| 6 Afro-Asiatic | 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic | u o → i e
|
| u → uː / #S[+voice]_P[-voice]
|
| 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean | {e,o} {i,u} → a ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber | qu → w / _{f,s} (sporadic)
|
| 6.2.2.1.4 Proto-Boreafrasian to Proto-Semitic | {i,u} → ə
|
| 6.2.2.1.6 Classical Arabic to Cypriot Arabic | uː iː → oː eː / _ʕ
|
| uː iː → oː eː / ʕ_
|
| u → o / _{ʕ,ɣ,x,r}
|
| u → o / {ʕ,ɣ,x,r}_
|
| {u,a,i} → ∅ / _%, when stressed (short only)
|
| uː iː → u i
|
| 6.2.2.1.7 Classical Arabic to Egyptian Arabic | i u → e o / only when short, ! _#
|
| u → {o,u} / short only, _#
|
| {i,u} → ∅ / VC_CV when unstressed (short only)
|
| 6.2.2.1.14 Classical Arabic to Moroccan Arabic | u → ə / short only, except near “a labial or velar consonant”
|
| {u,ə} → ∅ / ! C_C(C)#
|
| u → ʊ / short only
|
| aː iː uː → ɑː eː oː / near emphatics
|
| 6.2.2.1.16 Classical Arabic to Sudanese Arabic | u(ː) → {ɵ,o}(ː)
|
| 6.2.2.1.18 Proto-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew | — i iː u uː → eə iːə oə uːə / _R
|
| — i u → e a / _R{$,#} (in verbs)
|
| — i u → e o / _C{$,#} (in verbs)
|
| — {o,u}(ː) → iː / _$%oː
|
| — u → ə / _R if a backed allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — u → ə / R_ if a backed allophone of ə in an adjacent syllable
|
| — u → ɔ / _C{$,#}
|
| — u → ∅ / ! _Cː
|
| 8 Altaic | 8.1 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Japonic | u → a / P_Ce
|
| {a,e,o,æ} i u y ø → ə i ua {u,ə} {ə,u} / _Ce
|
| e i {o,u} æ ø y → {ə,a} {i,ə} ə a {ə,u} {u,ə} / _Co
|
| 8.1.1 Early Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese | au iu uu eu ou → ɔː juː uː joː oː
|
| 8.3 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Mongolic | e o u æ ø y → {a,e} {o,u} {a,o,u a {a,o,u} {o,u,i} / _Ca
|
| a e i o u æ ø y → {a,i} {e,ja} {e,i} {ø,y,o} {o,u,y} {i,a,e} {e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ce
|
| a e u æ ø y → {a,e} {e,i} {y,ø} {i,e} {i,e,ø} {ø,y,o,u} / _Ci
|
| a e {o,u} æ ø y → {a,o,u} {e,a} {o,u} {a,o,u} {e,i,u} {i,o,u,y,ø} / _Cu
|
| 8.4 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Tungusic | {u,ø,y} æ → {o,u} ia / _Ca
|
| {u,æ} ø → {o,u} i / _Co
|
| {u,æ,y} ø → {o,u} ia / _Cu
|
| 8.5 Proto-Altaic to Proto-Turkic | a e i u æ ø y → a {a,ʌ,e} {ɯ,i} {u,o} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} ɯ / _Ca
|
| a {e,i} o u æ ø y → {ɛ,a} ɛ {ø,o} {y,u} {ia,ja,ɛ} {ia,ja} {y,ø} / _Ci
|
| 8.5.1 Proto-Turkic to Proto-Kypchak | {e,æ}b ub → ew uw
|
| 8.5.1.2 Proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz | {u,ɯ}w {i,y}w aw {æ,e}w → uː yː oː øː
|
| 8.5.2 Proto-Turkic to Sakha | a{ɡ̌(ɯ),b} {o{ɡ̌,b},aɡ̌u} u{ɡ̌,b} → ɰa wo uː
|
| 10 Austronesian | 10.1.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan | iw uj → {i,?} i / _#
|
| 10.1.1.3 Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawan to Sumbawan | u i → o e / sometimes
|
| u → i / _{s,t,r,n,l} (blocked in Pusu)
|
| 10.1.2.4 Proto-Philippine to Ibanag | uj → i
|
| 10.1.2.9 Proto-Philippine to Tagalog | u → o / _#
|
| uj iw → oj uj / _#
|
| 10.2.1 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Chamic | i iw u → ɔj ? ɔw / _#
|
| 10.2.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro | i u → e o / _C{C,#}
|
| i u → e o / CC# (sporadic)
|
| uj → {i,u}
|
| 10.2.3 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic | {iw,uj} → i / _#
|
| 10.2.4.1 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Javanese | iw uj → ju i / _#
|
| 10.2.4.2 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Madurese | ij uw → uj {uj,ój} / _#
|
| 10.2.4.3 Proto-Malayo-Javanic to Sundanese | iw uj → {ju,i} oj / _#
|
| 10.2.5 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Palauan | aj aw uj → e o i
