| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | {e,o} {i,u} → a ə
|
| in → ŋ / #_C
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | {i,u} → ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | uː iː → oː eː / _ʕ
|
| uː iː → oː eː / ʕ_
|
| i → a / Cˤ_{q,ɣ,ʕ}
|
| i → a / {q,ɣ,ʕ}_Cˤ
|
| {u,a,i} → ∅ / _%, when stressed (short only)
|
| uː iː → u i
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | i u → e o / only when short, ! _#
|
| {i,u} → ∅ / VC_CV when unstressed (short only)
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | {a,i} → ə / short only; the change of short a blocked for some speakers before ħ ʕ
|
| aː iː uː → ɑː eː oː / near emphatics
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — i iː u uː → eə iːə oə uːə / _R
|
| — iː → eː / _#
|
| — i u → e a / _R{$,#} (in verbs)
|
| — i u → e o / _C{$,#} (in verbs)
|
| — i → eː oː / else
|
| — i → ə / _R if a frontal allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — i → ə / R_ if a frontal allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — i → a / _R
|
| — i → a / R_
|
| — a i → aː eː / _%”
|
| 7 Algonquian | 7.1 Proto-Algonquian to Kennebec River Abenaki | iw → o / _#
|
| i → ∅ / #w_
|
| oː aː eː iː → o ɔ̃ a i
|
| 7.2 Proto-Algonquian to St. Francis Abenaki | iw → o / _#
|
| i → e / _R
|
| oː eː iː → o a i
|
| 7.3.1 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Arapaho | i(ː) → u(ː) / o(ː)(C[-dental])(C[-dental])_
|
| 7.3.2 Proto-Arapaho-Atsina to Gros Ventre | i → u / o(ː)_
|
| 7.4 Proto-Algonquian to Blackfoot | {a,e,i} → o / _kʷ
|
| {jiː,ja,ahi} {owaː,awa,awe} awi {iːwa,eːwa,aji,aje,ani} → i oː o(ji) iː / C_C
|
| hi → ∅ / aː_
|
| eLwi → iː
|
| i(ː)wi → iː / medially
|
| i(ː)wi → i / _#
|
| {iː,ij,j} → j / C_B
|
| iji → iː
|
| {we,wiː} → o / #_
|
| tsi → ∅ / $_OO “(before a prefix; the first obstruent of the follow[ing] cluster then becomes ʔ)
|
| {eː,iː} → i
|
| 7.5 Proto-Algonquian to Cheyenne | e i → a e
|
| 7.6 Proto-Algonquian to Northern East Cree | lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.7 Proto-Algonquian to Southern East Cree | lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.8 Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree | lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.9 Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree | lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.10 Proto-Algonquian to Woods Cree | lwi → jo
|
| wi → o / C_
|
| 7.11 Proto-Algonquian to Munsee Delaware | i o → iː oː
|
| 7.12 Proto-Algonquian to Menominee | wi(ː) → o(ː) / C_w
|
| e(ː) i → æ(ː) e
|
| iː oː oʔ → eː uː uʔ “[blocked when iː or a C+G sequence follows anywhere in the word, but does apply if æ(ː) intervenes before any following iː or C+G]”
|
| {wiː,jiː,weː,jeː,wæː,jæː} {wi,ji,we,je,wæ,jæ} → iː i / C_
|
| 7.14 Proto-Algonquian to Mi’kmaq | o(ː) waː eː iː → u o e i
|
| {awa,iwa,iwi} → uː
|
| {o,a}wi → oː
|
| ehi → eː
|
| {aja,iha,iji,ihi,ija} → iː
|
| 7.17 Proto-Algonquian to Shawnee | iː → i / _j
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
|
| {a,æ,e,ø,i,y} o → i u / _Ci
|
| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
|
| 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | au iu uu eu ou → ɔː juː uː joː oː
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
|
| i → e / P_Ci
|
| a e o i æ ø y → {a,i,e} {a,e} u {o,u} e {ø,y,o,u} {o,u} / _Co
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| i → e / {r(ʲ),l(ʲ)}_e
|
| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
|
| a e i æ ø y → {o,ja,aj} {ʌ,ɜ} ɯ {ia,ja} {o,u} {u,o} / _Co
|
| e i æ ø y → {ɛ,a,ʌ} {ɯ,i} {e,a} {u,o} ɯ / _Cu
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | {u,ɯ}w {i,y}w aw {æ,e}w → uː yː oː øː
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | o oɡ ø øɡ iɡ → wo ɥø oː øː iː
|
| iɡ̌ → ɯː → iː (but original ɯː unaffected?)
