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- Examples of sentence-level things in Lwaitel
: Noun clauses
- I said, "The cat is black."
-
Kú
mausku
mu
an
myau
swan
swátel.
[ˈku ˈmaos.ku mu ˈan ˈmjæo ˈswɑn ˈswɑ.tl̩]
kúI/me
maus-kusay-1
muquot
anprox
myaucat
swa-enbe-prox
swátel.black.
Mu is basically a verbal quotation mark, and replaces the particle hem.
- Examples of sentence-level things in Lwaitel
: Adverbial clauses
- If this is a dog, then it says "woof".
-
,
Úlshi
swan
húpep,
mausen
mu
hup
[ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈswɑn ˈhu.pʊ̜̆p, ˈmao.sn̩ mu ˈhup]
úlshiif
swa-enbe-prox
húpep,dog,
maus-ensay-prox
muquot
hupwoof
Straightforward conditional clause.
-
Mausen
mu
hup
úlshi
swan
húpep.
[ˈmao.sn̩ mu ˈhup ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈswɑn ˈhu.pʊ̜̆p]
maus-ensay-prox
muquot
hupwoof
úlshiif
swa-enbe-prox
húpep.dog.
Different word orders are allowed.
-
,
Mausen
úlshi
swan
húpep,
mu
hup
[ˈmao.sn̩ ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈswɑn ˈhu.pʊ̜̆p, mu ˈhup]
maus-ensay-prox
úlshiif
swa-enbe-prox
húpep,dog,
muquot
hupwoof
The clause can go anywhere in the sentence that's not inside another phrase.
- Examples of sentence-level things in Lwaitel
: Adverbial clauses
- If this were a dog, it would say "woof".
-
,
Úlshi
úmpikwá
swin
húpep,
miusen
mu
hup
[ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈum.pɨ.ˈkwɑ ˈswɨɲ ˈhu.pʊ̜̆p, ˈmɪʉ.sn̩ mu ˈhup]
úlshiif
úmpikwáfalse
swí-enbe.sbjv-prox
húpep,dog,
mius-enmaus.sbjv-prox
muquot
hupwoof
Ulsi umpikwa introduces a counterfactual conditional. Both clauses of counterfactual conditionals use the subjunctive mood.
- Examples of sentence-level things in Lwaitel
: Adverbial clauses
- Regardless of whether this is a dog, it says "woof". (Whether or not this is a dog, it says "woof".)
-
∅
,
Úlshi
swan
pikúni
húpep,
mausen
mu
hup
[ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈswɑn pi.ˈkʉ.ɲɨ ˈhu.pʊ̜̆p, ˈmao.sn̩ mu ˈhup]
úlshiif
swa-enbe-prox
pikúniq
húpep,dog,
maus-ensay-prox
muquot
hupwoof
The condition, swa-n pikuni hupep, is actually the question "Is this a dog?".
- Examples of sentence-level things in Lwaitel
: Adverbial clauses
- Regardless of what this is, it says "woof". (Whatever this is, it says "woof".)
-
,
Úlshi
swan
lau,
mausen
mu
hup.
[ˈuʎ.ʃɨ ˈswɑn ˈlao, ˈmao.sn̩ mu ˈhup]
úlshiif
swa-enbe-prox
lau,what,
maus-ensay-prox
muquot
hup.woof.
This works for non-polar questions as well.
- The Invention of Color in Lwaitel
- Yellow, who was particularly greedy, shouted, "In the end, everything shall be my color!"
-
,
,
,(
,
)
Al
Pai,
hwel
súyet,
mausel
hengút,
mu
“Pe láspepi
sú,
swaim
kaitu
ánku
sú”.
[ˈal ˈpae, hwl̩ ˈsu.jᵿ̜̆t, ˈmao.sl̩ hŋ̩.ˈŋut, mu pl̩.ˈlas.pə̆p.pi ˈsu, ˈswɑem ˈkɜe.tʉ ˈaŋ.ku ˈsu”]
almed
pai,yellow,
hwelnfoc
súyet,greedy,
maus-elsay-med
hengút,shout,
muquot
“pe=láspep-i“at=end-obv
sú,all,
swa-ibe-obv
kaitucolor
ant-kupos.alien-1
sú”.all”.
- The Invention of Color in Lwaitel
- Orange replied, "No, it shall be mine!"
-
,(,
)
Al
hántlwek
mausel
kish,
mu
“Úmpikwá,
swaim
ánku”.