|
| 10.2.6.1 Proto-North Sarawak to Kiput | ai au → ai̯ au̯ / _#
|
| ai au → ɛː ɔː / _…#
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _#
|
| u → əw / _V “(also cases of (C)u → w /__V)”
|
| iu̯ → ui̯
|
| i u → ɛ ɔ / _C# ! _P (sporadic)
|
| i u → əi̯ əu̯ / _(ʔ)#
|
| əi̯ əu̯ → ai̯ au̯ / ! O[+voiced] earlier in the word
|
| {i,ɛ} {u,ɔ} → iə̯ uə̯ / _{k,ŋ}# “(and also sporadically before final *t and *n and some other consonants)
|
| 10.2.6.2 Proto-North Sarawak to Proto-Kenyah | i u → e o / _h#
|
| 10.2.6.2.1 Proto-Kenyah to Òma Lóngh | u → o / _k#
|
| u → o / _ŋ# “(sporadically failed to occur)”
|
| u → ɯ / _(C)# ! _ʔ#
|
| ai̯ au̯ → ɛ ɔ
|
| {ui̯,iu̯} → e
|
| i u → e o / _CV[+close-mid](C)# “(iə is treated as close mid for this change)”
|
| i u → ɛ ɔ / _CV[+open-mid](C)#
|
| i u → e o / _Cɯ#
|
| i u → əj əw / _V(C)#
|
| 10.2.6.3 Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau | u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| — a u → e uj / _{t,s}#
|
| — u i → uə iə / _{k,ŋ,h,l,r}#
|
| 10.3 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Oceanic | e {uj,iw} → o i
|
| 10.3.2 Proto-Oceanic to Hiw | u(C)V[+ high] u(C)e u(C)o u(C)a → {u,i}(C) u(C)ə e(C)ə {u,ɵ}(C)ə
|
| u → ʉ / ! Cw_
|
| 10.3.3 Proto-Oceanic to Lemerig | — uCV[- high] → oC
|
| 10.3.4 Proto-Oceanic to Mwotlap | uCi → iC (sporadic)
|
| u a → ʊ ɛ / _CV[+ high]
|
| 10.3.5.1 Proto-New Caledonia to Caaàc | u → i (typical)
|
| u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.4.1 Proto-Northern to Nixumwak-Nêlêmwa | uCu → iCi
|
| u i → o e / “in monosyllabic forms almost always”
|
| 10.3.5.5 Proto-New Caledonia to Nyelâyu | u → i “often”
|
| u i → o e (not always)
|
| 10.3.5.8 Proto-New Caledonia to Proto-Yunaga | u i → o e / in monosyllables
|
| au ai → ɔ ɛ
|
| 10.3.8 Proto-Oceanic to Tolomako | u → i (“sporadic”)
|
| 10.3.11.1 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Anejom | u → o
|
| u → e / {θ,ɣ}_
|
| u → e / _θ
|
| ua → ou
|
| au → {u,o} “sometimes”
|
| 10.3.11.2 Proto-Southern Vanuatu to Proto-Erromango | u i → o e (sporadic)
|
| 10.3.11.2.2 Proto-Erromango to Ura | u → e / ɣ_# (? this change is a bit unclear)
|
| 10.3.11.3.1 Proto-Tanna to Kwamera | u → {e,i} / _Cu
|
| 10.3.11.3.4 Proto-Tanna to Southwest Tanna | u → {e,i} / _Cu
|
| 10.3.12 Proto-Oceanic to Vera’a | a(C)i a(C)u → {a,ɛ}(C) {ɔ,a,ɛ}(C)
|
| uCV[+ high] → iC “sometimes”
|
| uCV[- high] → uCʊ
|
| 10.4.1 Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese | {i,u} {e,o} → ɨ ɜ
|
| 10.5 Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Ongan | {qʷ,ku,qu} → kʷ (note that PAn might have had *qʷ *kʷ → q {k,w} instead; may be a change from POn-PAn, if it existed)
|
| u a ə → {u,o} {a,e} e
|
| 14 Elamo-Dravidian | 14.2 Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to Achaemanid Elamite | {i,e,u} → ∅ / #_{t,n}a
|
| 14.3.1 Standard Tamil to Colloquial Tamil | avu aji → aw aj
|
| i u → e o / _Ca
|
| aː eː iː oː uː → a ɛ i o u / _#
|
| um → ũ / _#
|
| i u → ɨ ʉ / short only when unstressed ! in #U
|
| 15 Eskimo-Aleut | 15.1 Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Aleut | u → a / a_
|
| 15.2.5 Proto-Eskimo to Kuskokwim Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| u → ∅ / #_vV
|
| 15.2.6 Proto-Eskimo to Nunivak Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| u → ∅ / #_vV
|
| 15.2.7 Proto-Eskimo to Siberian Yup’ik | u → a / a_
|
| u → ∅ / #_vV
|
| 15.2.8 Proto-Eskimo to Unaaliq Yup’ik | i a u → ii aa uu / C_ in U[+open -initial -final] such that U[+open]_
|
| u → ∅ / #_vV
|
| 17 Indo-European | 17.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Gheg Albanian | u̯ → v
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| 17.1.2 Proto-Indo-European to Tosk Albanian | u̯ → v
