| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic | u o → i e
|
| e → i / #N_C
|
| e → i / #l_{P,C[+voiced]}
|
| e → i / #b_
|
| e → i / p_r
|
| e → i / #{s,ʃ,tsʼ}_{k(w),ʔ}
|
| e o → i u / #C_P
|
| e o → i u / #(ʔ)_C
|
| e o → i u / #{k(ʼ),x}_{t(ʼ),tsʼ}
|
| e o → i u / #(ʔ)_C$
|
| e o → i u / #P_{tsʼ,tʃʼ}
|
| e(ː) → i(ː) / #C[+sibilant]_{d,n,r}
|
| 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | eː oː → i u
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | ə → i
|
| q → i / #_V{Z,C[+dental]}
|
| ʕ → i / #_VR
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | ∅ → i / #al$_z
|
| a → i / _C(C), when stressed
|
| uː iː → u i
|
| 6.2.2.1.10 Classical Arabic to Hassāniyya Arabic | — j w → i u / #_CV
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | oː aː eː iː → o ɔ̃ a i
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | nj → i / #_
|
| oː eː iː → o a i
|
| 7.3 Proto-Algonquian to Proto-Arapaho-Atsina | o(ː) → i(ː)
|
| e → i / #_
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | eː → ei / j_
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | e → i / {#,k}_
|
| ∅ → i / r_w
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| ∅ → i / #_jC
|
| ∅ → i / C_jV#
|
| i(ː)wi → i / _#
|
| a → i / ! at word boundaries
|
| {eː,iː} → i
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | e eː → i aː
|
| a → i / in some unaccented syllables (short only)
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | e → i (short only)
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | e → i (short only in southern dialects, both short and long in northern dialects)
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | e → i (short only)
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | e(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | ə → i / _hC
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | we je → o i / _C
|
| e → i / Vː%_ ! _H
|
| e → i / #(C)_ ! _H
|
| e → i / _{k,m} “when in the second syllable of glottal words”
|
| {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
|
| wa ja → uə̯ iə̯ / C_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | o(ː) waː eː iː → u o e i
|
| 7.15 Proto-Algonquian to Ojibwe | we e → o i
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | e → i / #(C)_ “(but remains e in a few cases?)”
|
| iː → i / _j
|
| je → i / C_
|
| ∅ → i / #C_jVː “(for some speakers)”
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | a → i / _Ci
|
| {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
|
| {a,æ,e,ø,i,y} o → i u / _Ci
|
| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | a → {a,i} / _Ce
|
| a → {a,i,e} / _Co
|
| e o u æ ø y → {a,e} {o,u} {a,o,u a {a,o,u} {o,u,i} / _Ca
|
| a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
|
| a e u æ ø y → {a,e} {e,i} {y,ø} {i,e} {i,e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ci
|
| a e o i æ ø y → {a,i,e} {a,e} u {o,u} e {ø,y,o,u} {o,u} / _Co
|
| a e {o,u} æ ø y → {a,o,u} {e,a} {o,u} {a,o,u} {e,i,u} {i,o,u,y,ø} / _Cu
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | æ → i / {s,ʃ,x}_Ca
|
| {u,ø,y} æ → {o,u} ia / _Ca
|
| æ ø → i {o,u} / _Ce
|
| æ → i / {s,ʃ,x}_Ci
|
| æ ø y → ia {o,u} i / _Ci
|
| {u,æ} ø → {o,u} i / _Co
|
| ø → i / {s,ʃ,x}_Cu
|
| {u,æ,y} ø → {o,u} ia / _Cu
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| y → i / {r(ʲ),l(ʲ)}_e
|
| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
|
| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
|
| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | e → i / _ɡ
|
| e → i / k_y (maybe they mean k_j?)