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | iw uj → {i,?} i / _#
|
| 10.1.1.2 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sasak | iw ow ej → i o e / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | u i → o e / sometimes
|
| 10.1.2.1 Proto-Philippine to Bicol | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.2 Proto-Philippine to Cebuano | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.3 Proto-Philippine to Hiligaynon | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.6 Proto-Philippine to Ilocano | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.7.1 Proto-Kalamian to Agutaynen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.7.2 Proto-Kalamian to Karamiananen | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.7.3 Proto-Kalamian to Kalamian Tagbanwa | aɪ ai → ɪɪ ii (not sure if there’s a long vowel or hiatus here)
|
| 10.1.2.8 Proto-Philippine to Kankanay | iw → uj
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | uj iw → oj uj / _#
|
| 10.1.2.10 Proto-Philippine to Waray | iw → uj
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | i iw u → ɔj ? ɔw / _#
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | i u → e o / _C{C,#}
|
| i u → e o / CC# (sporadic)
|
| iw → u
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | {iw,uj} → i / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | iw uj → ju i / _#
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | ij uw → uj {uj,ój} / _#
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ai̯ au̯ / _#
|
| ai au → ɛː ɔː / _…#
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _#
|
| i → əj / _V “(also cases of (C)i → j /__V)”
|
| iu̯ → ui̯
|
| i u → ɛ ɔ / _C# ! _P (sporadic)
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _(ʔ)#
|
| əi̯ əu̯ → ai̯ au̯ / ! O[+voiced] earlier in the word
|
| {i,ɛ} {u,ɔ} → iə̯ uə̯ / _{k,ŋ}# “(and also sporadically before final *t and *n and some other consonants)
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | i u → e o / _h#
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | i → e / _k#
|
| i → iə / _ŋ#
|
| ai̯ au̯ → ɛ ɔ
|
| {ui̯,iu̯} → e
|
| i u → e o / _CV[+close-mid](C)# “(iə is treated as close mid for this change)”
|
| i u → ɛ ɔ / _CV[+open-mid](C)#
|
| i u → e o / _Cɯ#
|
| i u → əj əw / _V(C)#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| — u i → uə iə / _{k,ŋ,h,l,r}#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | i(C)V[+ high] i(C)V[+ mid] i(C)a → i(C) i(C)ə {e,i}(C)ə
|
| {e,i} → ɪ (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — iCV[- high] → aC
|
| ia → ɪ “(only somoetimes?)”
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | o e i → ɔ ɛ ɪ / C_V[- high]
|
| uCi → iC (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | u i → o e / “in monosyllabic forms almost always”
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | u i → o e / in monosyllables
|
| au ai → ɔ ɛ
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | {i,o} → e
|
| i → o / {u,w}_
|
| ai → i / _C
|
| ei → i
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.11.2.1 Proto-Erromango to Sye | i → e / O[+ labial]_
|
| i → e / _O[+ labial]
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | i(C)V[+ high] → i(C)
|
| i(C)V[- high] → i(C)ɪ
|
| a(C)i a(C)u → {a,ɛ}(C) {ɔ,a,ɛ}(C)
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | {i,u} {e,o} → ɨ ɜ
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | {i,e,u} → ∅ / #_{t,n}a
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | avu aji → aw aj
|
| i u → e o / _Ca
|
| aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
|
| i u → ɨ ʉ / short only when unstressed ! in #U
|
| i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / {m,v,p}_C̣
|
| — i(ː) e(ː) → u(ː) o(ː) / _ɭ
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | i →∅ / #_{z,dʒ}
|
| 15.2.2 Proto-Eskimo to Greenlandic Iñupiaq | iv → uj / _u
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | i → ∅ / #C[+dental]_C[+dental]V
|
| i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| iv → j / #_u
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | i → ∅ / #C[+dental]_C[+dental]V
|
| i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| iv → j / #_u
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | i → ∅ / #C[+dental]_C[+dental]V
|
| iv → j / #_u
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | i → ∅ / #C[+dental]_C[+dental]V
|
| i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| iv → j / #_u
|
| in → dʒ / _u (possibly only word-initially?)