|
| eː iː oː uː → o i e {y,i}
|
| 17.2 Proto-Indo-European to Common Anatolian | ei eu → ɛː uː
|
| 17.2.4 Common Anatolian to Lydian | j u → ð w / #_
|
| 17.3.1 Proto-Indo-European to Artsakh Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.2 Proto-Indo-European to Erevan Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.3 Proto-Indo-European to Istanbul Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.4 Proto-Indo-European to Kharpert Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.5 Proto-Indo-European to Sebastia Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.6 Proto-Indo-European to Southeast Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.3.7 Proto-Indo-European to Southwest Armenian | {e,i}ː {u,o}ː → i u
|
| {i,u} → ə / in some unstressed syllables
|
| 17.4.1 Proto-Indo-European to Avestan | u̯ → v
|
| 17.5 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic | — u → o / _wO
|
| 17.5.1 Proto-Indo-European to Old Irish | — i u → e o / _C(…C){a(ː),e(ː),o(ː)}
|
| {au,eu,ou} → oː
|
| 17.5.2 Proto-Celtic to Middle Welsh | {au,eu,ou} → ∅
|
| uː {oi,ɔː} → yː uː
|
| i u → e o / _Ca
|
| 17.7 Proto-Indo-European to Common Germanic | {i,j} {u,w} → j w / V[+short]C_
|
| {i,j} {u,w} → ij uw
|
| eu ou → iu au
|
| 17.7.1 Common Germanic to Gothic | — u → ɔ / _{r,h} (unless this r “arose from older s by assimilation”)
|
| 17.7.2 Common Germanic to West Germanic | i u → e o / _%{a,o}
|
| 17.7.2.1 West Germanic to Anglo-Frisian | æu → au (æ → a / _B in general?)
|
| ai au eu → {eː,aː} aː ia
|
| ia iu → jaː juː
|
| {i,u} → ∅ / -# ! VC_
|
| 17.7.2.1.1 Anglo-Frisian to Old English | {i,u} → ∅/ _# ! V[-long]C_#
|
| 17.7.2.1.5 Early Modern English to American English | i u e → ɪ ʊ ɛ / _ɹ
|
| 17.7.2.1.6 Early Modern English to Australian English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| uː → ʊə → uː / _ɫ ! in Queensland and New South Wales
|
| uː → ʊʉ → ʉː / else
|
| 17.7.2.1.7 Early Modern English to British English | ɜːɹ ɑːɹ ɔːɹ eːɹ oːɹ iːɹ uːɹ → ɜː ɑː ɔː ɛə ɔə ɪə ʊə / syllable-finally
|
| 17.7.2.1.9 Early Northern Middle English to Scots | ol al → ou ɑː → ʌu {ɑ,ɔ}
|
| — uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
|
| — ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| — iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| — a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
|
| 17.7.2.1.10 Old English to Scots | u → ʊ → ɵ → ʌ
|
| uː → u
|
| {ɔu,ɑu} → ɑ
|
| u → ʏ
|
| 17.7.2.2 West Germanic to Old Low Franconian | ai au → eː oː
|
| ai u → ei ʏ / _(C…){i(ː),j} (short only; in the case of [ʏ] at least this was not yet phonemic)
|
| uː → ʉw / _V (probably, in most areas)
|
| uː → ʊw / _V (probably, in areas that did not undergo the above change, such as Limburg)
|
| uː → ʉː (probably, in areas with uː → ʉw / _V)
|
| ei ou → eː oː (except in southeastern dialects; *ei as a result of the umlaut of *ai was not affected)
|
| 17.7.2.2.1 Old Low Franconian to Middle Dutch | uː → yː
|
| iu → ju / #_ (in some northern dialects)
|
| iu → {yː,io} (outcome varies depending upon dialect; the former seems more typical)
|
| {ie,ia,io} uo → iə uə
|
| {uː,uw} u → ɔw o (except in the southeast)
|
| 17.7.2.2.2 Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch | uː → ʌu (? conjectured based on the above diphthongization and on developments in Polder Dutch vowels)
|
| 17.7.2.2.3 Modern Dutch to Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
|
| 17.7.2.2.4 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 17.7.2.3 Middle High German to Standard German | uː yː iː → ou øy ei, except in certain unstressed endings and monosyllables, _C{C,V,#} (“especially before /xt/”), and Low German borrowings
|
| uə yə iə → uː yː iː
|
| ou øy ei → au oy ai
|