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | eɡ → {je,iː,ji}
|
| 9 Austroasiatic | 9.1.2.1 Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese | ɨ → i / _(ə)w
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | iw uj → {i,?} i / _#
|
| 10.1.1.1 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Balinese | ej ow → i u
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | u → i / _{s,t,r,n,l} (blocked in Pusu)
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | uj → i
|
| 10.1.2.7 Proto-Philippine to Proto-Kalamian | e → i / _Ci
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | ə → i
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | uj → {i,u}
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | {iw,uj} → i / _#
|
| — aj aw → i u / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | iw uj → ju i / _#
|
| — əw əj → i u / _#
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | aj aw uj → e o i
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | a → i / O[+voiced]…_(C)# “(blocked if there was an intervening nasal, and sometimes if there was an intervening voiceless stop or liquid)”
|
| {i,ɛ} {u,ɔ} → iə̯ uə̯ / _{k,ŋ}# “(and also sporadically before final *t and *n and some other consonants)
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | i → iə / _ŋ#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | — u i → uə iə / _{k,ŋ,h,l,r}#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | i(C)V[+ high] i(C)V[+ mid] i(C)a → i(C) i(C)ə {e,i}(C)ə
|
| u(C)V[+ high] u(C)e u(C)o u(C)a → {u,i}(C) u(C)ə e(C)ə {u,ɵ}(C)ə
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | uCi → iC (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | u → i (typical)
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | uCu → iCi
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | u → i “often”
|
| 10.3.7 Proto-Oceanic to Shark Bay | ”a → i / _CV[- high]
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | u → i (“sporadic”)
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | ai → i / _C
|
| ei → i
|
| e → i / Ḱ_ “[tendency]”
|
| e → i / _Ḱ “[tendency]”
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | a → i / _CV[+ high]
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | ə → i
|
| 10.3.11.3 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Tanna | o e → {u,ə} i
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | u → {e,i} / _Cu
|
| 10.3.11.3.2 Proto-Tanna to Lenakel | r → {l,i}
|
| 10.3.11.3.3 Proto-Tanna to North Tanna | r → i
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | u → {e,i} / _Cu
|
| 10.3.11.3.5 Proto-Tanna to Whitesands | r → {l,i}
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | i(C)V[+ high] → i(C)
|
| i(C)V[- high] → i(C)ɪ
|
| uCV[+ high] → iC “sometimes”
|
| oa {ae,ea} → uɔ iɛ
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | e → {e,i} / #C_C
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
|
| j → jːi / E_#
|
| o e → u i / _C{u,i} “(highly sporadic)”
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | a → i / i_
|
| 15.2.1 Proto-Eskimo to Barrow Iñupiaq | ə → i / at word boundaries
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.3 Proto-Eskimo to Mackenzie Iñupiaq | ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.4 Proto-Eskimo to Wales Iñupiaq | ə → i / else
|
| ədʒ → i / _{a,u} (except in #U)
|
| adʒ → i / _a (except in #U?)
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| ə → i / u_
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| ə → i / {u,a}_ (though aə seems to have become i in some circumstances)
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | ə → i / {u,a}_
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| ə → i / {u,a}_ (though aə seems to have become i in some circumstances)
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.1 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Nafri | e → i / _(C)i
|
| 16.1.2 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Central Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| 16.1.3 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Eastern Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| 16.1.4 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Western Sentani | e → i / _(C)i
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | {m̩,n̩} l̩ r̩ → e uj {ri,ir}
