| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | q ʕ → ʔ h
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | ɡwVq → ʕ
|
| q → ∅ / _i
|
| q → i / #_V{Z,C[+dental]}
|
| qu → w / _{f,s} (sporadic)
|
| {h,ħ,q} → ʕ / C[+voice]_V
|
| q → ʔ / _C[+dental]
|
| q → ʔ / h_
|
| qh → ʕħ
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | q → ʕ
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | q → k
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | q → ʔ / except in several words, two of which are al-Qâhira and musîqâ
|
| 6.2.2.1.8 Classical Arabic to Coastal Hadhrami Arabic | q → ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.9 Classical Arabic to Wādı̄ Hadhrami Arabic | dˤ q → ðˤ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | dˤ q → ðˤ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.11 Classical Arabic to Iraqi Arabic | k q → tʃ {ɡ,q} (ɡ is more common)
|
| 6.2.2.1.12 Classical Arabic to Eastern Libyan Arabic | dˤ dʒ q → ðˤ ʒ ɡ
|
| 6.2.2.1.13 Classical Arabic to Western Libyan Arabic | q dʒ → ɡ ʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | q → {q,ɡ}
|
| 6.2.2.1.15 Classical Arabic to Sa‘idi Arabic | q x ɣ → ɡ χ ʁ
|
| 6.2.2.1.16 Classical Arabic to Sudanese Arabic | dʒ q → ɡʲ ɢ
|
| 6.2.2.1.17 Classical Arabic to Tunisian Arabic | dˤ q → ðˤ {ɡ,q}
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | sˤ tˤ ħ q → s t χ k
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| q → h / _tʃ
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| q → h / _tʃ
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| q → h / _tʃ
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| q → h / _tʃ
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → ʃ l
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | {n,q,h} → ∅ / _s
|
| q → h / _tʃ
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | q → h / _#
|
| {q,h} → ∅
|
| 10.1.1.5 Proto-Polynesian to Luangiua | {q,h} → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol | q → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | q → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon | q → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | {q,h} → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.5 Proto-Philippine to Ifugao | {q,h} → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.6 Proto-Philippine to Ilocano | {q,h} → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | q → k
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | {t,k} q → ʔ k / _C
|
| q → k
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | {t,k,q,s} → k / _C
|
| q → k
|
| 10.1.2.8 Proto-Philippine to Kankanay | {h,q} → ∅
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | q → ∅ (not sure what happens word-finally to it)
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | q → ∅
|
| 10.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Batak | q → ∅ / #_ (sometimes; “represented by *h in PB”)
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | R q → r h
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | p c q → f s ʔ
|
| 10.2.4 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayo-Javanic | q h → h ∅
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | q → χ (→ ʕ)
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | q → ʔ
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | p pʷ {c,*j} k q → β βʷ s ɣ ∅
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | p pʷ k q → β w ɣ ∅
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | q → ∅
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | pː pwː tː ʈː qː kː → pʰ pwʰ cʰ tʰ h jʰ
|
| q {k,t} {s,ʈ} → k c t
|
| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | q k {ʈ,s} → k c t̪
|
| 10.3.5.3 Proto-New Caledonia to Nemi-Pije-Fwai | q k {ʈ,s} → k c t̪
|
| 10.3.5.4 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Northern | q qː k kː s sː → k kː c cː t̪ t̪ː
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | ɴq → ŋk
|
| pː pwː tː qː cː → pʰ pwʰ tʰ h cʰ
|
| q → ∅
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | q k t s → k j c t
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | q k {ʈ,s} → k c t̪
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | q k s → k c t̪
|
| 10.3.6.1 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Äiwoo | q → {k,∅}
|
| 10.3.6.2 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Nagu | q *R → ∅ {l,∅}
|
| 10.3.6.3 Proto-Reefs/Santa Cruz to Natügu | q *R → ∅ {l,∅}
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | q → ∅
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | q → ∅
|
| 10.3.9 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Utupua | p q → v ∅ (in general, seems like there was something going on with conditioning in the case of *p?)
|
| 10.3.10 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Vanikoro | p q → {v,p} ∅
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | q (→ kw ?) → v (rare)
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | q → ∅
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | ɡ q → k ∅
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | p pʷ k q → β w ɣ ∅
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | q → ∅ / #_V
|
| q → k
|
| {qʷ,ku,qu} → kʷ (note that PAn might have had *qʷ *kʷ → q {k,w} instead; may be a change from POn-PAn, if it existed)
|
| 10.6.1 Proto-Paiwan to Northern Paiwan | c ɟ q ɭ → t d ʔ l
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | q ɢ → x {qːʼ,ɣ}
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | q qːʼ ɢ → x {q(ː)ʼ,ɡh} qʼ (not sure if that last 〈gh〉 should be ɣ)
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | qːʼ → ʕ
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | {qːʼ,ɢ} → qʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | qʼ qʼː ɡ → {qʼ,j} qʼ {qː,ɣ}
|
| 11.5 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Lezgic | q ɢ → {x,q} ɣ
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | qːʼ → qː
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | q qːʼ → x q(ː)ʼ
|
| 11.5.3 Proto-Lezgic to Lezghi | qːʼ → q(ʼ)
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | qːʼ → q(ʼ)
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | q qʼ qːʼ ɢ → ∅(?) ∅ qʼ ɣ
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | kː qːʼ → xk(?) qʼ
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | q qːʼ → x(?) q
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | q qː ɢ → (ħ) q ɣ (*ɢ is marked as *G in the document)
|
| qʲː ɢʲ → q ɣʲ
|
| qʷ qʷː ɢʷ → ħʷ qʷ ɣʷ
|
| qʷʲ ɢʷʰ → ħ(ʷ) ɣ(ʷ)
|
| qʷʲʼ → ʕʷ (qʷʼ?)