| u y → o ø / _N (with some occasional exceptions)
|
| 17.7.2.4 High German Cosonant Shift and Umlaut | a u o → e y ø / _(C…){i(ː),j}
|
| 17.7.2.5 West Germanic to Old Low German | ai au → eː oː
|
| 17.7.3 Common Germanic to Proto-Norse | Eβu Eβo → juː joː
|
| aβ{u,o} → au
|
| (w)u(ː) i(ː) → (w)o(ː) e(ː) / _(C)(C)a ! CC = NC or one C = {ʀ,j}
|
| iu → yː
|
| {æ,e}ːuː {æ,e}ːiː → eu ai
|
| w{o,u}ːwuː j{e,i}ːjiː → uː iː
|
| o(u) {ɔ,ɑ,au,ai,æ} {ja,jE,æ(i),e(i),y} → u a i
|
| 17.7.3.1 Proto-Norse to Old Norse | u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ y yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| {(j)u,we}ː {o,ɒ}ː aː au → yː øː æː æy
|
| u {o,ɒ} a → y ø æ / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| u → o / _m#
|
| u → ∅ / _({ʀ,s,t,θ})#
|
| ɒːh{u,a} aːh{u,a} → ɒː aː
|
| u → o / _m#
|
| {u,we,wi} {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)i
|
| au {ai,ey,ei} æ{y,i} øy Vː → o e æ ø V / #(C)(C)(C)_CC
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / _(C)(C)(C)j
|
| u {o,ɒ} a au juː → y ø æ æy yː / #(C)(C)_ʀ
|
| {æ,e}i ai au w{ɪ,i} wy wV iu Vː → eː aː oː weː woː wVː eː oː V
|
| Eː{u,o}ː Eːaː → joː jaː / {v,w}_
|
| uN yN iN VN → o øː eː Vː / _{s,f}
|
| au → ɒ / j_
|
| 17.7.3.1.1 Old Norse to Early Icelandic | u o a ø y e i → uː oː aː øi yː ei iː / _{ɲc,ɲɟ,ŋk,ŋɡ}
|
| u o a øː eː y i → ʏɪ oi ai øi ei yː iː / _j
|
| u oː aː ʏɪ {y,i} {y,i}ː æː eː ey → ʏ ou au ai y ɪ i je ei
|
| 17.7.3.1.2 Old Norse to Orkney Norn | u a e eː → ʌ ɑ ɪ ɛ / _Cː
|
| u → ø / _l(ː)
|
| u → ʌ / _C{ː,CC}
|
| uː → øː / _CC
|
| au → (ɔ)u
|
| 17.7.3.1.3 Old Norse to Shetland Norn | {u,o}(ː) a aː {ɒ,œ,y} e i(ː) → {o,ɔ}(i) æ(i) {ɔ,ɒ}(i) {o,ɔ}(i) {æ,e} / _{Ḱ,Cʲ}
|
| u → {o,ɒ} / _CC
|
| uː → {u,o,ɒ,ø} (conditioning unclear; it seems the presence of a velar consonant may have helped to retain the quality of /u/)
|
| {ɒ,ey} j{u,o,a}ː yː → o ø u / Ḱ_
|
| j{u,o,a}ː → ø
|
| au → {o,ɔ,ɒ} / j_
|
| au → j{o,ɔ}
|
| 17.8.2 Proto-Indo-European to Attic Greek | u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| ɑu ɛu eu → ɑv ɛv ev
|
| 17.8.8 Proto-Indo-European to Ionic Greek | u(ː)(j) → y(ː)(j)
|
| 17.9 Proto-Indo-European to Hittite | {uː,eu,au} → u
|
| 17.10.1 Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Aryan | uʐ aʐ iʐ → uː əː iː
|
| 17.10.1.1 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Central Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.2 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.3 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Northwestern Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.4 Proto-Indo-Aryan to Western Middle Indo-Aryan | a{i,j}(a) a{u,w}(a) → e o
|
| 17.10.1.5.1 Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit | au aːu ai aːi → au oː ai eː / ! _V
|
| 17.11 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Slavic | i u → ь ъj
|
| iː uː → i ɨ
|
| u → ь / j_
|
| {a(ː)u,o(ː)u} e(ː)u → u ju
|
| {e(ː),i(ː)} {a(ː),o(ː),u(ː)} → ẽ õ / _N$
|
| 17.11.1 Proto-Slavic to Polish | a ɛ i ɔ u ɨ ã → aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɨː ãː / _{C/U}[+voiced][lost yer] (i.e., a voiced consonant or a cluster with one)
|
| {ɛ(ː)jɛ,ьjɛ,ɔjɛ,ujɛ,ɨjɛ} → ɛː
|
| i u → u i / {lʲ,j}_ (sporadic)
|
| iː uː ɨː → i u ɨ
|
| u → ɔ (rare, sporadic)
|
| 17.12 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic | eu → ou
|
| 17.12.1.1 Proto-Indo-European to Latin | {ew,ow} → ou → uː
|
| ei oi ou → iː eː uː / %(C)(C)_ when unstressed
|
| 17.12.1.1.1 Classical Latin vs. Vulgar Latin | {u,oː} → o
|
| uː → u
|
| “In contrast, Romanian exhibits u, uː → u (and ultimately also ɔ, oː → o); and Sardinian and African Latin underwent a straight merger of the vowels by length without considering quality (e, eː → e; i, iː → i; u, uː → u; etc.)”