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.2.1 Common Anatolian to Hittite | e → i / _{m,ŋ} when posttonic in U[+closed] or when pretonic
|
| 17.2.2 Common Anatolian to Luwian | e → i / j_
|
| 17.2.3 Common Anatolian to Lycian | e → i / j_
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | e → i / j_
|
| 17.2.5 Common Anatolian to Palaic | e → i / pretonic
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ɛ o → i u / _N
|
| e oj ɛa → i u ɛ / when unstressed
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — ∅ → i / C{l,r}S
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | r̩ l̩ → {ri,ra} {li,la} / _{S,R} (which vowel crops up is unpredictable)
|
| — e → i / _(C…)#
|
| — e o → i u / _C(…C){H,j}
|
| eː → ia / _{#,Cʲ} when stressed; “ai and oi remain, but are written as <ae ai oe oi> seemingly randomly”
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | a o → ei {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
|
| a → {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
|
| {a,e,o} → ei / _(C…)j
|
| e → i / _N
|
| ɣ → i / _C
|
| xt → iθ
|
| ɣ → i / C_V
|
| ɛː → ui
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | oi wo wj ow → ai wa vi aw
|
| ei → {ei,i} (“PIE *ei evolution is not well reconstructed yet”)
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | {i,j} {u,w} → ij uw
|
| e → i
|
| ei oi → iː ai
|
| eu ou → iu au
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — o e → u i
|
| — ew → iw
|
| j → i / C_# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| ij → i / _# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | ɑː y(ː) → ɔː i(ː)
|
| 17.7.2.1.4 Midlands Middle English to Early Modern English | əɪ əʊ → ɑi æʊ / “in some parts of South-Eastern England”
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | ɪ → i / _# when unstressed
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | oʊ iː → əʊ ɪi / else
|
| ɫj → ɫi / “after any segment after which coda-/ɫ/ is forbidden, e.g. failure [fæiɫiɐ]”
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | y(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| — øː → wi / {k,ɡ}_ (in Mid Northern dialects)
|
| — øː → i (in northern dialects)
|
| — a → i / _n (in northern varieties)
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | oː → iu / _K
|
| ɛ → ɜi → i / _{m,ɲ}
|
| ʌ → ɪi (sporadic)
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | y(ː) → i(ː)
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | eː oː → ie uo
|
| ai u → ei ʏ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (short only; in the case of [ʏ] at least this was not yet phonemic)
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | iu → {yː,io} (outcome varies depending upon dialect; the former seems more typical)
|
| {ie,ia,io} uo → iə uə
|
| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | iː yː → ɛi œy
|
| 17.7.2.2.3 Modern Dutch to Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
|
| eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | y(ː) yə ø(ː) øy → i(ː) iə e(ː) ei (intermittent)
|
| uː yː iː → ou øy ei, except in certain unstressed endings and monosyllables, _C{C,V,#} (“especially before /xt/”), and Low German borrowings
|
| ou øy ei → au oy ai
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | j → i / C_
|
| {æ,e}ːuː {æ,e}ːiː → eu ai
|
| o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | e → i / #(C)(C)(C)_(C)(C)(C){i,j}
|
| o {æ,e} → u i / ! in #U
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | u o a ø y e i → uː oː aː øi yː ei iː / _{ɲc,ɲɟ,ŋk,ŋɡ}
|
| u o a øː eː y i → ʏɪ oi ai øi ei yː iː / _j
|
| aː → ai / _j
|
| e → ei / _{ɣ,j}
|
| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | ny → in
|
| ja → i
|
| yː → i
|
| y → {ɪ,i}
|
| e iː → ɛ i(ː)
|
| ey → ai
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | {u,o}(ː) a aː {ɒ,œ,y} e i(ː) → {o,ɔ}(i) æ(i) {ɔ,ɒ}(i) {o,ɔ}(i) {æ,e} / _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
|
| 17.7.4 Common Germanic to Vandalic | eː → i / unstressed
|
| e → i / ! {w,r,h}_
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | e → i
|
| y → i
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | ə → i
|
| R̊H → {u,i}R / _V (sporadic)
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| ɽ → i
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| ɽ → i