[ˈal ˈhant.lʷʊ̜̆k ˈmao.sl̩ ˈkiʃ, mu ˈum.pɨ.ˈkwɑ, ˈswɑem ˈaŋ.ku”]
almed
hántlwekorange
maus-elsay-med
kish,answer,
muquot
“úmpikwá,“false,
swa-ibe-obv
ant-ku”.pos.alien-1”.
TODO should there be a conjunction in there?
- The Invention of Color in Lwaitel
- Color said, "Stop! Stop fighting.
-
,(.
Mausen
an
kaitu,
mu
“Las.
Las
lem hwailet.
[ˈmao.sn̩ ˈan ˈkɜe.tʉ, mu ˈlas, ˈlas lm̩.ˈhwɑe.ʎɪ̆t]
maus-ensay-prox
anprox
kaitu,color,
muquot
“las.“stop.
lasstop
lem=hwailet.part=fight.
- Donkey Beater Story in Lwaitel
- One day, a second man, who was a neighbor, came to the donkey-beater and asked, “Why do you beat your donkey?”
-
,
,(
)
Al
lánkepen
naumshe
shi'an,
pyet
mausel,
mu
“Petwántu
an
nínkel
swáchi
lem wípi”.
[ˈal ˈlaŋ.kᵻ̆p.pn̩ ˈnaom.ʃᵿ̜̆ ˈʃæn, pjɪ̆t ˈmao.sl̩, mu pʊ̜̆t.ˈtwɑn.to ˈan ˈɲeŋ.kl̩ ˈswɑ.ʧe lm̩.ˈmwɨ.pi”]
almed
lánkep-enneighbor-prox
naum-shego-indf
shi=an,to=prox,
pyetthen
maus-el,say-med,
muquot
“petwántu“why
anprox
nínkeldonkey
swa-chibe-2
lem=wípi”.part=hit”.
- Donkey Beater Story in Lwaitel
- The donkey-beater said, “Beating is all the donkey knows, I must beat him until he learns how to behave.”
- ,(
1
.
)
Mausen,
mu
“Al
lam
wípi
su
úni
lul
mesúwek
hu'an.
Pauku
pwaint
lem wípi
shi píki
paun
kiusteng
lenaunkenk”.
[ˈmao.sn̩, mu ˈal ˈlam ˈwɨ.pi sʉ ˈu.ɲɨ ˈlul mə̆s.ˈsu.wʊ̜̆k ˈhwɑn, ˈpao.ku ˈpwɑeɲt lm̩.ˈmwɨ.pi ʃi.ˈpi.ki ˈpaon ˈkᵻʉs.tŋ̩ ln̩.ˈnaoŋ.kʊ̜̆ŋk”]
maus-en,say-prox,
muquot
“al“med
lamdo
wípihit
suand
únineg
lú-elsee-med
mesúwekbe_familiar_with
hu=an.exp=prox.
pau-kucan-1
pwaintmust
lem=wípipart=hit
shi=píkito=when
pau-encan-prox
kiustengknowledge
lenaunkenk”.well-behaved”.
- Donkey Beater Story in Lwaitel
- ”You should not beat your wife so much,” said the neighbor.
- (
)
Mu
“swa
welpwaik
hem
an
wálsweylchi
swáchi
lem wípi
málites
íhe”
mausel.
[mu ˈswɑ wl̩.ˈpwɑek hm̩ ˈan ˈwɑl.swʎ̩.ʧi ˈswɑ.ʧe lm̩.ˈmwɨ.pi ˈma.ʎe.tɪ̆s ˈi.çɪ̆” ˈmao.sl̩]
muquot
“swa“be
welpwaikbad
hemthat
anprox
wálsweyl-chispouse-2
swa-chibe-2
lem=wípipart=hit
málitesenough
íhe”pl”
maus-el.say-med.
- Donkey Beater Story in Lwaitel
- “I beat her until she learns to have dinner ready on time.”
- (
)
Mu
“Swáku
lem wípi
shi píki
paun
kiusteng
chus
nginátu
waumi
nginál”.
[mu ˈswɑ.ku lm̩.ˈmwɨ.pi ʃi.ˈpi.ki ˈpaon ˈkᵻʉs.tŋ̩ ˈʧʉs ŋɨ.ˈɲæ.to ˈwɑo.mɨ ŋi.ˈɲæl”]
muquot
“swa-ku“be-1
lem=wípipart=hit
shi=píkito=when
pau-encan-prox
kiustengknowledge
chusmake
nginátufinished
waumion_time
nginál”.evening”.
