| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic | dz ʃ tʃ → ʒ s1 s2
|
| ʃ → s2 / {i,j}_
|
| 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin | ʒ → {tʃ,ts}
|
| 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa | s3 → s / V_$#
|
| 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale | z → ts / Vj_
|
| ts tsː → s ts / V_
|
| tsʼ → s / V_
|
| 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho | {s3,ts,ʒ} → s / _$#
|
| s3 → s / V_$#
|
| s2 → {s,tʃː} / V_
|
| 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta | s → s3 / V_(V)
|
| s2 → s / V_
|
| 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa | tʃ ʒ → ʔj s
|
| ts → s / #_
|
| 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla | z → ts / Vj_
|
| tsʼ → sʼ
|
| tsː → ts / V_
|
| tsʼ → {tʃʼ,s}
|
| 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime | tʃ → ts
|
| 6.2 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythrean | tʃ dʒ → ts dz
|
| 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga | ts tʃ dz → sʼ tʃʼ z
|
| 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic | ts dz {t,ts}ʼ tʃʼ → s z sʼ ʃʼ
|
| 6.2.2.1.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Boreafrasian | sʼ → s
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | ɬ → s / #_VC
|
| {ʃ,ts,z} dz tʃ {tʼ,tʃʼ} dʒ → s z ts tsʼ dʒ
|
| 6.2.2.1.5 Proto-Semitic to Classical Arabic | ʃ → s
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | tˤ sˤ → s t
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | θ ð → s z
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | t → t͜s / plain t only, distinguishable from the sequence ts
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | θ θˤ ð ɬ ɬˤ → ʃ ʃˤ z s sˤ
|
| 6.2.2.1.19 Biblical Hebrew to Modern Israeli Hebrew | sˤ tˤ ħ q → s t χ k
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | hl → sː
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nθ nl → sː {sː,hl}
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| ʔs ʔts → sː tsː
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | ʃ k m → s tʃ b / _{E,j}
|
| ʃ k m → s tʃ b / E_#
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | ʃ {θ,t} m k → s ts tʲ bʲ / _{i(ː),j,#}
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | j → s / ! C_
|
| {ʃ,tʃ} → s / #_
|
| nr → s
|
| nθ hs → sːt sː
|
| ns sk → {x,s} {x,sː}
|
| θp tʃp ʃp → {x,sː} ʔp sːp
|
| x → sː / {i,#e,ja,ke}_
|
| x → sː / e(ː)_s
|
| ∅ → s / {i(ː),#e}_t
|
| t → ts / _{i,e(ː),a}
|
| ∅ → s / k_i(ː)
|
| sːː → sː
|
| j → s
|
| ket → tː (→ sː?)
|
| {k(ʷ)es,keθ} → sː
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | ʃ tʃ → {ʃ,x} s
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | ʃjeː → seː
|
| (t)ʃp → sp
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| ʃ → {ʃ,s} / in inland varieties; remains /ʃ/ in coastal varieties
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | ʃjeː → seː
|
| (t)ʃp → sp
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| ʃ → s / in West Swampy Cree (remains /ʃ/ in East Swampy Cree)
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | (t)ʃp → sp
|
| {q,ʃ} → s / _t
|
| θ → s / _k
|
| l → s / _k
|
| {n,q,h}ʃ {n,q,h}l → s {h,j,hj}
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | θ ʃ x → x s h / _{p,k}
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | θ → s / _O
|
| ʃ tʃ → s ts
|
| 7.13 Proto-Algonquian to Miami-Illinois | {ʔ,h}{ɬ,l} → hs
|
| hs hʃ → sː ʃː / sporadic, usually {#,V[+front]}_
|
| s ʃ → ⁿs ⁿʃ / U[-nas] (highly sporadic)
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | n{θ,l} h{θ,ʃ} → ∅ s
|
| ʔ{θ,ʃ} ʔl → s ∅
|
| ʃ → s
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | {ʔ,h}{s,r} → s
|
| r → s / _k
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | r → s / H_
|
| ʃ → s “(for many speakers)”
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | tʃ → s / maybe ! _#?
|
| {ʃ,z} → s
|
| l lʲ → r s / else
|
| 8.2 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Korean | {ʃ,z} → s
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | z → s
|
| ʃ → s / else
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | z → s
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | ʃ → s
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | d s {ʃ,z} → t ∅ s / V_V
|
| j → s (possibly only initially?)