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| ɽ → i
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | e o → i u / _#
|
| ɽ → i
|
| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | iː uː → i ɨ
|
| e(ː)i → i
|
| {ai,oi} → i / j_
|
| oi o → i ъ / “Sometimes in final syllables”
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ьl → il / P_
|
| ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
|
| ьjь ъjь → i ɨ
|
| jь → i / utterance-initially (cf. English utterance-initial glottal stops before vowels)
|
| ь ъ → i ɨ / _j
|
| ji → i / #_
|
| iji ɨjɨ → i ɨ
|
| i u → u i / {lʲ,j}_ (sporadic)
|
| iː uː ɨː → i u ɨ
|
| kɨ ɡɨ → kʲi ɡʲi
|
| 17.11.2 Proto-Slavic to Old Russian | jь → i
|
| 17.12.1 Proto-Italic to Proto-Latino-Falsican | e → {e,i}
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | e o → i u / _ŋ
|
| aj → ai → eː (in rustic dialects)
|
| aj → ai → ae
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| V → i / %(C)(C)_% when unstressed
|
| V → {i,u} / %(C)(C)_%P when unstressed
|
| a → e → i / %(C)(C)_ŋ when unstressed
|
| ai → ei → iː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| e → i / _{s,t}#
|
| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
|
| j → i / C_
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | iː → i
|
| “In contrast, Romanian exhibits u, uː → u (and ultimately also ɔ, oː → o); and Sardinian and African Latin underwent a straight merger of the vowels by length without considering quality (e, eː → e; i, iː → i; u, uː → u; etc.)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | iː → i / stressed
|
| iː → i / _%”V
|
| mnj → {mni,ɲ} / V_V
|
| j ɡj ts z n → tʃ i w s ∅ / _#
|
| e → i / _{nk,ŋ} when stressed (irregular)
|
| ɛj ɔj → jɛj uei / i {u,ui} / stressed
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — iː oː → i ó
|
| — iː → i
|
| — iː oː → i o
|
| è → iɛ / in U[+open]
|
| è → iɛ / _C#
|
| V”e → ”Vi
|
| ɛ ɔ → iɛ uɛ / _{Cj,jC}
|
| é → ɛi / in U[+open]
|
| ɛ → i / _C(C…)i#
|
| ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
|
| ou ɛu u uɛi → u œ y yi
|
| {ei,ɔi} → oi / C[-nas]
|
| ɲ → in / _{C,#}
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | iː {i,eː} e → i e ɛ / stressed
|
| iː {i,e(ː)} → i e / _%”V
|
| uiː → ui / _#
|
| ı̃ → iɲ
|
| e → i / _(C)(C)V(C)#
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — e → i / _V (and possibly V_?)
|
| — e → i / _(C…)i{C(C…)V,#}
|
| — e → i / _(C…)i(C…)#
|
| ∅ → i / #_sC
|
| j → i / _(s)#
|
| tʃ → i / _C
|
| tʃ → i / C_
|
| ð → i / C_
|
| ð → i / _C ! _s#
|
| j → i / _C
|
| p j → b i / _l
|
| p k tʃ b ɡ β j → b ɡ i {b,u,u→y→i} ∅ {u,u→y→i} i / _r
|
| {t,d} → ð → i / _r
|
| ktj klj → is ʎ
|
| rːVɡ rːj → rdʒ ir
|
| rj → rʲ → ir / V_V
|
| {sːj,stʃj,stj} → ʃ → is (except in the west or extreme east, where the outcome was some flavor of (i)(t)ʃ)
|
| sj → ʒ → (i)(d)ʒ (in some northeastern, northern, and western dialects)
|
| sj → ʒ → iz (the usual outcome)
|
| tVɡ trj → dʒ ir
|
| tj → tʃ → dj → djʒ (?) → dz (in the north and west) or idz (in the south and east)—medial (i)dz became (i)z; i-less forms “prevail in the literary language” and seem to have become common if the dz follows the stress
|
| ndt ndtʃ ntʃ nkt nf → n{d,t} {nts,ndz(→ nz),ndʒ} n(t)s {ɲ,(i)nt,ntʃ} {nf,fː(→ f)}
|
| stʃ → (i)(t)ʃ (for western and extreme eastern regions)
|
| stʃ → is (otherwise)
|
| ktʃ → (i)tʃ (in western and extreme eastern dialects)
|
| ktʃ → its → is (else)
|
| tʃ k → {i,s} {∅,k} / _m
|
| kt ɡd → it id (in the north, northeast, and southwest)
|
| ɡn{d,t} → ŋn{d,t} → ɲ{d,t} → {(i)nd,ɲd,ndʒ} or t(ʃ)
|
| ksː → is
|
| pt → {ut,it} “in a few words”
|
| jd → {dʒ,id}
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | uː → y (→ i in most descendants, with the exception of Engadine)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | m s → n i / _#
|
| — iː o(ː) u(ː) → i o u
|
| — iː → i
|
| — iː → i
|
| s → i / #(C…)V_#
|
| ɛ → ie
|
| o e → u i / _N
|
| e → i / #(C…)V…_n…”U
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | e → i / C_V
|
| ∅ → i / _s (“[m]ainly Logudorese”)
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | Raising of e {ɛ,a} ɔ o → i e o u; near j, in particular environments:
|
| — e → i / _Cj ! C = p
|
| ”je.o ”je.a → {”i.o,”jo} ”i.a
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | oy ay ey → ɛi ai əj
