particle positive focus marker, only used in common-mood sentences (see focus)
aa·elh jAuL
v.: subj. v. opt.-dat. cla. say, tell (if the subject of its argument is omitted, it's assumed to be the same as the talker and non-volitional; implies a direct quote)
v.: subj. v. dat. do. to wear, put on a piece of clothing; the person doing the putting on is the subject, the person or body part wearing the clothing is in the dative, and the clothing itself is the direct object
v.: subj. v. dat. to get dressed
ah jah
particle somewhat (contrast with not at all), approximately, near, sort of
aheppe jahexpe
v.st.: subj. v. opt.-do.-or-cla. hear; eseaheppe = listen (from huppe)
grammatical verb suffix seem (the verb's evidential can distinguish between "appears", "sounds", and "seems (from logical deduction)"; the verb's final vowel, if there is one, is deleted); one can get more specific by putting the verb in the dependent clause of a verb relating to sensory input
v.ca.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-loc. return, go back (uses middle if subject is high-volition), put back (related to onoy and –i; use alanit if transfer of possession is involved)
apeiniþ japuiniSc
v.st.: subj. v. opt.-do.-or-cla. see, perceive; eseapeinic = look (from peiniþ)
n. skin, surface of a solid object (always plural)
Þ
þaa jscA
v.nt.: cla. v. cla. to be because
Followed by a sentence indicating the reason. Both sentences involved get their own evidential, as well as this verb. The argument to this verb can be in the optative to express intent.
þbo'ot oScbaxax
v.st.: subj. v. do.-or-cla. dislike (can take a sentence argument, in the protasis mood for hypotheticals, or the indicative otherwise)
þbot oScbax
particle negative attitude marker (applies to the next word) (from þbo'ot)
þbot leebit oScbax jlEbix
adj. too much, too many (inanimate)
þbot leelaf oScbax jlUlaf
adj. too many people
þbot les oScbax jluS
particle too
þbot lil oScbax jlil
particle not (adjective/verb) enough
þbot thabbit oScbax JTaxbix
adj. not enough (inanimate)
þbot thalaf oScbax JTalaf
adj. too few people
þdipflaf jScdixflaf
v.st.: subj. v. do.-or-cla. like (can take a clause argument, in the optative for hypotheticals, or the indicative otherwise)
þdit jScdix
particle positive attitude marker (applies to the next word) (from þdipflaf)
þdit ah jScdix jah
particle somewhat (adjective/verb) enough
þdit lil jScdix jlil
particle not too
þiþ jsciS
n., clf. fuu white noise, static, noise (in an image or data sample)
v.ca.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-loc. ascend (takes middle if subject is high-volition), move (something) upward, put above (takes locative object)
deiddaha Jduixdaha
v.st.: subj.-or-cla. v. loc. to be above (from deidattah–ha)
dii JdI
v.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-loc. run away (from), flee (from), v.t. run away from, flee from (can also be used for other means of motion) (locative object shows destination)
grammatical prefix past perfective inferential (for weak verbs); also present inferential for stative verbs
ea jua
adv. placed before the verb, indicates direct evidential when the verb can't indicate this or when needed for clarity or focus (from analogy: eta : et– :: ? : no marking)
n., clf. si·el, particle the same time (at the beginning of a sentence, relative to the previous sentence; or it can follow a noun indicating time; as a noun, doesn't take an article or classifier) (from eiftehit)
eif juif
v.t.st. be (only used for linking noun phrases)
eifri juifri
v.t.st. be similar to, be the same as, v.: cla. v. cla. similarly to (from eif–fri)
eihwie juihwie
v.ot. reach (for), be about to
eis juiS
v.nt.: subj. v. v. modal indicating present tense for weak verbs, should be immediately followed by an unconjugated verb; direct form: eis, hearsay form: lais, inferential form: teteis, dubitative form: seleis
eis– juiS
grammatical prefix present direct (for strong verbs)
eishthit juiSCTix
v.st.: subj. v. opt.-loc. stand, be standing (use with location to express position; use myumoyho for negative; use neishthit for active)
v.: subj. v. v. cause oneself to become (used with stative verbs)
v.: subj. v. cla. cause, make someone do something
v.t. create
v.: subj. v. ideophone go, say
The subject of this verb does not get case marking
ese tuhtoylhus juse OtehtaiLuS
v.t. rip/tear (implies less destructive, e.g., tearing a page out of a notebook)
esee jusE
v.i. what did (subject) do? (moves to the front of the sentence) (from esehee)
eseha jusuha
v.: subj. v. v. to have done/experienced at some point (from ese–ha)
eshlhee jusCLE
v.t.st. face towards
eshtea juSCtua
v.st.: subj. v. do.-or-cla. want (can take a clause in the indicative, direct-evidential mood); not usually negated (its clause is typically negated instead)
esinat jusinax
v.ot. trade (objects traded use plural or a conjunction, using originatives (–i and/or benefactives (–et) to mark nouns if needed initial owners if needed), do something to each other (thing uses teh– classifier on verb) (from esehyfnaadeh)
esla jusla
v.i. happen
v.ot. have (a thing) happen to
v.t. become
v.: subj. v. v. become (used with stative verbs)
v.: hwih v. cla. actually, in reality; contrasts a statement about reality with one about possibility, hypothetical, beliefs, etc.