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.1 Proto-Vietic to Muong Khen | cʰ → s
|
| 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | Ω cʰ → s tɕ
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.2 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Philippine | c → s
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | t → s / _i
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | t → s / _i
|
| 10.1.2.8 Proto-Philippine to Kankanay | c → s
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | *c → s
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | p c q → f s ʔ
|
| b dz → p ts
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | ʀ → s
|
| ɟ → s
|
| t → {s,ð} / “unpredictably, to eliminate sV(C)t and tV(C)s sequences”
|
| 10.2.6 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-North Sarawak | c → s
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | bʱ {dʱ,dzʱ} ɡʱ → f s k
|
| f → s
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | {nts,ns,nz,nɡʲ} {ts,z,ɡʲ} → ɡʲ s
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | p pʷ {c,*j} k q → β βʷ s ɣ ∅
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | {c,*j} ɲ → s n
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | {c,*j} → s
|
| 10.3.5 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-New Caledonia | c → s
|
| 10.3.5.2 Proto-New Caledonia to Jawé | t̪ t̪ʰ t tʰ → t tʰ c s
|
| 10.3.5.6 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwaamei | pː pwː tː ʈ kː cː → f hʷ tʰ lʰ h s
|
| jʰ j → s z
|
| 10.3.5.7 Proto-New Caledonia to Pwapwâ | pː pwː t̪ː tː kː cː → pʰ xʷ t̪ʰ tʰ x s
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | ɲ c *j → n s z
|
| t → ts / _V[+ high]
|
| z → s
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | ɲ c *j → n s z
|
| {z,dr} → ts
|
| 10.3.9.1 Proto-Utupua to Asuboa | dr s l → {d,ɟ} {∅,s} {n,∅}
|
| t r l → {j,s} {j,∅} j / _u
|
| t → s / _i
|
| k → {∅,s} / _#
|
| 10.3.9.3 Proto-Utupua to Tanibili | p t {r,l} → ∅ s j / _u
|
| d c ɲ → ɟ {s,∅} n
|
| 10.3.10.1 Proto-Vanikoro to Buma | p t → ∅ {s,k} / _u
|
| 10.3.10.2 Proto-Vanikoro to Tanema | t → s / _u
|
| s → {s,d,c}
|
| 10.3.10.3 Proto-Vanikoro to Vano | t → s / _{u,i}
|
| 10.3.11 Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Southern Vanuatu | c → s
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | t → s / _#
|
| d {c,*j} → tʃ s
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | s {c,*j} → h s
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | s c *J → {h,z} {s,z} z
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | c *j → s {z,s}
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | {s,c} → {h,s}
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | {c,*j} → s
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | c *j → s {z,s}
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | {c,*j} ɲ → s n
|
| 10.6 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Paiwan | S1 s c → s t ts
|
| 10.7 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Rukai | S1 s d2 *C → s θ ð ts (not sure what *C stands for here)
|
| 11 Northeast Caucasian | 11.1.1 Proto-Avar-Andic to Akhvakh | dz dʒ → {tsːʼ,z} {tsːʼ,dʒ}
|
| 11.1.2 Proto-Avar-Andic to Andi | {ts,st} dz → s {tsːʼ,z}
|
| stː → sː
|
| 11.1.3 Proto-Avar-Andic to Avar | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → sh ts tʃʼ ts(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| st(ː) → ts
|
| tʃ tʃː tʃːʼ dʒ → ts(?) tʃ tʃ(ː)ʼ tsʼ
|
| s sː ɬː x xː → {s,ʃ} x ɬ {x,h} x
|
| 11.2 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Dargi | {tsː,st} tsːʼ dz stː → ts z tsː s
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {tsʼ,tʃʼ} ʒ ts
|
| ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː → {s,ʃ} ʃ xʲ {xʲ,ʃ}
|
| 11.3 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Khinalug | {tsː,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → ts tsʼ
|
| 11.4 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Lak | {tsː,stː} dz st → sː {tsː,z} ts
|
| tʃ tʃː dʒ → {ts,tʃ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} tʃ(ː)ʼ
|
| ʃ ɬ ɬː → s {xʲ,ʃ} xː
|
| 11.5.1 Proto-Lezgic to Agul | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tː s z
|
| 11.5.2 Proto-Lezgic to Archi | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ stː dz → s {s,ʃ} tsʼ sː ts
|
| sː xː → {sː,h} x
|
| 11.5.4 Proto-Lezgic to Rutul | {ts,st} tsːʼ dz → {s,ts} {d,t} z
|
| sː ɬ(ː) xː → {ħ,xʲ} {sː,h} x
|
| 11.5.5 Proto-Lezgic to Tabassaran | {ts,st} tsː tsːʼ → {s,ts} {ts,tʃ} tsː
|
| 11.5.6 Proto-Lezgic to Udi | ts tsː tsʼ tsːʼ dz → {∅,s} tʃ {∅,tsʼ} {tsʼ,tʃʼ} z
|
| 11.6 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Nakh | st stː → st(ʼ) st
|
| tsː tʃː → ts tʃ / #_
|
| tsːʼ → tsː
|
| 11.7 Proto-Northeast Caucasian to Proto-Tsezic | {ts,st} {tsːʼ,dz} → s ts
|
| 11.7.2 Proto-Tsezic to Tsez | tsː tɬː → s ɬ
|
| sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x → s ʒ ʃ l ɬ ɣ
|
| 12 Northwest Caucasian | 12.1 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Abazgi | {pʷ,pʲ} {p(ʲ)ː,bˤ} bʷ pʷʲ bʷʲ → p b f tsʲ dzʲ
|
| sʷʲ zʲ → sʲ z
|
| tsʷː tsʷʲ → tsʷ (tʃ)
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → tsʲ(ʼ) dzʲ
|
| ʃ(~ʃː) ʒ → sʲ sʲ
|
| ʃʷ ʃʷː ʒʷ → sʷ ʃ zʲ (this final change is marked as dubious)
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → x ts {x,tsʼ} l
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ tsʼ(ʷ) l
|