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}i əj → e i
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}i əj → ai i
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.1.2 Pre-Bakairi to Western Bakairi | ɨ → i
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | ɨ → i / #_{p,βe}
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ {u,ũ,õ} → i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ∅ → i / j_#, in monosyllables
|
| j → i / _#, in polysyllables
|
| ã {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ → a i ∅
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ {õ,ũ} → ə e i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | ẽ ı̃ ũ → {ẽ,e} {ı̃,i} {ũ,õ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | j → {j,i} / _#
|
| o u → {u,o} {u,o,i}
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | j b → {j,i} ∅ / _#
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | iaɔ → iu
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ɛ ɔ → i u
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βe
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βie
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | iC → iC~i / _{C,#} (not sure how this plays in with the change mentioned earlier about extra-high vowels; I must have misread something)
|
| 22 Macro-Arawakan | 22.3 Proto-Arawá to Hypothetical Arawán Substrate | e → i / #_
|
| 22.7 Proto-Arawá to Paumarí | e → {a,i} / #_
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | a → i / _Ci
|
| a {e,i} → i ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | j → i / C(V)_
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | a → i / iC_
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | e → i / “conditioning undetermined”
|
| 24 Macro-Pama-Nyungan | 24.1.7 Proto-Paman to Yinwum | a → i / #C[+palatal]V[-long]C_
|
| 26 Mande | 26.2 Proto-Mande to Busa | j → i
|
| 27 Mayan | 27.1 Proto-Mayan to Ch’olan | aː eː oː → ɨ i u
|
| 27.9 Proto-Mayan to Tzeltalan | aː eː oː → ɨ i u
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.4 Proto-Athabaskan to Chilcotin | e {ɑ,ə} → i {e,ɪ}
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | e u a {ɑ,ʊ} → a i u ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | e a u {ə,ʊ} → a u i ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ɑ ə ʊ u → a e o i
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | {i,e} → {i,ja} (this latter due to the loss of final consonants within the stem)
|
| a u {ɑ,ə} ʊ → {i,e} ju a o
|
| 29.1.1.1.22 Proto-Eastern Southern Athabaskan to Jicarilla | xʲ xʔ j ɡʔ → ih iʔ i iʔ / _#
|
| 29.1.1.1.33 Proto-Athabaskan to Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish | ɑ ə ʊ → a {i,e} u
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
|
| 29.1.1.1.42 Proto-Athabaskan to Southern Tutchone | e a → i e
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | u ũ → i ı̃ / #R[-labial]_
|
| ɪ ɪ̃ → i ı̃ / #(C)V[-high]C_
|
| 30.2 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Potou-Akanic | ɪ(Cɪ) → e(Ci) / t_; “vowel nasalizations are retained either way on each”
|
| 30.2.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic to Proto-Akanic | ɛ → ia / #(C)_
|
| 30.3.1.1.1 Proto-Gbe to Ajá | {o,ɔ} {ɛ,e} → u i / _i
|
| 30.3.1.1.10 Proto-Vhe to Awalan | {o,ɔ} ə → u i / _i
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | u → i / _j
|
| i(ː)b ik → iw ij / _a
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | ı̃ → i
|
| e → i / {kʲ,nt}_ when stressed
|
| e → i / in a few data sets “where obscure morphological developments (in the ultimate or penultimate syllable) have resulted in regressive assimilation of vowel quality”
|
| ẽ → i / h_
|
| ẽ → i / in U[+long -stress]
|
| a → {i,e} “under special conditions”
|
| 32.1.2 Proto-Chatino to Tataltepec Chatino | et el en → itʲ elʲ enʲ
|
| e → i / _j
|
| ɛ → i / n_#
|
| 32.1.4 Proto-Chatino to Zenzontepec Chatino | e → i / l_ when unstressed
|
| e → i / kʲ_ when stressed
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | e → i
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | e → i / _(C…)u
|
| ɨ → {e,i} / CC_
|
| ɨ → i
|
| 33.1.1.2.1 Proto-Miwok to Proto-Western Miwok | ɨ → {u,i}
|
| 33.3.1.3 Buena Vista Yokuts to Tulamni | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| 33.3.2.2 Proto-Nim-Yokuts to Northern Yokuts | ɨ(ː) ə(ː) → i(ː) e(ː)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | ɨ(ː) → i(ː)