- Donkey Beater Story in Lwaitel
- When the donkey-beater asked why his neighbor was beating him, his neighbor replied, “I will beat you until you learn not to beat others.”
-
,
(
)
Pe píki
mausen
lautwe
petwántu
al
lánkepen
swan
mel wípi,
mausel
kish
mu
“Swáku
lem wípi
shi píki
pauchi
kiusteng
welpwaik
im
lam
wípi”.
[pə̆p.ˈpi.ki ˈmao.sn̩ ˈlao.twʊ̜̆ pə̆t.ˈtwɑn.to ˈal ˈlaŋ.kᵻ̆p.pn̩ ˈswɑn ml̩ʷ.ˈlʷɨ.pi, ˈmao.sl̩ ˈkiʃ mu ˈswɑ.ku lm̩.ˈmwɨ.pi ʃi.ˈpi.ki ˈpao.ʧɨ ˈkɪʉs.tŋ̩ wl̩.ˈpwɑek ˈim ˈlam ˈwɨ.pi”]
pe=píkiat=when
maus-ensay-prox
lautweask
petwántuwhy
almed
lánkep-enneighbor-prox
swa-enbe-prox
mel=wípi,inv.part=hit,
maus-elsay-med
kishanswer
muquot
“swa-ku“be-1
lem=wípipart=hit
shi=píkito=when
pau-chican-2
kiustengknowledge
welpwaikbad
imobv
lamdo
wípi”.hit”.
- Tower of Babel story in Lwaitel
- 2.They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar.
-
,(
).
1
,
1
Mihyán
maus,
mu
“Chúshshe
kat
an
púmpwel
se
chus
naiyu
an”.
Tápen
púmpwel
utúni
ngish,
se
kyausweyl
utúni
shuwín
púmpwel.
[mi.ˈçæn ˈmaos, mu ˈʧʉ.ʃᵿ̜̆ ˈkɜt ˈan ˈpum.pwl̩ sə̆ ˈʧʉs ˈnae.jʉ ˈan”, ˈta.pn̩ ˈpum.pwl̩ u.ˈtu.ɲɨ ˈŋiʃ, sə̆ ˈkjæo.swʎ̩ u.ˈtu.ɲɨ ʃʉ.ˈwɨɲ ˈpum.pwl̩]
mihyám-engive.recip-prox
maus,say,
muquot
“chus-she“make-indf
kat1.incl
anprox
púmpwelbrick
seand
chusmake
naiyufire
an”.prox”.
tap-enuse-prox
púmpwelbrick
utúniinstead_of
ngish,rock,
seand
kyausweyltar
utúniinstead_of
shuwínglue
púmpwel.brick.
- Tower of Babel story in Lwaitel
- 3 And they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top is in the heavens;
-
,(
,
↑
Se
mausen,
mu
“Chúshshe
ílu
kat
an
shuish,
su
an
ílu
petú
hi
itúpen
swaim
pe helíyel.
[sə̆ ˈmao.sn̩, mu ˈʧʉ.ʃᵿ̜̆ ˈi.ʎʉ ˈkɜt ˈan ˈʃᵿɨʃ, su ˈan ˈi.ʎʉ pʊ̜̆t.ˈtu çɨ i.ˈtu.pn̩ ˈswɑem pə̆.çʎ̩.ˈʎi.jl̩]
seand
maus-en,say-prox,
muquot
“chus-she“make-indf
ílubuild
kat1.incl
anprox
shuish,city,
suand
anprox
ílubuilding
petústanding
hiwhere
itúp-enup-prox
swa-ibe-obv
pe=helíyel.at=sky.
- Tower of Babel story in Lwaitel
- 5 And the Lord said, “Indeed the people are one and they all have one language, and this is what they begin to do;
-
,(
1
,
se
mausel,
mu
“An
kip
swan
munínt
se
swan
tap
h'í
hástu,
se
na
lam
súshli.
[sə̆ ˈmao.sl̩, mu ˈan ˈkip ˈswɑn mu.ˈɲɨɲt sə̆ ˈswɑn ˈtap ˈçe ˈhas.to, sʊ̜̆ ˈna ˈlam ˈsuʃ.ʎɨ]
seand
maus-el,say-med,
muquot
“an“prox
kipperson
swa-enbe-prox
munínttogether
seand
swa-enbe-prox
tapuse
he=ícard=1
hástu,language,
seand
nabecome
lamdo
súshli.here.