| xʷʲ ɣʷʲ → sʷ zʷ (*ɣʷʲ is marked as dubious)
|
| 12.1.1 Proto-Abazgi to Ashkharywa Abaza | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| ɕ ʑ → s z
|
| 12.1.2 Proto-Abazgi to Tapanta Abaza | {tʃʷ(ʼ),tɕ} {dʒʷ,dʑ} → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| ɕ ʑ → s z
|
| 12.1.3 Proto-Abazgi to Ahchypsy Abkhaz | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ dʒʷ tɕ(ʼ) dʑ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) v dz
|
| ɕ ʑ → s z
|
| 12.1.5 Proto-Abazgi to Abzhywa Proper | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| 12.1.6 Proto-Abazgi to Tsabal Abzhywa | tʃʷ tʃʷʼ tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f pʼ ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s ʃʷ z ʒʷ
|
| 12.1.7 Proto-Abazgi to Khaltsys Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| ɕ ɕʷ ʑ ʑʷ → s {ʃʷ,ɕʷ} z {ʒʷ,ʑʷ}
|
| 12.1.8 Proto-Abazgi to Tswydzhy Sadz | tʃʷ(ʼ) tɕ(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) dʒʷ dʑ dʑʷ → f(ʼ) ts(ʼ) tɕʷ(ʼ) v dz dʑʷ
|
| ɕ ʑ → s z
|
| 12.2 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Proto-Circassian | tʷʲ tʷʲʼ → ts tsʼ
|
| ts tsː dz → {s,c} tsː dz~z
|
| tsʲ tsʲː tsʲʼ dzʲ → (s) tsː tsʼ dz~z
|
| sʲ zʲ → s z
|
| tsʷ lʲ {qʲʷ,qˤʷ} → sʷ d qʷ / #_ (data not given for non-initial forms)
|
| tsʲʷ tsʲʷ dzʲʷ → tsʲ tsʲʼ dzʲ
|
| sʲʷ zʲʷ → sʲ zʲ
|
| tʃ tʃʼ dʒ dʑ → s tsʲʼ(?) dz~z dʑ~ʑ
|
| ʃ(~ʃː) → s
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷ ʑʷ → sʲ ʃː zʲ
|
| 12.2.1 Proto-Circassian to Adyghe | tsʷ → tsʲʷ
|
| 12.2.1.1 Adyghe to Abadzekh Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷ ʃː tʃː tɕː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ ɕ tɕ tʃ kʷ qː qʷ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.2 Adyghe to Bzhedug Adyghe | tsʷː → tsʲʷː
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.1.3 Adyghe to Shapsug Adyghe | pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tsː tcː kʲː kʷː qː~qχ qʷː~qχʷ → p t ts tʃʷ ʃ tʃ tɕ kʲ kʷ χ~q χʷ~qʷ
|
| p(ʷ)ʼ t(ʷ)ʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ~ʃʷʼ → pˤ tˤ tsˤ ʂʷ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → sˤ ʂ
|
| 12.2.1.4 Adyghe to Temirgoy Adyghe | tsʲ(ː) tsʷ → tɕ tsʲʷ
|
| pː tː tsː tsʷː ʃː tʃː tɕː → p t ts tsʷʲ ʃ tʃ tɕ
|
| sʼ ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ʃʼ
|
| 12.2.2 Proto-Circassian to Kabardian | sʼ(?) ʃʼ~ɕʼ → tsʼ ɕʼ
|
| 12.3 Proto-Northwest Caucasian to Ubykh | ts(ʲ)ː tsʷː dzʲ → ts tsʷ dz
|
| tʃ(ʼ) dʒ → ts(ʼ) dz
|
| ʃ(~ʃː) ʒ → s z
|
| ɕʷ ɕʷː ʑʷ → ʃʷ sʷ ʒʷ
|
| tɬ tɬː tɬʼ dɮ → ɕ (sʲ) tsʲʼ ɮ
|
| ɬ(ː) → sʲ
|
| tɬʼ → tsʲʼ
|
| tɬʷ(ː) tɬʷʼ dɮʷ → tsʷ ts(ʷ)ʼ w
|
| ɬʷ ɬʷː → sʷ s(ʷ)
|
| tɬʷʲ tɬʷʲː tɬʷʲʼ dɮʷʲ → f dʑ tsʼ dʒ
|
| xʲ ɣʲ → sʲ zʲ
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | c → s / #_{a,u}
|
| ɲc → ns / V_V
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | c → s / _{a,o,u,e}
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | z → s / #_
|
| 15.2 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Eskimo | ð z → t s
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | t → s / i_
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | t → s / i_
|
| dʒ → tʃ → s / “in certain positions” (except for Thule Greenlandic, where dʒ → tʃ and stayed there, apparently)
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | s → ts → tʃ / in some dialects?
|
| t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | s → ts / in certain situations?
|
| t → s / _{k,q}
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | p b t → f p {s,h} / #_
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | p t → f {s,h} / #_
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | ḱ → s / _{u̯,u,i̯,i}
|
| ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | ḱ → s / _{u̯,u,i̯,i}
|
| ḱ → {ts,tʃ} (“[a]rchaic relic”)
|
| kʷ → s / _”E?
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | {{h1,h3}s,s{h1,h3}} → sː (contested)
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | t → ts / _i ! s_
|
| d → s / #_{i,j}
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | ḱ → s
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | ʃ → s
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | p ḱ k(ʷ) → {w,v} s kʰ
|
| ɡ́ → ts (?)
|
| {sk,ks} kj → tsʰ tʃʰ (?)
|
| Ns sN → s N
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | ḱ ɡ́ → s z
|
| rt → š (Alex Fink says that the realization of /š/ “is unclear”)
|
| s → {s,h}
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — SS → sː
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | tː → sː
|
| — st zd → sː dː / [anything]_
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | st → sː (with some exceptions)
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | ḱ ɡ́ → ts dz
|
| {kʷ,kw} {ɡʷ,ɡw} → tʃ dʒ (→ s~z z ?) / _E
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | z → s / _#, though “[t]his s was dropped when it came to stand after an original s through the loss of a vowel”, though it “remained when protected by a particle”
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | ʃ → s / in unstressed syllables
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | xs → sː
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | t → {ts,k} / _w
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | p t k → pf ts kx / #_
|
| p t k → pf ts kx / {L,N}_
|
| pː tː kː → pf ts kx
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | k → ts / _E (ɡ → dz here?)
