| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic | e → i / #N_C
|
| e → i / #l_{P,C[+voiced]}
|
| e → i / #b_
|
| e → i / p_r
|
| e → i / #{s,ʃ,tsʼ}_{k(w),ʔ}
|
| e o → i u / #C_P
|
| e o → i u / #(ʔ)_C
|
| e o → i u / #{k(ʼ),x}_{t(ʼ),tsʼ}
|
| e o → i u / #(ʔ)_C$
|
| e o → i u / #P_{tsʼ,tʃʼ}
|
| e(ː) → i(ː) / #C[+sibilant]_{d,n,r}
|
| 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | {e,o} {i,u} → a ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | {e(ː),ɛ} → ɛ
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | we → o
|
| e → i / #_
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | e → i / {#,k}_
|
| {a,e,i} → o / _kʷ
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| eLwi → iː
|
| tem {k,p}en → mː nː
|
| ket → tː (→ sː?)
|
| ke(h) → tː ?
|
| {k(ʷ)es,keθ} → sː
|
| e → ∅ / O_ in #U (not universal)
|
| {me,ne} → ∅ / #_O “(followed by truncation of following x)”
|
| {we,wiː} → o / #_
|
| e → a / _#
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | e i → a e
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | we → o
|
| e eː → i aː
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | we → o
|
| e → i (short only)
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | we → o
|
| e → i (short only in southern dialects, both short and long in northern dialects)
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | we → o
|
| e → i (short only)
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | we → o
|
| e(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | we → wə → oː / ! adjacent to {p,m,k}
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | we je → o i / _C
|
| we → o / #_
|
| e → i / Vː%_ ! _H
|
| e → i / #(C)_ ! _H
|
| e → i / _{k,m} “when in the second syllable of glottal words”
|
| e(ː) i → æ(ː) e
|
| {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | ehi → eː
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | we e → o i
|
| 7.16 Proto-Algonquian to Piscataway | e → o / unclear conditioning
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | we → o
|
| e → i / #(C)_ “(but remains e in a few cases?)”
|
| je → i / C_
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
|
| {a,æ,e,ø,i,y} o → i u / _Ci
|
| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
|
| 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | (w)e → je
|
| au iu uu eu ou → ɔː juː uː joː oː
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | e o u æ ø y → {a,e} {o,u} {a,o,u a {a,o,u} {o,u,i} / _Ca
|
| a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
|
| a e u æ ø y → {a,e} {e,i} {y,ø} {i,e} {i,e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ci
|
| e → {y,ø} / P_Co
|
| e → {y,ø} / C_Po
|
| e → o / P_Cu
|
| e → o / C_Pu
|
| a e o i æ ø y → {a,i,e} {a,e} u {o,u} e {ø,y,o,u} {o,u} / _Co
|
| a e {o,u} æ ø y → {a,o,u} {e,a} {o,u} {a,o,u} {e,i,u} {i,o,u,y,ø} / _Cu
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| e → ja / #_C{e,i}
|
| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
|
| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
|
| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | {e,æ}b ub → ew uw
|
| ew (→ øj) → yj
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | {u,ɯ}w {i,y}w aw {æ,e}w → uː yː oː øː
|
| e → i / _ɡ
|
| e → i / k_y (maybe they mean k_j?)