|
| 17.12.1.1.2 Latin to Catalan | u → w → ∅ / (“when in unstressed penult or between first and tonic syllables; irregular”)
|
| uː → u / stressed
|
| uː → u / _%”V
|
| au → a / _%”u
|
| {u,oː} o → o ɔ / stressed
|
| {u,o(ː)} → u / _%”V in East Catalan
|
| {u,o(ː)} → o / _%”V else
|
| u → w / ”ɛ_#
|
| ae au → e ɔ / stressed
|
| ae au → e o / _%”V
|
| {u(ː),o(ː)} → ∅ / _#
|
| 17.12.1.1.3 Latin to French | — u → ∅ / CC_V
|
| — u → ó / !_iː
|
| — uː → u
|
| — {o(ː),u} → o
|
| — u(ː) → o / except _V (?)
|
| ò → uo → uɛ / in U[+open] ! _N
|
| (ɛ)au → ɔ
|
| ó → ou → ɛu / in U[+open]
|
| uɛ → ɛu
|
| ou ɛu u uɛi → u œ y yi
|
| 17.12.1.1.4 Vulgar Latin to Italian | au → u / #_ (sporadically, e.g. audire → udire)
|
| au → o
|
| 17.12.1.1.5 Latin to Portuguese | u → w / _V (between first and stressed syllables)
|
| au → a / _%”u
|
| au → o
|
| uː → u
|
| uiː → ui / _#
|
| {u,oː} o → o ɔ / stressed
|
| {u,o(ː)} → o / _%”V
|
| {u(ː),o(ː)} → o → u / _#
|
| {olt,okt} → ujt → ut
|
| 17.12.1.1.6 Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal | — ju → jeu
|
| — u → y
|
| — u → o
|
| — au → a / _(C…)u
|
| — e u → e o / _nt#
|
| pw → upw → up → ub
|
| l{tj,tʃj} ldʒ → lts ldz → uts udz → us uz
|
| βtʃ → u{ts,dz} → u{s,z}
|
| 17.12.1.1.7 Vulgar Latin to Rhaeto-Romance | uː → y (→ i in most descendants, with the exception of Engadine)
|
| 17.12.1.1.8 Latin to Romanian | u → ∅ / CC_V
|
| — iː o(ː) u(ː) → i o u
|
| — {o(ː),u} → o
|
| — {o(ː),uː} → o
|
| — u → o / ! V_
|
| u → ∅ / o_e
|
| u → ∅ / ! {OL,”V}_#
|
| 17.12.1.1.9 Latin to Sardinian | au ai → o e
|
| 17.12.1.1.10 Vulgar Latin to Spanish | — ɛ ɔ u → e o u / _(C)j
|
| i u → e o / _(C)#
|
| 17.12.2 Proto-Italic to Proto-Sibellian | eu → ou
|
| 17.13 Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian | u → wə / #_
|
| u → {ə,u}
|
| uh1 u{h2,h3} → uː → wə wɨ
|
| 17.13.1 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A | {a,ɛ}u əw → o u
|
| 17.13.2 Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian B | {a,ɛ}u əw → au u
|
| 18 Je-Tupı́-Carib | 18.3.1 Proto-Tuparí to Makuráp | u → o / _{p,b}i
|
| 18.3.3 Proto-Tuparí to Tuparí | u → o / _{p,b}i
|
| 18.3.4 Proto-Tuparí to Wayoró | u → ɨ / _{p,b}i
|
| 18.4.1 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Akwára | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| {ẽ,ı̃} ɨ̃ {u,ũ,õ} → i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.2 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Cocama | u → ũ (? possibly backwards?)
|
| iʔ uʔ → j w / C_V
|
| 18.4.3 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guajajara | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ {õ,ũ} → ə e i ɨ o
|
| 18.4.4 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guaraní | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| 18.4.5 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Guarayo | aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ ɨ̃ ũ / _#
|
| 18.4.6 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Kamayurá | u → õ (? possibly backwards?)
|
| 18.4.7 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Parintintín | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| ẽ ı̃ ũ → {ẽ,e} {ı̃,i} {ũ,õ}
|
| 18.4.8 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Sirionó | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| o u → {u,o} {u,o,i}
|
| aN eN iN ɨN uN → ã ẽ ı̃ {ɨ̃,ĩ} õ / _#
|
| {ɨ̃,õ} ũ → {õ,ẽ} õ
|
| 18.4.10 Proto-Tupí-Guaraní to Urubu | u → ∅ / k_w
|
| u → o / ! o(C…)_(C…)#
|
| aN iN uN → {aN,ã} ı̃ {uN,ũ} / _#
|
| 20 Khoisan | 20.2.1 Proto-Kx’a to ÇHoan | u → ∅ / o_
|
| 20.2.2 Proto-Kx’a to Northwestern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| u → ∅ / _o
|
| 20.2.3 Proto-Kx’a to Southeastern !Xun | ui → o (?)