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | rː{r,ʀ} sʀ → rː sː
|
| nː lː rː sː → n l r s / C_
|
| ts → sː / V_V
|
| s → ts / {l,n}ː_
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | k → s / _n
|
| sk → {sk,ʃ,ks}
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | h → {∅,h,k,s} / _n
|
| hv → {h,k,s}w
|
| ms → ŋ(k)s
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | tj → tsj
|
| 17.8.1 Proto-Indo-European to Aeolian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.3 Proto-Indo-European to Boeotian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.4 Proto-Indo-European to Coan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.5 Proto-Indo-European to Cretan Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.6 Proto-Indo-European to Doric Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → V(ː)s (Tucker says that “[i]n a few Doric dialects the lengthening did not occur”)
|
| 17.8.7 Proto-Indo-European to Elian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| tʃ → s / #_
|
| tʃ → sː / medial
|
| 17.8.9 Proto-Indo-European to Laconian Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| Vns → Vːs
|
| 17.8.10 Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek | t → ts / _i
|
| ts → s
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | t → ts / _{i,e}
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | {ʂ,ç} → s
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | ʂ s → s ç
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | {ʂ,ç} → s
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | {ʂ,ç} → s
|
| 17.10.1.5 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Vedic Sanskrit | sː ʂː ɕː → t.s t.ʂ t.C
|
| bzʱ → ps
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | Kʷ ḱ ɡ́ → K s z
|
| k ɡ x → ts dz s / _{æː,i}
|
| k ɡ x → ts dz s / “After some syllables with front vowels”
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ ɕ ʑ → ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ɖʐ ts ʒ
|
| tɕts ʑr̝ → jts jr̝
|
| ɕtɕ → js / _{t͜s,s}
|
| ʈʂs → ts
|
| zdʲ stʲ → {ʑ,ɕ} {s,ɕ} / _n
|
| stʲkl → ɕtɕkl → {ɕ,s}kɫ → ʂkɫ
|
| dz ts → d͜z t͜s
|
| n → s → ɕ / k_ɛ̃ where the vowel was from Proto-Slavic
|
| n → s / k_Vn
|
| ɕ ʑ → s z / _C (sometimes)
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {t,d} → s / _s
|
| {t,d}t → tst → sː
|
| sː → s / _#
|
| sː → s / {W,Vː}_
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | tj → s / C_
|
| sj ssj jn → js jʃ ɲ / V_V
|
| lj rj kj ɡj → ʎ jr ts ʒ / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — r → s / _s
|
| j tj → dʒ ts / #_
|
| ∅ → s / t_j
|
| t → s / s_j
|
| t → s / _{n,m}
|
| k → js / V_sV
|
| — (k)kj → ts
|
| sːj zj rj → jsː jz jr
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | tj ks w → ts sː ɡw
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | rs → sː
|
| k → ts → s / #_{i,e}
|
| ks ɡn tj → ʃ ɲ {z,s} / V_V (tj → s is learned)
|
| tj → s / C_V
|
| dj → dz → ts → s / r_V
|
| ndj → nts → ns → ɲ / V_V
|
| kj → ts → s / V_V
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | tʃ → ts (sometimes)
|
| rs → sː
|
| sː → s / Vː_
|
| (s)k ɡ → (s)tʃ dʒ / #_a (in the north and northeast)
|
| tʃ → ts → s / #_
|
| b {d,dz,dʒ} z ʒ ɡ → p {t,ts,tʃ} s ʃ k / _(s)#
|
| tʃs → {ts,tʃ} (varies)
|
| ms ns → mps nts (sporadic?)
|
| ts → s / _# (Provence, Limousin, some Languedoc and Gascon)
|
| ktj klj → is ʎ
|
| {tʃ(ː),kʷ}j → ts
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| {ntʃj,ndj} → nts → ns
|
| ptj → ts → s
|
| rtʃj → rts (→ rs ?)