|
| 16 Extended West Papuan | 16.1.5 Proto-Tabla-Sentani to Tabla | i → ∅ / V_ (with a few exceptions)
|
| oi → oe
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | i̯ → ɟ / {a,e,i}_
|
| i̯ → j / _B
|
| i̯ → ∅ / E_
|
| i̯ → h / V_
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | i̯ → ɟ / {a,e,i}_
|
| i̯ → j / _B
|
| i̯ → ∅ / E_
|
| i̯ → h / V_
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| a e i o → {a,e} (j)e {e,i} a
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | ei eu → ɛː uː
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| ej ia → e ɛa
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | oːi → uː / _#
|
| — {ai,oi} → iː / _#
|
| — i u → e o / _C(…C){a(ː),e(ː),o(ː)}
|
| ei → eː
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | ei → eː
|
| ai → ɛ
|
| uː {oi,ɔː} → yː uː
|
| i u → e o / _Ca
|
| 17.6 Proto-Indo-European to Dacian | oi wo wj ow → ai wa vi aw
|
| ei → {ei,i} (“PIE *ei evolution is not well reconstructed yet”)
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | {i,j} {u,w} → j w / V[+short]C_
|
| {i,j} {u,w} → ij uw
|
| ei oi → iː ai
|
| eːi {oːi,aːi} → eː oː (?)
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — i → ɛ / _{r,h,ʍ}
|
| iw → ju / [- stress]
|
| ij → iː / _s “after the loss of a vowel in final syllables”
|
| ij → i / _# “after the loss of a final vowel or syllable”
|
| iji → iː / U[- stress](C…)_
|
| iji → iː / U[+ long + closed]_ in the stem
|
| i → ∅ / _ji
|
| 17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanic | i u → e o / _%{a,o}
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | i o → e a / unstressed
|
| ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
|
| ia iu → jaː juː
|
| {i,u} → ∅ / -# ! VC_
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | {i,u} → ∅/ _# ! V[-long]C_#
|
| 17.7.2.1.2 Old English to Kentish Middle English | eːɑw iːw → ew ju
|
| 17.7.2.1.3 Old English to Midlands Middle English | eːɑw iːw → ew ju
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | i u e → ɪ ʊ ɛ / _ɹ
|
| iə → ɪ (ongoing)
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| oʊ iː → ɔʊ ɪə / _ɫ
|
| oʊ iː → əʊ ɪi / else
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| 17.7.2.1.8 Old English to Northern Middle English | eːɑw iːw → ew ju
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | — ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | ɛ → ɜi → i / _{m,ɲ}
|
| ai → aː
|
| {y,i} → ɪ
|
| 17.7.2.1.12 Old English to Southern Middle English | eːɑw iːw → ew ju
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | ai au → eː oː
|
| ai u → ei ʏ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (short only; in the case of [ʏ] at least this was not yet phonemic)
|
| ei ou → eː oː (except in southeastern dialects; *ei as a result of the umlaut of *ai was not affected)
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | iu → ju / #_ (in some northern dialects)
|
| iu → {yː,io} (outcome varies depending upon dialect; the former seems more typical)
|
| iw → yw (dialectal)
|
| {ie,ia,io} uo → iə uə
|
| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | iː yː → ɛi œy
|
| 17.7.2.2.3 Modern Dutch to Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
|
| 17.7.2.2.4 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _C[+ affricate]
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / _{P,l,ʃ} (sporadic?)
|
| e(ː) i → ø(ː) y / {P,l,ʃ}_ (sporadic?)