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | eɡ → {je,iː,ji}
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | e → a / _s
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | ej ow → i u
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | ej ow → e o / _#
|
| 10.1.2.7 Proto-Philippine to Proto-Kalamian | e → u / _Cu
|
| e → i / _Ci
|
| e → u / uC_
|
| e → a / _C[- voice]#
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | {a,e} → o / _w#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | e(C){V[- low]} e(C)a → e(C) e(C)ə
|
| u(C)V[+ high] u(C)e u(C)o u(C)a → {u,i}(C) u(C)ə e(C)ə {u,ɵ}(C)ə
|
| {e,i} → ɪ (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — eCV[+ mid] → ɛC
|
| — eCV[+ low] → aC
|
| o e → ʊ ɪ
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | o e i → ɔ ɛ ɪ / C_V[- high]
|
| o e → ʊ ɪ
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | ei → i
|
| e → i / Ḱ_ “[tendency]”
|
| e → i / _Ḱ “[tendency]”
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | e → o / K_
|
| e → o / _K
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | o e → {u,ə} i
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | e(C)V[- low] → e(C)
|
| e(C)V[+ low] → ɛCɛ
|
| a(C){o,e} → a(C)
|
| oa {ae,ea} → uɔ iɛ
|
| o e → ʊ ɪ
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | {i,u} {e,o} → ɨ ɜ
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | e → ə / _N when unstressed ! Ḱ_ (?; included here based on a comment earlier in the paper, but not listed on the correspondence list)
|
| 10.5.1 Proto-Ongan to Jarawa | e → ə / _N, when unstressed (?)
|
| e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| e → ∅ / _# (?)
|
| 10.5.2 Proto-Ongan to Onge | e → ə / _N, when unstressed (?)
|
| e → {e,ə,o} / _V
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | {i,e,u} → ∅ / #_{t,n}a
|
| e → {e,i} / #C_C
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | {om,on} {em,en} {oːm,oːn} {eːm,eːn} → ɔ̃ ɛ̃ õ ẽ
|
| i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / {m,v,p}_C̣
|
| o e → u i / _C{u,i} “(highly sporadic)”
|
| — i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / _ɭ
|
| — eCə oCə → Ceː Coː / #_
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | e → i / _(C)i
|
| e → æ / {P,K}_
|
| e → æ / _P
|
| e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| e → æ / {P,K}_
|
| e → æ / _P
|
| e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| e → æ / {P,K}_
|
| e → æ / _P
|
| e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| e → æ / {P,K}_
|
| e → æ / _P
|
| e → ə / _C{a,ə,u} (seems to have become a in a few instances)
|
| 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | e → ə / unstressed (possibly only in disyllables?)
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | eh2 → æː / “tautosyllabic”
|
| ei eu → ɛː uː
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | e o → eː oː / in ”U[+stress]
|
| e → i / _{m,ŋ} when posttonic in U[+closed] or when pretonic
|
| e → a / _n in U[+open +posttonic]
|
| e → a / _{r,l} (sporadic)
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | e → i / j_
|
| e → a
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | e → i / j_
|
| e → a / _U[+u,a]
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | e → i / j_
|
| {e,a,o} → ē / _N in ”U[+closed]
|
| {e,a,o} → ā / _N in ”U[+open]
|
| {e,o} → a / in U[-stress]
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | e → i / pretonic
|
| e → a / posttonic in U[+open]
|
| a e → aː eː / in ”U[+closed]
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,o}j ɛw → ɛj ow
|
| {e,o} → a (rare)
|
| e → ɛ
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | e eː → a aː
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — h1e h2e h3e → e a o
|
| — eh1 eh2 eh3 → eː aː oː
|
| — e → a / _Ra (short a only), though “[t]he e was often restored by analogy”
|
| — oː ej → aː eː
|
| — e → o / _w
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | — e → i / _(C…)#
|
| — e o → i u / _C(…C){H,j}
|
| — {a,e}n → eː / _{p t k s}
|
| {au,eu,ou} → oː
|
| ei → eː
|
| — {e,o} → a / _[anything]
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ei → eː
|
| {au,eu,ou} → ∅
|
| {a,e,o} → ei / _(C…)j
|
| e → i / _N
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | e → je / in open syllables, when stressed
|
| e → ja / in closed syllables, when stressed
|
| ei → {ei,i} (“PIE *ei evolution is not well reconstructed yet”)
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | e → i
|
| ei oi → iː ai
|
| eu ou → iu au
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — o e → u i
|
| — ew → iw
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | i u e → ɪ ʊ ɛ / _ɹ
|
| eə → eː
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə → ∅ / _#, when unstressed (it appears this sound may also have gone to /ɪ/)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | e → ɛ / _nt
|
| e(o) → ɛ
|
| e → ɛ / “unstressed”
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | eɑ eːɑ eo eːo → ɑ ɛː e eː
|
| {æːj,e(ː)j} → ej
|
| {eɑh,eɑç,eɑx,eɑʝ,eɑɣ} → ɑw
|
| ɑ e o → ɑː ɛː oː / in U[+open] ! in #U with the following U containing /iː/ or ending in one of /m n r l/
|
| {e,ɑ,o} → ə / _#
|
| e → ∅ / if another /e/ one syllable previous
|
| 17.7.2.1.14 Anglo-Frisian to Old Frisian | aj aw ew → {eː,aː} aː ja
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | ei ou → eː oː (except in southeastern dialects; *ei as a result of the umlaut of *ai was not affected)
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | {ie,ia,io} uo → iə uə
|
| {ol,al} {ar,er} or → ɔu aːr oːr / _C[+dental]
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _C[+ affricate]
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _{P,l,ʃ} (sporadic?)