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| rtVɡ → {rdʒ,rts(→ rs)}
|
| rtj → rts → rs
|
| {sːj,stʃj,stj} → ʃ → is (except in the west or extreme east, where the outcome was some flavor of (i)(t)ʃ)
|
| tːj → ts → s
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| rtʃ rdtʃ → r(t)s {rdz(→ rz),rts,rdʒ}
|
| stʃ → s (in some northern and northeastern dialects)
|
| stʃ → is (otherwise)
|
| stɡ → s{ɡ,dʒ}
|
| bk → pts / _a
|
| βtʃ → u{ts,dz} → u{s,z}
|
| ktʃ → its → is (else)
|
| tʃ k → {i,s} {∅,k} / _m
|
| dtʃ → ts (in Auvergne and some western areas)
|
| ksk → stʃ / _a (in the north and northeast)
|
| ks → ʃ → s / _m
|
| ksː → is
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | r → s / _s
|
| t d s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| j → s / t_
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | k → ts / _i
|
| {p,k}s → sː
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| sk → sː
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | {tj,kj} {tːj,kːj,ptj,ktj,skj} → ts tːs
|
| k ɡ → tʃ dʒ → ts dz / _{j,i,e,ɛ}
|
| pt {ɾs,ps} → tː sː
|
| ns → s (with a few exceptions)
|
| pː tː kː sː tːs ʝː → p t k s ts ʝ
|
| sj → js / V_
|
| — tst dzd → ts dz
|
| — mpVt skVp spVt stVk → nt sp st sk
|
| ts dz → s̪ z̪
|
| z̪ z ʒ → s̪ s ʃ
|
| {s̪,s} → /s/ [s̪] “(merged as)”
|
| 17.12.2.2 Proto-Sibellian to Umbrian | d → rs / V_V
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | dz → ts
|
| p {ts,k(ʷ)} m n l r y → pj sʲ ʂ mj ɲ lj rj wj / _{E(:),y}
|
| {t,dʱ} → ts / _y
|
| s → sʲ / _tʲ
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ts (n)dz → {s,ts} s
|
| ð → s / _i
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | {(n)dz,ts} → s / _i
|
| β ð → ∅ {s,h} / _i
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ʔ ts ŋ → ∅ {ts,tʃ} n
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | ʔ ts → {ʔ,∅} {ts,tʃ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | t → {ts,tʃ} / _{i,ı̃}
|
| ʔ ts → ∅ {s,ʃ}
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | ts → {s,ʃ}
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | ts → {s,h}
|
| 19 Kartvelian | 19.1 Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian | {ɬ,ʂ} → s
|
| ʈʂ {ʈʂʼ,tɬʼ} → ts tsʼ
|
| 19.2 Proto-Kartvellian to Svan | ɬ ʃ ʂ → l {sɡ,ʃɡ} ʃ
|
| dz dʒ ɖʐ → {dz,z} {dʒɡ,sɡ} {dʒ,ʒ}
|
| 19.3 Proto-Kartvelian to Zan | ɬ ʃ ʂ → ∅ {sk,ʃk} ʃ
|
| tʃ ʈʂ {tɬʼ,ʈʂʼ} tʃʼʼ → tʃk tʃ tʃʼ {tsʼkʼ,tʃʼkʼ}
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.1.1 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ana | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.2 Proto-Khoe to ÇAni | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.3 Proto-Khoe to Buga | ts → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s}
|
| 20.1.5 Proto-Khoe to Nama | ts dz kxʼ → {ts,s} d ∅
|
| 20.1.6 Proto-Khoe to Naro | ts dz → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} dz~ts
|
| 20.1.7 Proto-Khoe to !Ora | ts → {ts,s}
|
| 20.1.8 Proto-Khoe to Teti | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.9 Proto-Khoe to TsÊixa | ts dz kxʼ → {ts~tsʰ,ts,s} z kʼ
|
| 20.1.10 Proto-Khoe to Ç̬Ui | ts → {ts~tsɦ,s}
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | ti → s / #_V
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | ti → s / #_V
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | ti → s / #_V
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.1.1 Proto-Central Tariku to Edopi | s → s~t
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.2.7 Proto-East Tariku to Waritai | p d → p~ɸs d~t
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | ti di → s j / _V
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.1 Proto-Arawá to Arawá | dz → s / medially
|
| tsʰ → s
|
| 22.2 Proto-Arawá to Banawá-Jamamadi | {ts(ʰ),tʃ} dz → s ɟ
|
| 22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substrate | dz → s
|
| 22.4 Proto-Arawá to Jarawara | {ts(ʰ),tʃ} → s
|
| 22.6 Proto-Arawá to Sorowahá | ts(ʰ) → s
|
| 22.7 Proto-Arawá to Paumarí | ts(ʰ) → s
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | ts h → s ∅
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | ts → {s,z}
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | nVs dVs → n(V(s)) ʒ(Vʒ)
|
| s h → {s,tʃ} {h,∅}
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | s → {ts,ʃ} / _i
|
| s → {s,ts}
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | s → {s,x,tʃ~ʃ}
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | {d(V)s,n(V)j} n(V)s → r {VsV,r}
|
| ts tʃ → tʃ s
|
| 23.1.2 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Lencan | {s,ts} → tsʼ
|
| 23.1.3 Proto-Lenmichian to Proto-Misumalpan | ts → s
|
| 25 Macro-Panoan | 25.1.2 Proto-Tacanan to Chama | tʃ → s / _i
|
| 25.1.3 Proto-Tacanan to Reyesano | tʃ ɕ → ts ʃ
|
| 25.1.4 Proto-Tacanan to Tacana | tʃ → ts / _E
|
| ɕ → s
|
| 26 Mande | 26.1 Proto-Mande to Bobo | z → {s,j}
|
| 26.5 Proto-Mande to Kono-Vai | z → s
|
| 26.6 Proto-Mande to Southwest Mande | z → s
|
| 26.7 Proto-Mande to Mandekan | z → s
|
| {k,ɡ,kp} {kpʼ,ɡb} → s b
|
| 26.11 Proto-Mande to Sembla | z → s
|
| 26.13 Proto-Mande to Susu | z → s
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.7 Proto-Mayan to Mamean | tʲ(ʼ) → ts(ʼ)
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.1.1 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Alabama | ʃ → ts
|
| ts x → s h / _C
|
| 28.1.2 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Creek | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.3 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Hitchiti | ʃ → ts