|
| uː yː iː → ou øy ei, except in certain unstressed endings and monosyllables, _C{C,V,#} (“especially before /xt/”), and Low German borrowings
|
| uə yə iə → uː yː iː
|
| ou øy ei → au oy ai
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | ai au → eː oː
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | wi → u / Ci_C
|
| i → j / _V ! in #U
|
| (w)u(ː) i(ː) → (w)o(ː) e(ː) / _(C)(C)a ! CC = NC or one C = {ʀ,j}
|
| iu → yː
|
| {æ,e}ːuː {æ,e}ːiː → eu ai
|
| w{o,u}ːwuː j{e,i}ːjiː → uː iː
|
| o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | i → ɪ / _NS[- voice] ! _NS(C){o,i,j}
|
| i → eː / _ʀ#
|
| BːB aː{o,a,æ,e} {æ,e}ː{æ,e}ː {æ,e}ːi iːEː → oː aː eː eː iː
|
| a(i) {e,w{æ,i}} {we,ei} (w)ɪ → ey ø y ʏ / w_ ! hw_
|
| {a,æ,e}ːhiː → æː
|
| {u,we,wi} {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| wa we wi → ɒː øː yː / #P_
|
| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
|
| ai wi (w)V → eː weː (w)Vː / _h#
|
| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
|
| i → eː / _#
|
| ai → aː / _r
|
| ai → aː / _h{C,V}
|
| uN yN iN VN → o øː eː Vː / _{s,f}
|
| e(ː){B,i(ː)} → e(ː)u / {v,w}_
|
| eː{Bː,i(ː)} → joː / _C[+ alveolar]#
|
| eː{Bː,i(ː)} → juː
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | u o a ø y e i → uː oː aː øi yː ei iː / _{ɲc,ɲɟ,ŋk,ŋɡ}
|
| u o a øː eː y i → ʏɪ oi ai øi ei yː iː / _j
|
| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | e iː → ɛ i(ː)
|
| ei → eː / _C(ː,V)# (V can be a syllabic consonant)
|
| i → ɪ / _CC
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | ”{i,e}V → j”V
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | uʐ aʐ iʐ → uː əː iː
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | i u → ь ъj
|
| iː uː → i ɨ
|
| e(ː)i → i
|
| {ai,oi} → i / j_
|
| {ai,oi} → æː
|
| {aːi,oːi} → {æː,a} (the former seems to be more common)
|
| {e(ː),i(ː)} {a(ː),o(ː),u(ː)} → ẽ õ / _N$
|
| oi o → i ъ / “Sometimes in final syllables”
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | ьr → i(ː)ʐ → {ɛ(ː)r,ɛ(ː)ʐ} → {ɛr,ɛʐ}
|
| a ɛ i ɔ u ɨ ã → aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɨː ãː / _{C/U}[+voiced][lost yer] (i.e., a voiced consonant or a cluster with one)
|
| ji → i / #_
|
| iji ɨjɨ → i ɨ
|
| ɔvi → ∅
|
| i → ∅ / _# “in the infinite and imperative desinences. . .some verbs have never been affected due to a potential ‘difficult’ cluster that would result, instead they got an analogical final -j extension”
|
| tsi ʐi → tɕ ʐ / V_
|
| i u → u i / {lʲ,j}_ (sporadic)
|
| iː uː ɨː → i u ɨ
|
| {i,ɨ} → ɛ / _C[+rhotic]
|
| ʃi ʒi tʃi dʒi ɕi ʑi → ʂɨ ʐɨ ʈʂɨ ɖʐɨ tsɨ ʒɨ
|
| {i,ɨ} → ∅ / _jV when unstressed
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | aj → ai → eː (in rustic dialects)
|
| aj → ai → ae
|
| oj → oi → oe → uː
|
| ai → ei → iː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| ei oi ou → iː eː uː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| {i,o} → e / _#
|
| {i,e} → ∅ / _# (sometimes)
|
| {ai,ei,oi} → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {e,i} → j / C_V when unstressed
|
| {e,ai} → ɛ
|
| {i,eː,oi} → e
|
| iː → i
|
| “In contrast, Romanian exhibits u, uː → u (and ultimately also ɔ, oː → o); and Sardinian and African Latin underwent a straight merger of the vowels by length without considering quality (e, eː → e; i, iː → i; u, uː → u; etc.)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | iː → i / stressed
|
| iː → i / _%”V
|
| {i,eː} e → {e,ɛ} {ɛ,e} / stressed
|
| {i,eː,e} → e / _%”V
|
| i → j / ”V_#
|
| iː → ∅ / _#
|
| {i,e(ː),ae} → ∅ / _(C)#
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — {i,e} → j / _V
|
| — {eː,i,oe} → é
|
| — iː oː → i ó
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| — iː → i
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| — iː oː → i o
|
| ai → e / _#
|
| ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
|
| ou ɛu u uɛi → u œ y yi
|