v.: cla.-or-n. v. loc. happen at (focuses the time or location; can also be used with time adverbs)
v.: subj. v. cla. indicates that the subject is the topic
The subject of this verb does not get case marking (from es–la2)
eslabeppaf juslabexpaf
n., clf. hwei news reporter, journalist (one who writes the news stories) (from eslabet–paf)
v.i., v.: hwih v. cla. (of an action) to have finished or stopped (unless used with a pronoun, used with the subject hwih and with a sentence following it)
v.: subj. v. v., v.: hwih v. cla. used to (auxiliary verb followed by a verb conjugated as habitual)
grammatical prefix past perfective inferential (for strong verbs); also present inferential for stative verbs
eta jeta
adv. therefore; also indicates a inferential evidential when the verb can't indicate this
eth– jeT
grammatical prefix common mood (for strong verbs)
ethat jeTax
v.: subj.-or-cla. v. cla. to cause (does not imply agency of the subject; subject is often a sentence); this is like þaa, but with the arguments reversed
v.nt.: subj. v. v. modal indicating the optative mood in weak verbs, should be immediately followed by an unconjugated verb or a verb with the prefix la'–
classifier Animals, people (when their name is not known); suffix: –hwei, animate: hweil
hwet jhwex
v.st.: cla. v. cla. for the purpose of (use indicative if successful, optative otherwise, optative + lilsas before the optative to indicate failure)
hwih JwYH
pronoun Refers to things which will be mentioned later in the sentence. Used as the subject of certain impersonal verbs, and used similarly to "the following" in English.
hwys ohwiS
n., clf. hwei offspring (son, daughter), (of a city/country) person born or raised there
hyf ohif
sentence-level conj. and (particularly when the subject is the same in both clauses; it can be omitted in the second clause in that case)
I
i JY
v.nt.: subj. v. v. modal indicating gnomic aspect; i.e., the verb applies in general; only conjugated in the present stative; not used in the common mood
=i i
clitic from
derivational suffix from
number suffix fraction denominator
iþ jiSc
classifier Small objects not usually counted separately (e.g., grains, drops); suffix: –iþ, animate: il
ifbwai jifbwai
v.st.: subj. v. opt.-loc. sit, be sitting (use with location to express position; use myumoyho for negative; use nifbwai for active)
grammatical prefix past stative reportative (for strong verbs)
latte jlaxte
n., clf. si·el, particle earlier, the past (at the beginning of a sentence, relative to the previous sentence; or it can follow a noun indicating time; as a noun, doesn't take an article or classifier)
grammatical prefix direct conditional (for strong verbs)
lhaþl– jLascl
grammatical prefix past imperfective/stative protasis (for strong verbs)
lheþ jLuSc
v.nt.: subj. v. v. modal indicating the protasis form for weak verbs, should be immediately followed by an unconjugated verb or a verb with the prefix la'–; article if it exists
v.ot. bump, bump into something (body part is the subject if specified: "my knee bumped" instead of "I bumped my knee")
v.: subj. v. cla. to accidentally cause
lhit jLix
particle relatively + very
lhithel jLiTul
n., clf. si·el, particle later (at the beginning of a sentence, relative to the previous sentence; or it can follow a noun indicating time; as a noun, doesn't take an article or classifier)
lhoy oLai
v.st.: subj. v. opt.-loc. hover (use with location to express position)
digit 1 (not used in all cases; (from mopfraþ "finger"); see numbers)
mum ngang lil Omem Jnkank jlil
interjection I'm serious; I'm serious, stop it; danger (from Lwaitel mumnganglil); used to indicate that one is talking seriously about real life, in cases where they might otherwise be talking in-character or non-seriously; it's illegal to use this in works of fiction; certain actions are illegal after someone else involved says this word)
v.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-cla. return a favor, pay (original favor may be in the accusative case, with the teh– classifier if it's a verb; new favor is a clause at the end of the sentence; either may be omitted); v.: cla. v. cla.-or-do. in exchange for
v.st.: subj. v. v. used to describe the shape of a path or line, by describing how one would move along it (from Lwaitel naunge)
napflhee JnaxfLE
v.t. buy (can be used with a clause as an argument to indicate buying a service (e.g., I bought a plumber fixed my sink); the verb in the clause can be in the indicative, indicating that the desired action was performed, or the optative, which does not imply that); seller, if present, is in originative case (–i); amount of money, if present, uses naadeh(from esinat "trade" + flhee "money")