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / {P,l,ʃ}_ (sporadic?)
|
| ou øy ei → au oy ai
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | BːB aː{o,a,æ,e} {æ,e}ː{æ,e}ː {æ,e}ːi iːEː → oː aː eː eː iː
|
| e → i / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C){i,j}
|
| e → ja / ! {{h,k,ŋ}n,w,v,l,r}_, _{u,o,i}
|
| a(i) {e,w{æ,i}} {we,ei} (w)ɪ → ey ø y ʏ / w_ ! hw_
|
| a(ː) ae → o(ː) ɒø / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C)u
|
| {u,we,wi} {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| wa we wi → ɒː øː yː / #P_
|
| e → jɒ / _(C)(C)(C)u ! {{h,k,ŋ}n,w,v,l,r}_
|
| e → ja / _(C)(C)(C)u ! {{h,k,ŋ}n,w,v,l,r}_
|
| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
|
| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
|
| ey → {jo,æ}ː / _ʀ
|
| o {æ,e} → u i / ! in #U
|
| e(ː){B,i(ː)} → e(ː)u / {v,w}_
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | u o a ø y e i → uː oː aː øi yː ei iː / _{ɲc,ɲɟ,ŋk,ŋɡ}
|
| e → ei / _{ɣ,j}
|
| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
|
| e iː → ɛ i(ː)
|
| ey → eː / _F
|
| ey → ɛ / _r
|
| ey → ai
|
| ei → eː / _C(ː,V)# (V can be a syllabic consonant)
|
| e → a / _i
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | {u,o}(ː) a aː {ɒ,œ,y} e i(ː) → {o,ɔ}(i) æ(i) {ɔ,ɒ}(i) {o,ɔ}(i) {æ,e} / _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
|
| {ɒ,ey} j{u,o,a}ː yː → o ø u / Ḱ_
|
| e → {o,ɒ} / _w
|
| e eː → {æ,ɛ,e} {(j)ɛ,je}
|
| ey → ø
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | e → i / ! {w,r,h}_
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | ej ow → eː oː
|
| e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| ɑu ɛu eu → ɑv ɛv ev
|
| e → i
|
| ”{i,e}V → j”V
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | {eː,ej} ɛː ɑ(ː)j {oj,ɔːj} → iː eː ɛː {y,ø}
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | ej ow → eː oː happened “in the various Ionic dialects at various dates”
|
| e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | e(ː) → a(ː) / _h2
|
| e(ː) → a(ː) / h2_
|
| e(ː) → o(ː) / _h3
|
| e(ː) → o(ː) / h3_
|
| {uː,eu,au} → u
|
| — e(ː) → a(ː) / _R “sometimes??”
|
| — e(ː) → a(ː) / “when unstressed?”