| {ei,ɔi} → oi / C[-nas]
|
| {aı̃,eı̃} → ɛ̃
|
| oi → wɛ → wa
|
| oı̃ → wɛ̃
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | iː {i,eː} e → i e ɛ / stressed
|
| iː {i,e(ː)} → i e / _%”V
|
| iː → ∅ / {k,s}_#
|
| {i(ː),e(ː),ae} → e / _#
|
| uiː → ui / _#
|
| ı̃ → iɲ
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / {l,m,r}_ when between #U and U[+stress]
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / k_t when between #U and U[+stress]
|
| nɡi → ɲ
|
| {e,i} → ∅ / {L,N}_(C)(C)V(C)#
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — {a,œ,e,i} → e (here, 〈œ〉 denotes the reflex of the Latin vowel written this way, not a front rounded vowel)
|
| i → e / #_sC
|
| ktʃ → its → is (else)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | — eː,i,oe → e
|
| — iː o(ː) u(ː) → i o u
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
|
| — iː → i
|
| — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e / _#
|
| — iː → i
|
| i → ∅ / OL_e
|
| i → ∅ / {ts,dz,S}_V
|
| li → lj / _V
|
| Ci → Cʲ / _# ! R…R_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | i → j / V_V
|
| i → j / _V
|
| au ai → o e
|
| {i,j} → dʒ / Vr_V (“dialectal”)
|
| l{i,j} → lː → {ts,dz,ldz,dʒ,lː} (“varies”)
|
| {i,j} → ɡ / #_e
|
| n{i,j} t{i,j} → ndʒ ts / _V
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | i u → e o / _(C)#
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | i → ə / {P,K(ʷ),s}_
|
| Ci → Cʲə
|
| ih1 i{h2,h3} → jə jɨ
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}i əj → e i
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}i əj → ai i
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → e a ẽ
|
| 18.3.2 Proto-Tuparí to Mekens | {{a/e},{e/a}} {ı̃,ẽ} → a ẽ
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | {a/e} {e/a} {ı̃,ẽ} → a e ı̃
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ {u,ũ,õ} → i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | ã {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ → a i ∅
|
| iʔ uʔ → j w / C_V
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ {õ,ũ} → ə e i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ ũ / _#
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | ẽ ı̃ ũ → {ẽ,e} {ı̃,i} {ũ,õ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ {ɨ̃,ĩ} õ / _#
|
| 18.4.9 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Classical Tupi | i → ı̃ / ʔ_# (sporadic)
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | aN iN uN → {aN,ã} ı̃ {uN,ũ} / _#
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | iaɔ → iu
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| i → ∅ / V_
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| i → ∅ / V_
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1.1 Proto-Far West to Awera | ti → s / #_V
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βe
|
| 21.1.2 Proto-Far West to Saponi | ti → s / #_V
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → dzɛ ɾɛ
|
| 21.1.3 Proto-Far West to Rasawa | ti → s / #_V
|
| iiɛ Vdiɛ → ijɛ βie
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2 Proto-Tariku to Proto-East Tariku | ti → s~ti / _V
|
| 21.2.2.1 Proto-East Tariku to Biritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.2 Proto-East Tariku to Doutai | di → dz / _V
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | diV → dz
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| iC → iC~i / _{C,#} (not sure how this plays in with the change mentioned earlier about extra-high vowels; I must have misread something)
|
| 21.2.2.4 Proto-East Tariku to Kai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.5 Proto-East Tariku to Obokuitai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | diV → dz
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| ik → ɡ / {s,k,p}_ ?
|
| 21.2.2.7 Proto-East Tariku to Waritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| ik → ɡ / {s,p}_ ?