v.: subj. v. opt.-dat. do. forms passives for nonvolitional verbs and verbs where the direct object is volitional: original object becomes the subject, original verb gets prefix fe– and becomes the direct object, original subject optionally becomes a dative object, and if the verb is stative, refers to entering the state
n., clf. si·el, particle right after (at the beginning of a sentence, relative to the previous sentence; or it can follow a noun indicating time; as a noun, doesn't take an article or classifier)
v.nt.: subj. v. v. modal indicating future tense for weak verbs, should be immediately followed by an unconjugated verb; does not show evidentiality; dubitative form: sheshleh
clitic locative case (also used for times) (omitted for inherently-locative nouns except when modifying nouns)
si·el jsiul
classifier Places, times (all nouns with this classifier are inherently locative); suffix: –sie(from si·ela)
sitsit jsixsix
v.i.st. sparse (with solid objects), (of an area) open, not many trees, unfurnished, low population density; v.t.st. not dense with (can take a negative object)
particle also; focuses on the following noun phrase or verb, and implies that the rest of the sentence is the same as something previously said (see focus) (from –spi)
spuo oSpua
conj. nor (used after a negative noun phrase)
steh jSteh
n., clf. si·el now (from snoo + tehit) (used without article or classifier)
v.: subj. v. opt.-dat. opt.-do.-or-cla. talk, tell, say (if the subject of its argument is omitted, it's assumed to be the same as the talker and non-volitional)
n., clf. si·el sunrise, east (inherently locative, used without an article when meaning "east") (from thattaa + nyshbash)
thattaa JTaxtA
n., clf. mii sun (always singular, used with article de=; often used with the verb waite)
thattei JTaxtui
n., clf. si·el day, 1/288 of a circle (1.25°) (suffix form –that)
thattei fetehit JTaxtui jfetuhix
n., clf. fuu unequal-hour time (used without an article)
thatthwee JTaxTwE
n., clf. si·el sunset, west (inherently locative, dialect variation, also tho'osh; used without an article when meaning "west") (from thattaa + thwee)
thee JTE
v.nt.: v. v. opt.-subj. modal indicating that the information is already known to the listener for weak verbs, should be immediately followed by an unconjugated verb or negated unconjugated verb
–thelh– TuL
classifier part Half; prefix: thelh–
thii1JTI
classifier Right item in a pair
thii2JTI
number 6 (106) (from thii "right"—one finger on one's right hand) (see numbers)
thit JTix
pronoun Second person singular (you)
thitlef JTixluf
pronoun Second person plural (y'all?) (from thitlof)
tho'osh OTaxaSC
n., clf. si·el sunset, west (inherently locative, dialect variation, also thatthwee; used without an article when meaning "west") (from thattaa + oshuf)
thuy OTui
v.ca.st.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-loc. stick (to)
thwee JTwE
v.ca. fall down (not underwater), push off, knock (something) down
v.ca. stop (not used when the subject was actively performing the action; compare neishthit)
adv. during the whole time (at the beginning of a sentence, relative to the previous sentence; or it can follow a noun indicating time) (from tottehit)
toylhus OtaiLuS
v.ca. rip/tear (implies destructive, compare ese tuhtoylhus), break
particle focuses on an item and indicates that there's something about the statement that would be counterexpectative (related to Lwaitel twak) (?)
twi'ha Jtwixha
v.i.st. cut apart (from twit–ha), having an internal conflict
twit Jtwix
v.t. cut
twitsas JtwixsaS
adv. (of an emotional state) indicates that one has some sort of internal conflict or doesn't feel like they should feel this way (from twit–sas); antonym: lhietsas
pr.n., clf. fuu the language spoken in Tydotsu (currently being described)
tyf Otif
particle indicates that a verb (which comes directly after this particle) should treat each entity in a plural subject separately; precedes a numeral to make a distributive numeral; per (but with the numerator and denominator reversed); respectively (from tyfpuf)
tyfpuf Otifpuf
v.t. divide, separate, distribute, v.: subj. v. do. do. separate, v.: subj. v. do. dat. distribute (to the indirect object), divide (into the indirect object number of pieces—indirect object should just be a number + –bit), divide (into indirect object-sized pieces/groups)
U
ubulh oebuL
adv. otherwise. Can indicates the consequence of a counterfactual conditional: the condition is reversed and in an ordinary mood, and the consequence is in the conditional mood.
uþmuu ouScmE
v.: subj. v. opt.-do. opt.-cla. take revenge for (original act may be in the accusative case, with the teh– classifier if it's a verb; new act is a clause at the end of the sentence; either may be omitted)