|
| u → ∅ / _o
|
| 21 Lakes Plain | 21.1 Proto-Lakes Plain to Proto-Far West | ku →∅ / #_
|
| 21.2.1 Proto-Tariku to Proto-Central Tariku | ku → b
|
| iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.1.2 Proto-Central Tariku to Iau | au → ɔ
|
| 21.2.2.1 Proto-East Tariku to Biritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| ku → b
|
| 21.2.2.2 Proto-East Tariku to Doutai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.3 Proto-East Tariku to Eritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.4 Proto-East Tariku to Kai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.5 Proto-East Tariku to Obokuitai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.6 Proto-East Tariku to Sikaritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.2.7 Proto-East Tariku to Waritai | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 21.2.3 Proto-Tariku to Proto-West Tariku | iC uC → î û / _{C,#}
|
| 23 Macro-Chibchan | 23.1.1.1.2 Proto-Chibchan to Chibcha | u → o / _Ca
|
| u → ∅ / _a
|
| 23.1.1.1.3 Proto-Chibchan to Kogi | u → w / _a
|
| 23.1.1.1.5 Proto-Chibchan to Motilón | u → ∅ / a_
|
| u → ∅ / _a
|
| {ue,aja} → ə
|
| {u,i} → ∅ / C”V(C)_
|
| 24 Macro-Pama-Nyungan | 24.1.1 Proto-Paman to AritinÅitiÉ£ | u[-long]C → Cw / #_
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of metathesis (?)
|
| 24.1.2 Proto-Paman to AwÅtim | iC aC uC → Cj Ca Cw / #_ ! before an identical vowel
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of the preceding metathesis
|
| 24.1.4 Proto-Paman to Mbiywom | u[-long]C → Cw / #_
|
| u i → w j / a_ when this a is a result of metathesis (?)
|
| 29 Na-Dene | 29.1.1.1.2 Proto-Athabaskan to Babine | u ɑ ʊ → {o,u} ə u
|
| 29.1.1.1.6 Proto-Athabaskan to Dakelh | u {ɑ,ʊ} → {o,u} ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.7 Proto-Athabaskan to Deg Hit’an | e u a {ɑ,ʊ} → a i u ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.8 Proto-Athabaskan to Dena’ina | e a u {ə,ʊ} → a u i ə
|
| 29.1.1.1.9 Proto-Athabaskan to Dogrib | ɑ ə ʊ u → a e o i
|
| 29.1.1.1.10 Proto-Athabaskan to Easter Gwich’in | a u {ɑ,ə} ʊ → {i,e} ju a o
|
| 29.1.1.1.12 Proto-Athabaskan to Holikachuk | i e a u {ɑ,ʊ} → e a ɔ o ŭ
|
| 29.1.1.1.39 Proto-Athabaskan to Upper Tanana | {a,ɑ} e i u ʊ → e(a) {i,ea} ju {a,ɨ} o
|
| 30 Niger-Congo | 30.1 Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu to Proto-Bantu | u ũ → i ı̃ / #R[-labial]_
|
| 30.1.1.1 Proto-Bantu to Sebirwa | i u VS → j w A / _V[+high +ATR]
|
| 30.1.2 Pre-Proto-Bantu to Proto-Manenguba | {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_a in noun roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_(a) in verb roots
|
| {u,o} {ɛ,e,i} → w j / C_$V in noun class prefixes
|
| 31 Nyulnyulan | 31.1 Proto-Nyulnyulan to Bardi | awu → o
|
| u → i / _j
|
| ubu aba → uː aː / when stressed
|
| aɡu → o
|
| 32 Oto-Manguean | 32.2 Proto-Oto-Manguean to Tlapanec | {iHn,eHn,aHn} uHn → ã ũ
|
| 33 Penutian | 33.3.1 Proto-Yokuts to General Yokuts | iː ɨː uː → eː əː oː (this change sometimes did not occur)
|
| 33.3.3 Proto-Yokuts to Palewyami | {u,a} → e / _CVC#, when stressed (short only)
|
| 34 Quechumaran | 34.4 Proto-Quechumaran to Huarás | aw aj {uj,ij} → uː eː iː
|
| 35 Salishan | 35.1.2 Proto-Central Salish to Chilliwack Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → {o3,ə3,a3}
|
| 35.1.3 Proto-Central Salish to Cowichan Halkomelem | a3 u3 {a1,u1} i1 → ɛ3 a3 ə1 {i1,ə1}
|
| 35.1.4 Proto-Central Salish to Musqueam Halkomelem | u3 {u1,a1} a3 i1 → a3 ə1 ɛ3 {i1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| 35.1.5 Proto-Central Salish to Klallam | u1 → ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| 35.1.6 Proto-Central Salish to Lushootseed | {u3~ə3} → a3
|
| 35.1.7 Proto-Central Salish to Nooksack | a1 u3 u1 i1 → æ2 o3 o1 i2
|
| {u3~ə3} → o3
|
| 35.1.8 Proto-Central Salish to Lummi Northern Straits | u3 u1 → o3 ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə1
|
| 35.1.9 Proto-Central Salish to Saanich Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| 35.1.10 Proto-Central Salish to Songish Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| 35.1.11 Proto-Central Salish to Sooke Northern Straits | u3 u1 → a3 ə1
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| 35.1.13 Proto-Central Salish to Sechelt | {u3~ə3} → u3
|
| 35.1.14 Proto-Central Salish to Sqamish | u1 → {u1,ə1}
|
| {u3~ə3} → ə3
|
| 35.1.15 Proto-Central Salish to Twana | u3 u1 → o3 ə1
|
| 36 Sino-Tibetan | 36.2 Sin Sukchu to Guānhuà | uj → (ɣ)u
|
| uʔ → oʔ (occasionally → uɛʔ?)
|
| uj → u(ɛ)i / m_
|
| uj → uɛi / {P,C[+guttural],∅}_
|
| uj → ui / {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| ujʔ → uɛʔ (dialectally → uɔʔ?)
|
| un → uɛn / ! {C[+dental],C[+sibilant]}_
|
| uɛn → ɛn / ʋ_
|
| uŋ → oŋ (in one source?)