|
| 28.1.4 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Korasati | ʃ → ts
|
| ts → s / _C
|
| 28.1.5 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Mikasuri | tʃ → s / _C ! _k
|
| ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.1.6 Proto-Eastern Muskogean to Seminole | ʃ x → ts h
|
| 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | ts tʃ → s ts
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1 Proto-Na-Dene to Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz s
|
| 29.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Proto-Athabaskan | {s,dz} → {s,z}
|
| 29.1.1.1.1 Proto-Athabaskan to Ahtna | {ʃ(ʷ),x} → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | {ʃ(ʷ),x {z,ʒ(ʷ),ɣ} → s j
|
| 29.1.1.1.13 Proto-Athabaskan to Hupa | z → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.20 Proto-Southern Athabaskan to Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.23 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Lipan | xʲ → s
|
| 29.1.1.1.25 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Chiricahua | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.27 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to Navajo | xʲ → s
|
| {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.28 Proto-Western Southern Athabaskan to San Carlos | {s,z}(ʔ) {ʃ,ʒ}(ʔ) {ɬ,ɮ}(ʔ) → s ʃ ɬ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.30 Proto-Athabaskan to Hare Slavey-Hare | tɬʰ tʃ(ʷ)ʰ kʰ → ɬ s ʃ
|
| 29.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak to Eyak | kʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ xʲ → ts tsʼ dz {s,ʃ}
|
| $ → xʷ → {x,s}
|
| 29.2 Proto-Na-Dene to Tlingit | s → s : ɬ
|
| ts → ts : tɬ
|
| tsʼ → {sʼ,tsʼ} : {ɬ,tɬʼ}
|
| ʃ → {ʃ,s} : ɬ
|
| tʃ → {tʃ,ts} : tɬ
|
| tʃʼ → {sʼ,tʃʼ} : tɬʼ
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1.1.2 Proto-Bantu to Tswana | {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n} → s tsʰ ts ɲ / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ntʃ,nk,r} {ɲdʒ,nɡ} mp mb p b {d,l} m n → s tsʰ ts tʃʰ(w) tʃ(w) ʃ(w) dʒ(w) dʒ ŋw ɲ / _{ɪ,e}V
|
| {p,t,tʃ,k} {mp,nt,ɲtʃ,nk} {(m)b,(n)d,(ɲ)dʒ,(n)ɡ} {m,n,ɲ} → sw tsʰw tsw ɲw / _iV
|
| {tʃ,k} {ɲtʃ,nk} {ndʒ,nɡ} → s tsʰ ts / _{i,ɪ,e}
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | ’p ’t ’d/d2 c {’ɟ} ’k ɡ → f l ɟ s ∅ {w,∅} {k,w} / in C1 position
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | {p,ʋ̃} c k͜p → f s p / #_
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | χ ʁ → s z / _{i,j}
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.4 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Gen | ts dz → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.5 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Phla-Pherá | {ts,tʰ} {dz,dʱ} → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.8 Proto-Vhe to Adángbe | ts dz → s z
|
| 30.3.1.1.9 Proto-Vhe to Avéno | k ɡ s → ts dz ʃ / _i
|
| t d → ts dz / _j
|
| 30.3.1.1.11 Proto-Vhe to Kpándo | {t,k} {d,ɡ} → ts dz / _i
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | t → s / ! “in cluster with š” (presumably [ʃ])
|
| tʲ → s / _u
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | ʃ → s
|
| 32.1.3 Proto-Chatino to Yaitepec Chatino | c → ts
|
| tʃ → ts / a_
|
| ʃ → s / _{ik,e,ı̃,ẽ}
|
| ʃ → ts / _i, in monosyllables
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | k → s̪ / _{ɨ,u}
|
| k → s̪ / {ɨ,u}_
|
| 33.1.1.3 Proto-Costanoan to Mutsun | ʂ → s̪
|
| ʈ → {ʈ,ts,tʃ} / _{j,ɾ}
|
| 33.2.2 Proto-Wintuan to Patwin | x χ → s h
|
| 33.2.3 Proto-Wintuan to South Patwin | x → s
|
| 33.3.1.1 General Yokuts to Buena Vista Yokuts | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words, conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| tʰ → s / #_u
|
| 33.3.2.1.1 Proto-Tule-Kaweah to Wikchamni | ʂ → s “(sometimes remains allophonically in word-initial position before back vowels, but not consistently)”
|
| 33.3.2.2.4 Valley Yokuts to Chukchansi | tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ
|
| 33.3.2.2.6 Valley Yokuts to Yawelmani | ʃ → s
|
| tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ (except in “lexicalized diminutives”, where these go to ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | t tʰ tʼ → ts tsʰ tsʼ / #_ “(in some words; conditioning factors unclear)”
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.1 Proto-Quechumaran to Ayachuco | ts(h) tʃh → tʃ s
|
| ʈʂ → s / _K
|
| ʃ ʂ → s h
|
| 34.2 Proto-Quechumaran to Bolivia | ʈʂ → s / _K
|
| ʃ → s
|
| 34.3 Proto-Quechumaran to Cuzco | tʃ → s / _q
|
| tʃh → s / _E
|
| ʈʂ → s / _K
|
| ʃ ʂ → s h
|
| 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ → p t ts k q
|
| ts(h) tʃ → tʃ ts
|
| tʃ → ts / _q
|
| ʈʂ → s / _K
|
| 34.5 Proto-Quechumaran to Putamayo | ʂ → s
|
| 34.7 Proto-Quechumaran to Riobamba | ʈʂ → s / _K
|
| ʈʂʼ → ts
|
| 34.8 Proto-Quechumaran to Santiago | ʃ → s / ! i_i or _S
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | ts(ʼ) tʃ(ʼ) → θ(ʼ) ts(ʼ)
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | p(ʼ) m → ts(ʼ) ŋ / ! _u
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| tʃ → ts
|
| tʃʼ → tsʼ / medially
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | s → {s,ʃ} / _xʷ
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| tʃ → s
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | ts ts’ → {θ,s} θ’
|
| s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → s
|
| tʃ → s
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | ts → s
|
| xʲ → {s,ʃ} (the latter mainly from borrowings?)