|
| 17.10 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian | e → a / _{h2,h3}
|
| e → a / {h2,h3}_
|
| {e,o,o2,N̊} → a
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | e(ː)i → i
|
| {a(ː)u,o(ː)u} e(ː)u → u ju
|
| e → ь / _jV
|
| e → o / _wV
|
| {e(ː),i(ː)} {a(ː),o(ː),u(ː)} → ẽ õ / _N$
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ɒ e → a ɛ
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | or ol er el → oro olo ere ele / _$
|
| je → o / #_
|
| je → o / V_ (sporadic)
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | eu → ou
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | e → {e,i}
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | e o → i u / _ŋ
|
| e → o / _ɫ
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| {ew,ow} → ou → uː
|
| a → e → i / %(C)(C)_ŋ when unstressed
|
| a → e → u / %(C)(C)_ɫ when unstressed
|
| e → u / %(C)(C)_ɫ when unstressed
|
| ai → ei → iː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| ei oi ou → iː eː uː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| {i,e} → ∅ / _# (sometimes)
|
| e → i / _{s,t}#
|
| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
|
| e → o / _w
|
| e → o / w_
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {e,i} → j / C_V when unstressed
|
| {e,ai} → ɛ
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | {i,eː} e → {e,ɛ} {ɛ,e} / stressed
|
| {i,eː,e} → e / _%”V
|
| oe → {e,ɛ}
|
| ae au → e ɔ / stressed
|
| ae au → e o / _%”V
|
| {i,e(ː),ae} → ∅ / _(C)#
|
| e → ɛ / _v
|
| e → i / _{nk,ŋ} when stressed (irregular)
|
| aj → ej → ee → e (irregular)
|
| e → ɛ (in Eastern Catalan)
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — {i,e} → j / _V
|
| — (a)e → è
|
| — {eː,i,oe} → é
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| V”e → ”Vi
|
| {lːe,lːo} → u / {e,o}_# “[this is actually an analogical development, but it applies as regularly as a sound law]”
|
| e → ə / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+open]
|
| e → ɛ / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+closed] or _V (?)
|
| {ei,ɔi} → oi / C[-nas]
|
| {aı̃,eı̃} → ɛ̃
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | taːte → ”ta / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | e → iː / ”_%ɪː#
|
| iː {i,eː} e → i e ɛ / stressed
|
| iː {i,e(ː)} → i e / _%”V
|
| {i(ː),e(ː),ae} → e / _#
|
| aː oe → a e
|
| ae → ɛ / stressed
|
| e → ∅ / el_#
|
| {ã,ãe,õe} → ão / _#
|
| e V → o ∅ / _? (irregular)
|
| e → o / _m”V (irregular)
|
| e → ∅ / {l,n,r,s,k}_#
|
| e → ∅ / ”{i,e}_#
|
| e → i / _(C)(C)V(C)#
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / {l,m,r}_ when between #U and U[+stress]
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / k_t when between #U and U[+stress]
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / {L,N}_(C)(C)V(C)#
|
| e → j / {a,o,u}_
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — e → i / _V (and possibly V_?)
