / _i
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| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | {t,k} {d,ɡ} → ts dz / _i
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| t d → tʃ dʒ / _j
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| 30.3.1.1.12 Proto-Vhe to Pecı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
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| 30.3.1.1.14 Proto-Vhe to Wacı́ | {k,ts} {ɡ,dz} → tʃ dʒ / _i
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| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | b d dz ɡ → {p,pʼ} {t,tʼ} {ts,tsʼ} {k,kʼ}
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| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
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| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
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| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | t st tr d sd (ç)dr Nt çT KT → t. s.d tr. t s.t (ç.)tr m.t. n.dr ɡ.t
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| ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
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| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | d(r) → t
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| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
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| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
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| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
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| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | d → l
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| ts dʒ NTS → {s,tʃ.} tʃ. m
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| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | Nt tr d KT çT → mt. tʂ t kt ʃt
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| ts dʒ → tʃ. tʃ
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| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | dʒ → tsh
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| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | d(r) çT → t ʃt
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| ts dz NTS KTS sTS → tʃ ts {ts,m} ɡts sp
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| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | {d,KT} st → tʃ zdʒ
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| dr çdr → ʈ ʂʈdz
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| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
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| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | d KT → l kt
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| ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
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| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | {d,ɡ,s,l,r} → {h,r} / #_
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| d → l / _# (some dialects)
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| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | d → n / ”V_
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| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.1 Proto-Tai to Ahom | d ɗ → t d
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| 38.1.1.2 Proto-Tai to Saek | d ɗ → t d
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| d → t / _{l,r}
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| 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | d → ∅ / _{l,r}
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| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | {r,s,z} tʃʰ dʒ → ɬ ʃ tʃ
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| 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | tʃ tʃʰ dʒ → ʃ tsʰ {ʃ,tʃ}
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| 38.1.1.3.3 Central Tai to Tay | tʃ dʒ → {x,t} tʃ
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| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | dʒ → tʃ
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| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | dʒ → tʃ
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| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | {pʰ,b} ɓ {tʰ,d} ɗ {kʰ,ɡ} {kʷʰ,ɡ} → p b t d k kʷ
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| {tʃ(ʰ),dʒ} → ʃ
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| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | d → ∅ / _{l,r}
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| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | dʒ → s
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| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | dʒ → s
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| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | dʒ → s
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| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | ts dz → s z
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| d → n / _V[+nas]
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| 39.2 Proto-Tanoan to Kiowa | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → t tʰ tʼ d
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| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → tʃ s tʃʼ j
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| d → l / _V[-nas]
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| d → n / _V[+nas]
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| 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | dz → {j,dʒ}
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| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | p k ⁿd → β {h,k} nj / V_V
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| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ nj → {p,ᵐb} {ⁿd,z} k z / V_V
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| 41.4 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kaeti | ⁿd ᵑɡ → d k
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| 41.5.1.1 Proto-Gorokan to Asaro | ʔ{l,d} ʔɡ → t k
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| 41.5.1.9 Proto-Gorokan to Siane | ʔŋɡ ʔd → ŋk t
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| 41.5.2.1 Proto-Kainantu to Auyana | N{w,d,r} nj → ŋk nt (not sure if *nj is supposed to be *ɲɟ)
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| 41.5.2.2 Proto-Kainantu to Awa | Nd → n
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| ʔw ʔb ʔd ʔɡ → m p t k
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| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | k ᵐb ⁿd → {k,h} b {s,t} / #_
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| ᵐb ⁿd → {ᵐb,p} s / V_V
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| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t ᵐb ⁿd {k,ᵑɡ} nj → {r,t} p {d,t} ɡ r / V_V
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| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | ᵐb ⁿd s → b {s,t} {t,s} / #_
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| 41.10 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Telefol | ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ → b n k / V_V
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| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / ! N_
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
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| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | d → ∅ / _r “in inherited vocabulary”
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | dj lj rj ɡj → dʲ lːʲ rːʲ jɡ
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| sʲ tsʲ zʲ dzʲ → ʃʲ tʃʲ ʒʲ dʒʲ
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | d → l / #_ (except verbs)
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| d ð → ɟ ʝ / {E,j}_ ? (“some dialects”)
|
| d ð → ɟ ʝ / {ʎ,ɲ}_ (Guipuscoan, High Navarrese)
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.1 List 1: Simple Consonant Changes | mb nd → ʙ dr (Nias)
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| 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | b d ɡ → bː dː ɡː / V_V (some dialects of Italian; there may be more to it than this, since words like “repubblica” are in standard Italian and not just dialects)
|