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _{∅,x,ʋ,ʔ}
|
| juŋ → iuŋ / _ɡ[+píng tone]
|
| juŋ → uŋ (→ oŋ dialectally?)
|
| jujŋ ujŋ → iuŋ uŋ
|
| 36.3.1.1 Proto-Naish to Laze | a u i iN → e y ɯ i / T_%
|
| u o → v̩ u
|
| 36.3.1.2 Proto-Naish to Mosuo (Na) | {iN,u} i → i ɯ / T_
|
| u o → v̩ u
|
| 36.3.1.3 Proto-Naish to Naxi | u → ɚ / Pr_%
|
| u o → v̩ u
|
| 36.3.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to bTshan La | u → a / _k
|
| u → i / _{r,s}
|
| 36.3.2.1.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Chos Kia | ut uk → ud oɡ
|
| uj → ui
|
| 36.3.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to Japhug | u o → ɯ u / _#
|
| 36.3.2.2.1 Proto-rGyalrongic to Kham To | u → o / _k
|
| uj → os
|
| 36.3.2.2.2 Proto-rGyalrongic to lCog Rtse | uŋ → ak
|
| 36.3.2.2.3 Proto-rGyalrongic to Pati | uk → o
|
| 36.3.2.2.4 Proto-rGyalrongic to Suo Mo | u → o / _p
|
| 36.3.2.2.5 Proto-rGyalrongic to Trung | un → ial
|
| 36.3.2.2.6 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tsa Ku Nao | ut u{k,n} ur → ud uo uɛ
|
| uj → ue
|
| 36.3.2.2.7 Proto-rGyalrongic to Tzu Ta | uk uŋ → {u,o} e
|
| 36.3.2.2.8 Proto-rGyalrongic to Wassu | uk → o
|
| 37 Siouan-Iroquoian | 37.1.2 Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern Iroquoian | o(ː) u(ː) → a(ː) o(ː)
|
| 37.2.5 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Crow-Hidatsa | ã ı̃ ũ → a i u
|
| 37.2.6 Proto-Siouan to Proto-Dhegiha | u → i / in ”U (sporadic)
|
| 37.2.6.1 Proto-Dhegiha to Kansa | ũ → aN / stressed
|
| 37.2.6.2 Proto-Dhegiha to Omaha-Ponca | ũ → ã / stressed
|
| 37.2.6.4 Proto-Dhegiha to Quapaw | ũ → ã / stressed (*)
|
| 38 Tai-Kadai | 38.1.1.3.1 Central Tai to Lungchow | uə → ŭ
|
| u̯ɨ u̯o → {ɨ,ə} u
|
| uo ɨ̯u → u(ː) u / _C%
|
| ɨ̯u → uː
|
| o {u̯ɔ,ɨɔ,ɔ} → u oː
|
| uɔ ɨ̯ɔ → oː ɨ
|
| {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} → uː
|
| u̯əi uəi uai i̯əu iau → oːi uːi uːiau oːu
|
| u̯əi → oːi
|
| eu → uː
|
| i̯əu → au
|
| {uəi,uai} iau → uːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.3.5 Central Tai to T’ien-Pao | i iː u → ə ei oʊ̯
|
| 38.1.1.4 Proto-Tai to North Tai | uo → ɔː
|
| {ɨ̯u,i̯ɛ} → ɨə̯~ɨa̯ / _%
|
| u̯o i̯o → u o
|
| {u̯ɔ,u̯a} → ua~uə
|
| uo → uu → u / _%
|
| uɨ̯ ua̯ → ɨə uɔ̯ → ɨː ɔː
|
| 38.1.1.4.2 North Tai to Po-Ai | uə → ŭ
|
| u̯ɨ → ɔ / m_
|
| u̯ɨ → ɨ
|
| ua~uə → uː
|
| ua~u@̯ → uː
|
| ue̯ → u / _C%
|
| ue̯ → uː
|
| u̯əi ɔi → (w)iː oːi
|
| {ou,oɨ} → oː
|
| i̯əu → uː
|
| uəi uai iau → iː oːi eːu
|
| 38.1.1.4.3 North Tai to Wu-Ming | u → aʊ̯
|
| 38.1.1.5.2 Southwest Tai to Lü | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 38.1.1.5.3 Southwest Tai to Shan | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 38.1.1.5.4 Southwest Tai to Siamese | u{o,ə} ɨu → uː ɨː
|
| {u̯o,u̯ɨ} u̯ɔ → o ɔː
|
| u̯a → aː
|
| ɨ̯u i̯o → uː u
|
| {u̯əi,ɔi} → ɔːi
|
| eu → uː
|
| ɨ̯əu au → au aːu
|
| uəi → uai
|
| 38.1.1.5.6 Southwest Tai to White Tai | {uɨ̯,ua̯,ue̯} {ɨa̯,ɨe̯} ie̯ → o ə e
|
| 41 Trans-New Guinea | 41.1 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Apalɨ | e u i → a {u,ɨ} {i,ɨ}
|
| 41.4 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kaeti | u a → {u,o,y} {a,o}
|
| 41.7 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kâte | u a → {u,ɔ} {ɔ,a}
|
| 41.8 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Kiwai | u i → {u,o} {i,e}
|
| 41.9 Proto-Trans New Guinea to Selepet | u o a e → {u,ɔ} {o,ɔ} {a,ɔ} {e,o}
|
| 42 Uralic | 42.1.1 Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic | ixi uxu → øː oː
|
| uwa → oː (*)
|
| uw ij → ow ej / _C
|
| 42.1.1.1.2 Standard Finnish to Modern Standard Finnish | ie yɤ uo → iː yː uː / _A
|
| 42.1.2 Proto-Finnic to Livonian | ɑː au → ɔː ɔu (though sometimes ɑː develops, apparently at least partially due to metathesis?)