|
| — e → i / _(C…)i{C(C…)V,#}
|
| — {a,œ,e,i} → e (here, 〈œ〉 denotes the reflex of the Latin vowel written this way, not a front rounded vowel)
|
| — e → i / _(C…)i(C…)#
|
| — e u → e o / _nt#
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | ɛ e → ej je
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — (a)e → ɛ
|
| — eː,i,oe → e
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e / _#
|
| o e → u i / _N
|
| e → a / i_(C…){a,e}#
|
| ”elːa → e”a / _#
|
| e → ə / ”U…P_(C…)V# ! V = i
|
| e → ə / ou_#
|
| e → i / #(C…)V…_n…”U
|
| e → ə / #(C…)V…{t,d,n}_…”U
|
| e → ə / P”_(C…)B
|
| e → ∅ / P_a
|
| e → ə / #{r,P}_…”U
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | e → i / C_V
|
| e → ∅ / u_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | Raising of e {ɛ,a} ɔ o → i e o u; near j, in particular environments:
|
| — e → i / _Cj ! C = p
|
| ”je.o ”je.a → {”i.o,”jo} ”i.a
|
| e → ∅ / V{d,s,n,l,ɾ}_#
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | eu → ou
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | h2e → ə / _#
|
| h2e a → a ɨ
|
| {eh2,aH} aː → aː ɔ
|
| h3e o → o ɛ
|
| {eh3,oH} → oː
|
| (h1)e (h1)eː → jə jɛː / #_
|
| Ce Ceː → Cʲə Cʲɛ
|
| eH → eː
|
| ow aw ew → ɛu au əw
|
| oy ay ey → ɛi ai əj
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → e a ẽ
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | {{a/e},{e/a}} {ı̃,ẽ} → a ẽ
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | {a/e} → e
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → a e ı̃
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | eN → y / _#
|
| e → ɨ / {k,j}_
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ ũ / _#
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | eN → ı̃ / _#
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ {ɨ̃,ĩ} õ / _#
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | e o → ɛ ɔ (?)
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | e o → ɛ ɔ
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | e → ɛ
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substrate | e → a / medially
|
| e → i / #_
|
| 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | e → ɨ / _#
|
| e → a / else
|
| 22.7 Proto-Arawá to Paumarí | e → a / medially
|
| e → {a,i} / #_
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | e → a
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | a {e,i} → i ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | e → a
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | e → a
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | e → a
|
| {ue,aja} → ə
|
| e → u / uC_
|
| e → ∅ / u_C
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | e → a
|
| e → ∅ / u_C
|
| e → i / “conditioning undetermined”
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | e {ɑ,ə} → i {e,ɪ}
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | e u a {ɑ,ʊ} → a i u ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | e a u {ə,ʊ} → a u i ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | {i,e} → {i,ja} (this latter due to the loss of final consonants within the stem)
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | e → a / in prefixes
|
| i e a u {ɑ,ʊ} → e a ɔ o ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.14 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.15 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Koyukon | e a ɑ ʊ → a o ŏ ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.16 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Kuskokwim Kolchan | e a {ɑ,ʊ} → a o ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.17 Proto-Athabaskan to Sarcee | {e,ə} ʊ → ɑ u
|
| 29.1.1.1.38 Proto-Athabaskan to Lower Tanana | e a {ɑ,ʊ} → æ ɔ ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
|
| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | e a → i e
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_a in noun roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_(a) in verb roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_$V in noun class prefixes
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | {o,ɔ} {ɛ,e} → u i / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
|
| 30.3.1.1.7 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Vhe | {ɛ,e} {~ɛ,ẽ} → ə ə̃
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | e → a / _{l,ʔn} when unstressed
|
| e → i / {kʲ,nt}_ when stressed
|
| e → i / in a few data sets “where obscure morphological developments (in the ultimate or penultimate syllable) have resulted in regressive assimilation of vowel quality”
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | e → a / _ʔ in U[-stress]
|
| et el en → itʲ elʲ enʲ
|
| e → i / _j
|
| 32.1.4 Proto-Chatino to Zenzontepec Chatino | e → i / l_ when unstressed
|
| e → i / kʲ_ when stressed
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | {in,en} an → a u
|
| {iHn,eHn,aHn} uHn → ã ũ
|
| e → i
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | e → i / _(C…)u
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.3 Shuswap to Eastern Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | em emˀ → u uʔ / w_ in U[- stressed]
|
| em emˀ → a aʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {p(’),m(ˀ)}_
|
| en enˀ → i iʔ / {ts(’),s,j(ˀ)}_ in U[- stressed]
|
| en enˀ → a ʔ / in U[- stressed] ! {t(’),lʲ,{n,l}(ˀ)}_
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | {o,e} → ? / _Cʲ
|
| e → o / w_ŋ
|
| 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | {e,o} → a / _w
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | iʔ → ieʔ (→ i[truncated vowel-thing]ʔ?)