|
| tʃ → s
|
| tʃ’ → ts’ / medially
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | ts ts’ → s ts’
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | s → {ʃ,s} / _xʷ
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | b d dz ɡ → {p,pʼ} {t,tʼ} {ts,tsʼ} {k,kʼ}
|
| z → {s,tsʼ} (the former “without exception” “in oblique tone words”)
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | p b çp çb sP rP Np Nb pr {br,pj} bj → pʰ p ʝb çp sp rpʰ mpʰ mb br pʰj pj
|
| t d Nt Nd st sd çT tr (ç)dr KT → tʰ t Ntʰ md zd st çtj trh (ç)tr kt
|
| k sk kr ɡ Pɡ sɡ Nɡ (s)ɡr çK rK Kç → kʰ zɡw dr Nɡ pk sk mk (s)kr çk rɡj ɡçkr
|
| (ʔ)kj (s)ɡj Nkj → (k)tç (s)kj Ndʒ
|
| C[+ sibilant] → s / _w
|
| NTS PTS KTS sTS çTS → {Ndz,mts} kts(ʰ) ptsʰ sts {sts,rj}
|
| (r)ts (r)dz → (r)tsʰ (r)ts
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | t st tr d sd (ç)dr Nt çT KT → t. s.d tr. t s.t (ç.)tr m.t. n.dr ɡ.t
|
| sk rK → j sɡ
|
| kj Nkj ʔkj ɡj sɡj → kj. nj ɡ.tsʰ kj skj.
|
| kr (s)ɡr → n.br (s)kr
|
| C[+ sibilant] → s / _w
|
| çl → sj
|
| Kts → ɡ.tsʰ.
|
| ts (r)dz dʒ PTS KTS sTS çTS → {tsʰ,s} (r)ts tsʰ ɡ.ts s.{ts,pj} {s.ts,br}
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | C[+ sibilant]w → s
|
| çl → rts
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | r → s / _k
|
| Nkj ɡj sɡj → mj ts stʃj
|
| sɡr → skr
|
| C[+ sibilant]w ç Pç Nç çl → s ʂ ʃ mʃ ʃl
|
| ts {dz,KTS} NTS rdz dzl dʒ → s ts {dz,mtʃ.} rts tsl tʃ.
|
| uj → os
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | (N)p Nb sP çp çb pr br {p,b}j → (m)pʰ (m)p sp ʝb çp br pʰj pʰj
|
| (N)t (N)d st sd KT çT tr dr çtr → (N)tʰ mt zd st kt çt(j) trh tr çtr
|
| (P)ɡ sɡ çK Nɡ k sk rk (s)ɡj (ʔ)kj → (p)k sk çk mk kʰ zɡ Nɡ (s)kj (ʔ)kʰj
|
| Nkj (s)ɡr Kç kr skr ɡr → mɡj (s)kr ɡçkr kʰr zɡr Nɡr
|
| C[+ sibilant] → s / _w
|
| ts (r)dz dzl dʒ NTS PTS Kts KTS sTS çTS → tsʰ (r)ts Ndz tsl ts ptç ktç kts sts {s,ç}ts
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | ts dʒ NTS → {s,tʃ.} tʃ. m
|
| im it ik is ij → em u e es e
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | {p,b} Np pr {s,r}P çb Nb → p mp mbr sp ʃp p.s
|
| kr rk {rK,Pɡ} ɡ Pɡ sɡ → k.r rk. pk k sk
|
| ɡj → cç ? (might be → tsç?)
|
| rs → sr
|
| C[+ sibilant] → s / _#
|
| lts rts NTS PTS STS → lɖʐ rts. {mdzr,mtʃ} nt. sts
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | C[+ sibilant]w → s
|
| dʒ → tsh
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | k {sɡ,çK} Nɡ rK → k. sk mɡ nk
|
| z → ts / r_
|
| C[+ sibilant]w → sj
|
| ts dz NTS KTS sTS → tʃ ts {ts,m} ɡts sp
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | Np Nb Nt Nɡ Nç → sts mp mtʰ mk ntsʰdz
|
| çl → sɬ
|
| C[+ sibilant]w ç → swdz sdz
|
| NTS KTS lTS → mʈʂ {kts,ʈʂʰ} bɖʐ
|
| ts dz rdz dʒ → {ʈʂ,ʒ} tsj rtsʰ ʈʂ
|
| j → s / #_
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | k kr kj ɡ → k. k.r ts. ɡ
|
| ts dzl NTS → {tʃ.,j} tsl m
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | t → ts / _{i,ı̃}
|
| tʰ → ts / _i
|
| r → ts / _i
|
| ʃ θ → s t
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | k kʷ → ts k / _i
|
| tsn → hst
|
| ts → s / h_
|
| ks → ts / _V
|
| 37.1.2.1 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Cayuga | ts → hs / V_ ! _{h,i,j,r}
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j,r}
|
| ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| ths → tsh
|
| 37.1.2.1.1 Cayuga to Upper Cayuga | ts → s / _(h)r
|
| 37.1.2.1.2 Cayuga to Lower Cayuga | tʔ tsʔ kʔ kʷʔ → tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | ts → s / ! _{i,j}
|
| 37.1.2.3 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Onondaga | ts → hs / V_V ! _i
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j}
|
| ns → ts / _k(ʷ)
|
| ʃ → s
|
| hs → sh / C_
|
| hts → tsh / C_V
|
| 37.1.2.4 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | ts → hs / V_{t,k(ʷ)}
|
| ts → s / ! _{h,i,j}
|
| ns → ts / _{t,k(ʷ)}
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ths → tsh
|
| hs → sh / _{n,w}
|
| 37.1.2.5 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Seneca | ts → s / ! _{i,j}
|
| {ths,tts} → tsh
|
| 37.1.2.6.1 Tuscarora to Western Tuscarora | θ → s
|
| r̥ w̥ j̊ → s f ʃ
|