|
| V → i / C”iC_
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.3 Shuswap to Eastern Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | en enˀ → i iʔ / {ts(’),s,j(ˀ)}_ in U[- stressed]
|
| 35.4 Shuswap to Spokane-Kalispel Shuswap Nasal-to-Vowel Shifts | n nˀ → i iʔ / C_s
|
| n nˀ → i iʔ / _{i,ʃ} (sporadic)
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1 Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Middle Chinese | (C-)l- → {d,ji}-
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | j → i
|
| long-tail vowel thing → i (or [truncated vowel-thing] “where GH sibilant initial variants occur”)
|
| iʔ → ieʔ (→ i[truncated vowel-thing]ʔ?)
|
| uj → u(ɛ)i / m_
|
| uj → uɛi / {P,C[+guttural],∅}_
|
| uj → ui / {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _{∅,x,ʋ,ʔ}
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _ɡ[+píng tone]
|
| jujŋ ujŋ → iuŋ uŋ
|
| yʔ → oʔ (eventually → {ʊʔ,(i)uʔ?) / {l,C[+dental +sibilant]}_, in “QYS -k-types”
|
| yʔ → ioʔ (→ iʊʔ dialectally?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}_, in -k-types
|
| je jeʔ → iɛ iɛʔ
|
| ye jej → yɛ i
|
| jew → iau / else
|
| {jem,jen} → iɛn / sometimes after C̣_ (but ! ʐ_) (only in one variety?)
|
| wɔn ja wa → uɔn ia ua
|
| jaʔ → iaʔ
|
| aj jaj waj aw jaw → ai iai uai au iau
|
| jawʔ wawʔ → iɔʔ uɔʔ
|
| {jam,jan} → iɛn
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | a u i iN → e y ɯ i / T_%
|
| a → i / {ŋ,w}_%
|
| a → ie / ! K_%
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | a → i / ! K_%
|
| {iN,u} i → i ɯ / T_
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | a → i / ŋ_%
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | u → i / _{r,s}
|
| aj → i
|
| ew iw → im ju
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | uj → ui
|
| ok → iɡ
|
| oj → oi
|
| a ap at ar am aj → e eb e(d) er om e.i
|
| e → i / _#
|
| et ej → o e.i
|
| ip it → ib o
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | an {at.is} → o ie
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | an → ia
|
| aj → oi
|
| e → i / _{s,#}
|
| ej → ai
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | ew iw → i jo
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | e → iɛ
|
| i → iɛ / _s
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | un → ial
|
| an → a(i)
|
| i → əi / _#
|
| i → iə / _m
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ew e ej → ə i ei
|
| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | aw aj → au ai
|
| e i → i a / _m
|
| iw ij → iu ei
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | an ap → ai ie
|
| aj → ui
|
| ew → i
|
| it ik → o i
|
| im iŋ → wa ie
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | s → either i or a diphthong ending in i? / _#
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | e → i / r_ʔ
|
| ı̃ → i
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | ∅ → i / C_R
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | iji(ː) → hi(ː) / {k,s}_ “(possibly after all non-glottal obstruents)”
|
| ∅ → i(ː) / #_(C)(C)CVC(C)(C)#
|
| 37.1.2.2 Proto-Northern Iroquoian to Huron | k → i / #_n
|
| 37.1.2.4.2 Proto-Mohawk-Oneida to Oneida | ∅ → i / {V,t}n_k(ʷ)V
|
| — ∅ → i / C_jV(H)#
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | ã ı̃ ũ → a i u
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | u → i / in ”U (sporadic)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | e → i / _C%
|
| i̯e → i
|
| ai → aːi
|
| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
|
| əi → ai
|
| ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| u̯əi → oːi
|
| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | i iː u → ə ei oʊ̯
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | ɛi ei → ai əi
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | i̯e → i
|
| {əi,ɛi,ei} → ai
|
| ɨ̯ai → ɨːi
|
| u̯əi ɔi → (w)iː oːi
|
| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | i → {i,oi} / _%
|
| əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | e → i / _N%
|
| əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| {u̯əi,ɔi} → ɔːi
|
| əɨ → ai
|
| {ɛɨ,eɨ} → ai
|
| oɨ → ai
|
| uəi → uai
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | e → i / _N%
|
| əi → ai
|
| 40 Totozoquean | 40.2 Proto-Totozoquean to Proto-Totonacan | {e,ɨ} {ḛ ɨ̰} → i ḭ