|
| 43 Uto-Aztecan | 43.4 Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl | ɨ u → e {i,e} “(all */u/ affected, but conditions for when it became /i/ or /e/ are not known)”
|
| 43.5.1.1 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Kawaiisu | uV Vː → uː Vː (not sure if this occurs before or after the previous change)
|
| 43.5.1.2 Proto-Mono-Kawaiisu to Mono | uV → u(i)
|
| 44 Vasconic | 44.2 Proto-Basque to Basque | u ũ → y ỹ / _r(p(ʰ),β,k(ʰ),ɣ,l,s̺,s̻,ʃ,h) (Souletin)
|
| u ũ → y ỹ / _{s̻,ts̺,ts̻} (but not _s̺) (Souletin)
|
| u i → o e / _r{C,#}
|
| u {o,e} → ∅ a / _#, in disyllables (eastern dialects)
|
| hu hi → ʊ ɪ / {o,e}_ (also happened with /a/ sometimes, but usually such sequences just dropped one vowel)
|
| 45 Yuman-Cochimı́ | 45.1.3 Proto-Pai to Tipai | u → o / _K
|
| 46 Vowel Shifts | 46.2 California Vowel Shift (English) | u → {iʊ̯,ʉ,ɯ}
|
| 46.3 Belgian and Netherlandish Dutch Monophthongization | ɛi œy ɔu → ɛː œː ɔː
|
| 46.4 Polder Dutch Vowel Shift | ɛi œy ʌu → ai ay au
|
| 46.5 Old English-to-Scots Vowel Shifts | uː → ʌu / when-stem final, in northern varieties
|
| ai oi ui ei au ou iu ɛ(o)u → eː oe əi iː {ɑː,ɔː} ʌu ju j(ʌ)u
|
| iː eː ɛː aː oː uː {øː,yː} → əi i {i,e} e o u ø
|
| a ɔ u → {a,ɑ} ɔ ʌ
|
| 46.7 Great Vowel Shift (English) | iː uː → əj əw → ɑj ɑw
|
| 46.8 Greek Vowel Shift | u(ː) → y(ː)
|
| ɛu au → ɛv av
|
| 46.10 Late Proto-Finnic to Savonian Vowel Shift | ɑu ou → ɑː oː
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| eu → eo
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| 46.11 Middle Chinese to Cantonese Vowel Shift (“The Inner-Outer Flip”) | uə yə → ɔ œ / _{n,t}
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| iəu → au
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| 46.13 Old Norse to Faroese Vowel Shift | u → uː / short: ʊ / unstressed: {o,ɔ}
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| uː → ʉu / ʏ
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| 46.14 Pre-Slavic Vowel Changes | u → ŭ [ɤ?] → {e,o,ɤ,a} (strong)/∅ (weak) “in modern languages”
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| uː → ɨ
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| 46.15 Proto-Japanese to Old Japanese Vowel Shift | {u,ɨ}i {,a,i {ɨi,i{a,ə}} u{ɨ,a,ə} → wi e je wo
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| 46.16 Development of Proto-Lolo-Burmese -i(C)# and -u(C)# to Lahu | -u -up -ut -uk -um -un -uŋ → -u -ɔʔ -əʔ -uʔ -ɔ -ə -ɛ
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| 46.17 Proto-Maidun to Nisenian Vowel Shift | u i e a → y e a o
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| 46.19 Southern [United States] Shift (English) | uʊ oʊ → ʉʊ̈ əʊ̈ (a bit of a guesstimate based upon the prose description in the article and the mean-formant-value chart cited from Labov, Ash & Bobert (2006))
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| 47 Most-Wanted Sound Changes | 47.3 List 3: Vowels | i u → s̩ f̩ (Ōgami) (http://amritas.com/101023.htm#10192359)
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