|
| qˤː qˤʼ → ʕ ħ (this latter is marked as dubious)
|
| qˤʲ qˤʲː qˤʲʼ → q ʔ ħ(?)
|
| qˤʷ qˤʷː qˤʷʼ χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → ħʷ ʕʷ qʷ(ʼ) ħʷ (ħʷ?)
|
| qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲ qˤʷʲʼ ʁˤʷʲ → qʷ ʕʷ ħʷ ʕʷ
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.4 Proto-Abazgi to Bzyp Abkhaz | q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | q qʷ → χ χʷ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | q qʷ → χˤ χˤʷ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | q qʷ → χ χʷ
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | q qʷ → χˤ χʷ
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| qʲʼ ʁʲ → ʔ ʁ
|
| qʷ → qʷː / !_
|
| qʷʼ ɢʷ → qʷː ʁʷ
|
| qʲʷː qʲʷ ɢʲʷ,ʁʲʷ} χʲʷ → qʷː ʔʷ ʁʷ χʷ
|
| {qˤː,qˤʼ} χˤ ʁˤ → qː χ ʁ
|
| {qˤʲ,χˤʲ} qˤʲ ʁˤʲ {qˤʲː qˤʲʼ} → ħ ʔ j
|
| {qˤʷː,qˤʷʼ} χˤʷ ʁˤʷ → qʷː χʷ ʁʷ
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → ħ ʔʷ w~ʁʷ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | ʔ(ʷ)~qʼ(ʷ) → ʔ(ʷ)
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | qː~χ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | q qʷ → qː qʷː / ! #_
|
| qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → qː qʷː
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | ʔ~qʼ → ʔʷ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː {tʃː,tɕː} kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → b d dz v ɕ ʒ dʒ ɡʷ qʼ~qχ qʷʼ~qχʷ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | qʲː(ʼ) ɢʲ χʲ → qʲ(ʼ) ʁʲ xʲ
|
| qʷː ɢʷ → qʷ ʁʷ
|
| qʲʷ qʲʷː qʲʷʼ ɢʲʷ χʲʷ ʁʲʷ → xʲ qʲ qʲʼ ʁʲ χʲ ʁʲ
|
| qˤʲ → q(ˤ)
|
| qˤʲʷ {qˤʲʷː,qˤʲʷ} ʁˤʲʷ → χʷ qʷʼ w
|
| 13 Chumashan | 13.3 Proto-Chumash to Inseño | tʼ qʼ → t q
|
| 13.4 Proto-Chumash to Obispeño | q k → {q,k} {k(ʃ),tʲ} (allophonic)
|
| 13.5 Proto-Chumash to Purisimeño | qʼ → q
|
| 13.6 Proto-Chumash to Ventureño | pʼ kʼ qʼ → p k q
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / _#
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | p k q s → v ɣ ʁ z / V_V
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.1 Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian | q → x
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | q qʼ → x {kʼ,qʼ,ʔ}
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.3 Proto-Mayan to Huastecan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.8 Proto-Mayan to Q’anjob’alan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.9 Proto-Mayan to Tzeltalan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 27.10 Proto-Mayan to Yucatecan | q(ʼ) → k(ʼ)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | q ʀ → x w
|
| {qʷ,xʷ} qʷʼ ɢʷ ɣʷ → x(ʷ) q(ʷ)ʼ ɢ(ʷ) w
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | qʷ qʷʼ ɢʷ → q qʼ ɢ
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | qʼ qʷʼ → χ(ʷ)ʼ {χʼ,q(ʷ)ʼ}
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.2.1 Proto-Wintuan to Nomlaki | tʃʰ kʰ qʰ {x,χ} → tʃ k(ʰ) {kʰ,qʰ,χ} kʰ
|
| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(h) tʃʼ kʰ kʼ
|
| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | k(ʰ) kʼ q(ʰ) qʼ → tʃ(ʰ) tʃʼ k(ʰ) kʼ
|
| 33.2.4 Proto-Wintuan to Wintu | kʰ qʰ → k χ
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| q → χ
|
| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | qh → h / _r
|
| ph th kh qh → pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
|
| {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
|
| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | kh qh → kʰ qʰ
|
| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t ts k q
|
| q → q͡χ
|
| 34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayo | pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| 34.6 Proto-Quechumaran to Quito | q → h / {r,s}_
|
| pʼ kʼ qʼ → p k q
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | q → k
|
| qh → kʰ / _i ! _i{ʃ,tʃ}
|
| qh → k
|
| pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t tʃ k q
|
| {k,q} → h / _{C,#}
|
| 34.9 Proto-Quechumaran to Tena | q(h) → k
|
| pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ → p t k q
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | q → ʔ
|