|
| 21.2.3 Proto-Tariku to Proto-West Tariku | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.3.1 Proto-West Tariku to Deirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.2 Proto-West Tariku to Faia | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.3 Proto-West Tariku to Fayu | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.4 Proto-West Tariku to Kirikiri | ti → s / _V
|
| 21.2.3.5 Proto-West Tariku to Sehudate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 21.2.3.6 Proto-West Tariku to Tause | ti di → s j / _V
|
| 21.2.3.7 Proto-West Tariku to Weirate | ti di → s dz / _V
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.1 Proto-Chibchan to Arhuaco | i → ∅ / a_
|
| ia → ə (“unspecified”)
|
| i → ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| i → ∅ / _(C)”V
|
| 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | i → u / _(C)u
|
| i → a / _(C)a
|
| i → e / _(C)e
|
| a {e,i} → i ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| i → ∅ / _(C)”V
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | i → ∅ / a_ (sometimes)
|
| 23.1.1.1.4 Proto-Chibchan to Marocacero | i → ə / oC_
|
| i → ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| i → ∅ / _(C)”V
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | i → ∅ / a_ (usually; sometimes the diphthong is retained or → aj)
|
| {u,i} → ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| i → ∅ / _(C)”V
|
| 23.1.1.1.6 Proto-Chibchan to Tunebo | ai → e / if the *a is not stressed
|
| i → a / _Ca
|
| {a,i} → ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| i → ∅ / _(C)”V
|
| 24 Macro-Pama-Nyungan | 24.1.1 Proto-Paman to AritinÅitiÉ£ | i[-long]C → Cj / #_ ! _i
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of metathesis (?)
|
| 24.1.2 Proto-Paman to AwÅtim | iC aC uC → Cj Ca Cw / #_ ! before an identical vowel
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of the preceding metathesis
|
| 24.1.4 Proto-Paman to Mbiywom | i[-long]C → Cj / #_ ! _i
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of metathesis (?)
|
| 24.1.7 Proto-Paman to Yinwum | i → e / #(C)aC[-palatal]_
|
| 28 Muskogean | 28.2 Proto-Muskogean to Proto-Western Muskogean | i → ∅ / #(C)V(C)(C)V(C)(C)_# (sporadic in the case of other vowels)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | {i,e} → {i,ja} (this latter due to the loss of final consonants within the stem)
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | i e a u {ɑ,ʊ} → e a ɔ o ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | i ı̃ V[-round] → uɪ uɪ̃ V[+round] / Cʷ_
|
| 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | i u VS → j w A / _V[+high +ATR]
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_a in noun roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_(a) in verb roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_$V in noun class prefixes
|
| 30.2.1.1 Proto-Akanic to Akan | i → ∅ / #C_a
|
| ı̃ → ∅ / #_ã
|
| 30.3.1.1.3 Proto-Gbe to Proto-Fon | oi ɔi ɔ̃i {a,ɛ}i {ɛ̃,ẽ}i ei → oe ɔɛ ɔ̃ɛ̃ ɛɛ ɛ̃ɛ̃ ee
|
| ãi → ɛ̃ɛ̃
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | aji → iː / when unstressed
|
| i{w,j} → ∅ / _a, when unstressed
|
| i → u / _ju
|
| ib → ∅ / _i, when unstressed
|
| i(ː)b ik → iw ij / _a
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.1.1 Proto-Chatino to Papabuco Chatino | i → e / tʃ_
|
| ı̃ → i
|
| 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | {in,en} an → a u
|
| {iHn,eHn,aHn} uHn → ã ũ
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.1.1 Proto-Utian to Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone) | i$Ci → e$Ce / _C ! _ɾ
|
| 33.1.1.4 Proto-Costanoan to Rumsen | i → e / _C(C)oC
|
| 33.3.1 Proto-Yokuts to General Yokuts | iː ɨː uː → eː əː oː (this change sometimes did not occur)
|
| 33.3.2.2.2 Northern Yokuts to Kings Valley Yokuts | i → u / uC_
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | i → e / _CVC#, when stressed (! _H, short only)
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | aw aj {uj,ij} → uː eː iː
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.1 Proto-Central Salish to Comox | {a3~i3} → i3
|
| {a1~i1} → {a1,ə1}
|
| {i3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → {ə1,i1,i3}
|
| {i1~ə1} → i1
|
| 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~i3} → ɛ3
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | a3 u3 {a1,u1} i1 → ɛ3 a3 ə1 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~i3} → a3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {a3~i3} → {a3,ɛ3}