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | e u i → a {u,ɨ} {i,ɨ}
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | u i → {u,o} {i,e}
|
| 41.11 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Middle Wahgi | i → {i,e}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ô → ɯ → i / _(X)CA
|
| ej → i / unstressed
|
| wI → i
|
| nʲ → ni / #(C)i_V
|
| nʲ → in / V_V
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | j w → i U / V_{C,#}
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | eː øː oː → ie yø uo
|
| j → i / C_, when initial in a suffix
|
| e → i / A_, when unstressed
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | y ø → i e / else
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | ɨ u → e {i,e} “(all */u/ affected, but conditions for when it became /i/ or /e/ are not known)”
|
| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | ɨ → i / _h
|
| uV → u(i)
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | l → i / {p,m,k(ʷ),w}_# “in all dialects, and varies by dialect after other consonants”
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| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | a o e → ɛ u i / {i,u}(C…)_ (this [ɛ] is tentatively marked as such; Egurtzegi transcribes it as /e/ but says it’s not as close as /e/)
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| o e → u i / _$a (raising of *o is less common)
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| e → i / _{n,C[+ sibilant]} (sporadic)
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| oa ea → u(e) i(e) / _#
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| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.1 7-to-5 Vowel Merger (Bantu) | ɪ ʊ → i u
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| 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | æ ɪ → e i / _ŋ; some speakers (esp. in southern regions) may also have pin-pen and “a single phoneme in contrast to the nasal diphthong [ãɪ̃] of the U.S. Northeast” (though the article doesn’t specify what this is; maybe it’s just plain ã)
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| u → {iʊ̯,ʉ,ɯ}
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| 46.4 Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
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| eː øː oː → ɛi œy ɔu
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| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
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| øː → wi / {k,ɡ}_ (in Mid Northern dialects)
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| øː → i (in northern dialects)
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| a → i / _n (in northern varieties)
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| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
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| ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
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| iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
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| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | y(ː) ɔː → i(ː) ɔ
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| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | eː øː oː → ie yø uo
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| ɑː æː ɑi æi → uɑ iæ ɑe æe
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| li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
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| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | {iː,yː} → ʊi / ʊ(i)
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| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | ej → i
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| iː → i
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| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | e o → i u / else
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| {u,ɨ}i {,a,i {ɨi,i{a,ə}} u{ɨ,a,ə} → wi e je wo
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| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.2 List 2: Conditional or complex consonant changes | n → i / _s and sometimes other fricatives (Montana Salish)
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