|
| je jeʔ yeʔ → ɛ ɛʔ uɛʔ / C̣_
|
| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
|
| yeʔ → yɛʔ (→ {uɔʔ,yɔʔ} in southern speech?)
|
| ye jej → yɛ i
|
| jew → au / C̣(C?)_
|
| jew → iau / else
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| yen → uɛn / C̣_
|
| yen → yɛn
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | ew iw → im ju
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | e → i / _#
|
| et ej → o e.i
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | e → i / _{s,#}
|
| et → o
|
| ej → ai
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | ew iw → i jo
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | es er → or ər
|
| e → iɛ
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ew e ej → ə i ei
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | e i → i a / _m
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | ew → i
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | e → i / r_ʔ
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | e(ː) → ẽ / _ẽ(ː)
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | — a e o → ə ɪ ʊ / C_{C,i[-long]}
|
| 37.1.2.6 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Tuscarora | e(ː) → ɛ(ː)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | e → i / _C%
|
| i̯e → i
|
| {ɛɨ,eɨ} → aɨ
|
| eu → uː
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | ɛi ei → ai əi
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | e → o / _{m,p}%
|
| e → ɛ / _C%
|
| i̯e → i
|
| {əi,ɛi,ei} → ai
|
| {ɛi,ei} → ɨː
|
| ɛ e i → eː a iː / _u
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | e → i / _N%
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | e → o / _{m,p}%
|
| i̯e → e
|
| {ɛɨ,eɨ} → ai
|
| eu → uː
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | e → i / _N%
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | {e,ɨ} {ḛ ɨ̰} → i ḭ
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | e u i → a {u,ɨ} {i,ɨ}
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | u o a e → {u,ɔ} {o,ɔ} {a,ɔ} {e,o}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ej → i / unstressed
|
| UŋA eŋi → Oː øː
|
| Uwi ewi → oː øː
|
| yje → øː → jø (?)
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | e → ∅ / C[+coronal]_%
|
| e → @ / h_ (suffixal)
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | e → i / A_, when unstressed
|
| Ue → eː / unstressed
|
| e → ø / #(C…)_y
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | ie yɤ uo → iː yː uː / _A
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | e → ɤ / _C(C){a,o,u}
|
| æy ey → æu eu
|
| e o → eː oː / _Cɑ
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | e → o / _(C…)o (eastern dialects, Bermeo Biscayan)
|
| e → o / o(C…)_ (eastern dialects)
|
| a o e → ɛ u i / {i,u}(C…)_ (this [ɛ] is tentatively marked as such; Egurtzegi transcribes it as /e/ but says it’s not as close as /e/)
|
| o e → u i / _$a (raising of *o is less common)
|
| e → i / _{n,C[+ sibilant]} (sporadic)
|
| e → a / {V,C}_r (“mainly in the western dialects”)
|
| e → ∅ / #_ (Navarrese, rare)
|
| e → j / #_V (at least a few times?)
|
| e → ∅ / #Ur_
|
| u {o,e} → ∅ a / _#, in disyllables (eastern dialects)
|
| aɪ → eɪ → e (rare)
|
| eʊ → {e,eɡu}
|
| eɪ → e / #_
|
| eð (→ e ?) → j / #_V
|
| e → j / #_a
|
| e → ∅ / #_e
|
| ʊe → e
|
| oa ea → u(e) i(e) / _#
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | {æ,e} → ɛ / _ɹ
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ei oi øi → eː oe øe
|
| eu → eo
|
| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | e → eː / ɛ
|
| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | en an → ẽ ã
|
| ej → i
|
| ew → ju
|
| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | e o → je wo / _#
|
| e o → i u / else
|
| 46.17 Proto-Maidun to Nisenian Vowel Shift | u i e a → y e a o
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
|