|
| {a1~i1} → {ə1,ɛ1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~ə3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | i1 → {i1,ə1}
|
| {a1~i1} → i1
|
| {i3~ə3} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~ə1} → {i3,i1}
|
| {i1~ə1} → {ə1,i1}
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | a1 u3 u1 i1 → æ2 o3 o1 i2
|
| {a3~i3} → æ3
|
| {a1~i1} → æ2
|
| {i3~e3} → {i3.ə3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → i3
|
| {i1~ə1} → {i2,ə1}
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → {ə1,i1}
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → {ə1,e1}
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | {a3~i3} → ə3
|
| {a1~i1} → ə1
|
| {i3~e3} → ə3
|
| {i3~ə1} → ə1
|
| {i1~ə1} → ə1
|
| 35.1.12 Proto-Central Salish to Pentlatch | i1 → ə1
|
| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
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| {i3~ə1} → i3
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| {i1~ə1} → {i1,∅}
|
| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | i1 → {i1,ə1j}
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| {a3~i3} → i3
|
| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
|
| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → i3
|
| {i1~ə1} → {i1,∅}
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | {a3~i3} → i3
|
| {a1~i1} → i1
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| {i3~e3} → {ə3,i3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → i3
|
| {i1~ə1} → {i1,∅}
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | {a3~i3} → a3
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| {a1~i1} → {i1,ə1}
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| {i3~e3} → {i3,ə3}
|
| {i3~ə1} → {i3,i1}
|
| {i1~ə1} → i1
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.1.1 Late Middle Chinese to Old Mandarin | i → ∅ / C(w)_a
|
| ia → e / else
|
| 36.1.1.1 Old Mandarin to Modern Pekingese | i → e / C_ʔ
|
| #r…î# → #î…r
|
| î → e / _C# ! C = r
|
| 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | i → [long-tail vowel thing] / C̣_ (“sometimes”, in “variant readings”); when following /ʂ ʐ/, sometimes yields [ʂi], other times [s truncated vowel-thing]
|
| iʔ iw → eʔ ew / C̣_ (the latter with variant iɛu?)
|
| iʔ → ieʔ (→ i[truncated vowel-thing]ʔ?)
|
| yʔ → ioʔ (→ iʊʔ dialectally?) / {∅,C[+guttural]}_, in -k-types
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | a u i iN → e y ɯ i / T_%
|
| {a,i} → ɯ / R_%
|
| iN → æ / {P,C}r_%
|
| i → v̩ / m_%
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | iN → æ / {P,C}r_
|
| {iN,u} i → i ɯ / T_
|
| i → ɯ / {R,Kr}_
|
| i → v̩ / m_
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | a iN {i,u} → e ɚɯ / T_%
|
| iN → ɚ / {P,C}r_%
|
| i → ɯ / {R,kr}_%
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | ew iw → im ju
|
| i → e / _s
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | iw → jo
|
| i → e / _m
|
| ip it → ib o
|
| 36.3.2.1.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Hanniu | an {at.is} → o ie
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | i → o / _m
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | ew iw → i jo
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | im it ik is ij → em u e es e
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | i → a / _t
|
| i → iɛ / _s
|
| i → ɐ / _m
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | i → əi / _#
|
| i → iə / _m
|
| it → u
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | i → e / _m
|
| i i{t,k} → {ə,iɛ} ə
|
| iŋ → ʅ
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | e i → i a / _m
|
| it ik → o ek
|
| iw ij → iu ei
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | it ik → o i
|
| is → eu
|
| im iŋ → wa ie
|
| ij → e
|
| 36.3.3.1 Old Tibetan to Amdo dialects | i → ə / _#
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1 Proto-Siouan-Iroquoian to Proto-Iroquoian | ı̃ → i
|
| 37.1.1 Proto-Iroquoian to Cherokee | iji → iː
|
| 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | iji(ː) → hi(ː) / {k,s}_ “(possibly after all non-glottal obstruents)”
|
| i → e / ! _hCC (“short only”)
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | ã ı̃ ũ → a i u
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3 Proto-Tai to Central Tai | iə → ı̆ / _C%
|
| ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | ɨ̆ i̯o → u ə
|
| i̯e → i
|
| {(i)ɛ,i̯ɛ} → eː
|