| 37.2.2 Proto-Siouan to Dakota | tʲr → {st,ʃt}
|
| 37.2.3 Proto-Siouan to Mandan | tʲ → s / _ʔV
|
| tʲr → sV0rV0
|
| sn → {ʃV0nV0,sV0rV0}
|
| 37.2.4.2 Proto-Čiwere-Winnebago to Winnebago | pr {sr,xr} sn km → pV0rV0 ʃV0rV0 sV0nV0 kV0wV0
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | s ç {tʲ,x} → ts x ʃ
|
| 37.2.5.1 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Crow | t → s / _V
|
| k → ts / _i
|
| sk → tsk / _”V
|
| 37.2.5.2 Proto-Crow-Hidatsa to Hidatsa | sn → tsV0rV0
|
| sk → tsuk / _”u
|
| sk kx → tsk hk / _”V
|
| sk → hts / ”V_
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | t → ts / _ʔ
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | pr sr tʲr kr → bθ sn ʃn ɡθ
|
| 37.2.6.3 Proto-Dhegiha to Osage | t → ts / _E
|
| t → ts / _ʔ
|
| pr sr tʲr kr → bð sts ʃd ɡð
|
| ʃ → s / ”V_k
|
| 37.2.7.2 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Ofo | s {ç,x} → f s
|
| x → s / _k
|
| kx → sk / ”V_
|
| kx → s
|
| 37.2.7.3 Proto-Ohio-Valley to Tutelo | sn → sV0nV0
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.2 Central Tai to Nung | tʃ tʃʰ dʒ → ʃ tsʰ {ʃ,tʃ}
|
| 38.1.1.3.4 Central Tai to Tho | z → {r,s}
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | z → s
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | z r → s r̥
|
| 38.1.1.5.1 Southwest Tai to Lao | dʒ → s
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | dʒ → s
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | ts → sʲ
|
| dʒ → s
|
| 39 Tanoan | 39.1 Proto-Tanoan to Jimez | ts dz → s z
|
| 39.3 Proto-Tanoan to Taos | ts tsʰ tsʼ dz → tʃ s tʃʼ j
|
| 39.4 Proto-Tanoan to Tewa | pʰ tʰ tsʰ → f θ s
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.1 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Mixe-Zoquean | nʲ tʲ tʃ kʲ → n t s ts k
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.2 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Asmat | t → s / #_i
|
| k s → ∅ {t,s} / #_
|
| p t nj → {t,r} {r,s,t} s / _#
|
| 41.3 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Binandere | nj → s / #_ (?)
|
| t → {r,s} / V_i
|
| 41.5.1.8 Proto-Gorokan to Move | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.5.1.10 Proto-Gorokan to Yagaria | ʔv ʔm ʔɡ ʔr ʔh → p b k t {s,f}
|
| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | k ᵐb ⁿd → {k,h} b {s,t} / #_
|
| ᵐb ⁿd → {ᵐb,p} s / V_V
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | t k ᵐb → {s,t} {ɡ,∅} {b,p} / #_
|
| s → {s,t} / #_ (?)
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | ᵐb ⁿd s → b {s,t} {t,s} / #_
|
| t ᵐb nj s → r {b,p} ⁿd {s,d} / V_V
|
| 41.10 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Telefol | s → s / #_ (?)
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | tʃ tsʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_
|
| ðʲ sʲ tsʲ(ː) lʲ → ð s ts(ː) l
|
| tʃ → ts / _k, in South Estonian
|
| t → ts / _i ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
|
| tj → ts / ! following a coronal obstruent or “before a derivational suffix”
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | pː tː tsː kː → pˑ tˑ tsˑ kˑ
|
| p t ts s k → b d s z ɡ
|
| {kt,pt} {kts,pts} → tː tːs
|
| (t(ː))sn kx(tx) rn ln → sː xː rː lː
|
| {ks,nts} nt → s t / _#
|
| ts tsˑ tsː → s θˑ θː
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | sn → ns
|
| θ(ː) ð → ts d (this latter does have some highly sporadic exceptions; additionally, in some dialects these may become {t(ː),h~t} and {r,∅}, respectively)
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i
|
| ts(ʲ) → s(ʲ) / ! n_
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | ts → s / _i
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.1 Proto-Vasconic to Aquitanian | ś → {s(ː),ʃ} / _#
|
| ś → s
|
| 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | s̻ ts̺ → s̺ ts̻ (Biscayan, partially in Guipuscoan, Donostia, San Sebastián, though these latter two may be varieties of Guipuscoan)
|
| s̻ → s̺ / _{C,#} (sometimes)
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.1 Proto-Pai to Chapai | tʃ → s
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.3 List 3: Vowels | i u → s̩ f̩ (Ōgami) (http://amritas.com/101023.htm#10192359)
|