| {ɨo̯,ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → ɨː iː
|
| ai → aːi
|
| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
|
| əi → ai
|
| ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| u̯əi → oːi
|
| i̯əu → au
|
| ɛ i → eː iː / _u
|
| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | i iː u → ə ei oʊ̯
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | iə → ı̆ / _C%
|
| {ɨ̯u,i̯ɛ} → ɨə̯~ɨa̯ / _%
|
| u̯o i̯o → u o
|
| ɛi ei → ai əi
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | i̯o → o
|
| ɛ iɛ → eː ı̆
|
| i̯e → i
|
| ɨo̯ ɨa̯ ie̯ ɨe̯ → uː aː eː iː
|
| {əi,ɛi,ei} → ai
|
| ɨ̯ai → ɨːi
|
| u̯əi ɔi → (w)iː oːi
|
| {ɛi,ei} → ɨː
|
| ɛ e i → eː a iː / _u
|
| i̯əu → uː
|
| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | i → {i,oi} / _%
|
| əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5 Proto-Tai to Southwest Tai | iə → ı̆ / _C% (not in all languages)
|
| ɛi ei → ai iː
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| əi → ai
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | ɨ̯u i̯o → uː u
|
| i̯e → e
|
| {(i)ɛ,i̯ɛ} → ɛː
|
| ɨ̯ai → aːi
|
| {u̯əi,ɔi} → ɔːi
|
| uəi → uai
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| əi → ai
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | e u i → a {u,ɨ} {i,ɨ}
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | u i → {u,o} {i,e}
|
| 41.11 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Middle Wahgi | i → {i,e}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1 Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic | iw ow → y uː / _(C) (*)
|
| i → e / _C, when unstressed
|
| iw → u / unstressed
|
| 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ixi uxu → øː oː
|
| xi → @ / else
|
| UŋA eŋi → Oː øː
|
| ŋi → @ / V_
|
| Uwi ewi → oː øː
|
| i → ∅ / æw_
|
| ji → O / {i,e,y}
|
| i → ∅ / Aj_#
|
| i → ∅ / {o,u}j_
|
| uw ij → ow ej / _C
|
| 42.1.1.1 Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish | i → ∅ / {VC,ks}_ at the ends of a suffix
|
| βi → U / _#
|
| oi → o / unstressed
|
| 42.1.1.1.1 Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish | ið → j / ”V_V
|
| iU OU → Uː Oː
|
| i → y / #(C…)l_y
|
| i → y / #(C…)_væ
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | ie yɤ uo → iː yː uː / _A
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.2 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopi | i → j / h_ ! _#
|
| 43.6 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O’odham | i → ∅ / ts_#
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | i → u / _(C…)u (Roncalese)
|
| i → y / _(C…)y (Souletin)
|
| u i → o e / _r{C,#}
|
| i → ∅ / _#, in disyllables
|
| hu hi → ʊ ɪ / {o,e}_ (also happened with /a/ sometimes, but usually such sequences just dropped one vowel)
|
| its̺ → tʃ / _# (Biscayan)
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.2 Proto-Pai to Paipai | i → ə / unstressed
|
| 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | i → ə / unstressed
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.3 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 46.4 Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | ai → ɛi → əi / when stem-final
|
| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| ɛː → ɛi (→ əi?) / in some northern varieties
|
| iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| — əi → aɪ / _{r,F[+voiced],$,#} (pursuant to the above)
|
| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | iː uː → əj əw → ɑj ɑw
|
| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | ai ɔi → ɛ yː
|
| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ɑː æː ɑi æi → uɑ iæ ɑe æe
|
| ei oi øi → eː oe øe
|
| li ni ri si → lʲi nʲi rʲi sʲi
|
| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | iəu → au
|
| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | {i,y} → iː / ɪ
|
| {iː,yː} → ʊi / ʊ(i)
|
| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | i → ı̆ [ə?] → {e,a} (strong)/∅ (weak) “in modern languages”
|
| iː → i
|
| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | {u,ɨ}i {,a,i {ɨi,i{a,ə}} u{ɨ,a,ə} → wi e je wo
|
| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -i -i{p,k} -it -i{m,ŋ} -in → -i -ɨʔ -iʔ -ɛ -ɨ
|
| 46.17 Proto-Maidun to Nisenian Vowel Shift | u i e a → y e a o
|
| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | ɛj(ə) ɪj(ə) i eɪ → ej(ə) ij(ə) ɪi ɛi
|
| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.3 List 3: Vowels | i u → s̩ f̩ (Ōgami) (http://amritas.com/101023.htm#10192359)
|